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Topic: And you are lynching Negroes

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	Digital History
		Lynchings were frequently publicized well in advance and people dressed up and traveled long distances for the occasion.
		The last officially recorded lynching in the United States occurred in 1968, though many consider the 1998 death of James Byrd in Jasper Texas, at the hands of three whites who hauled him behind their pick-up truck with a chain, a later instance.
		Lynchings were most common in regions with highly transient populations, scattered farms, few towns, and weak law enforcement - settings that fueled insecurity and suspicion.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /learning_history/lynching/lynching_menu.cfm (252 words)

	And you are lynching Negroes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This phrase is common in modern Russian and Polish usage to refer pejoratively to this type of rhetorical device.
		The claim had validity in the 1960s when it originated, as there were in fact lynchings of African Americans going on in some U.S. Southern states.
		"Soviet Russia and the Negro", an essay by Claude McKay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes (223 words)

	About Lynching
		Although lynchings declined somewhat in the twentieth century, there were still 97 in 1908 (89 fl, 8 white), 83 in the racially troubled postwar year of 1919 (76, 7, plus some 25 race riots), 30 in 1926 (23, 7), and 28 in 1933 (24, 4).
		Although lynching was by no means an isolated, aberrant occurrence in the 1920s when the Klan was resurgent or in the 1930s when the depression fueled the hunt for racial as well as political scapegoats, the phenomenon was no longer virulent enough to claim one victim every two to three days.
		The effects of lynching are diverse: paralysis, solidarity; and escape, often to ghettos in the North.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/lynching/lynching.htm (2864 words)

	MPR: Postcard From A Lynching
		View the photo of the lynching which was made into a postcard (note: this image may be disturbing to some)
		June 15 is the anniversary of the lynching.
		A few years ago, a citizens group began a campaign to build a memorial to the lynching victims in downtown Duluth.
	news.minnesota.publicradio.org /projects/2001/06/lynching (268 words)

	Untitled Document
		Negroes who have been educated in Northern institutions of learning with white men and women, and who for that reason might have learned the meaning of social equality and have acquired a taste for the same, neither assault white women nor commit other crimes, as a rule.
		Everybody who is well informed on the subject of lynching knows that many a Negro who has been accused of assault or murder, or other violation of the law, and has been tortured to death by a mob, has afterward been proved innocent of the crime with which he was charged.
		But even if the Negro’s morals were as loose and lax as some claim them to be, and if his belief in the virtue of women were as slight as we are told, the South has nobody to blame but itself.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/programs/pauleyg/voices/terrell2.htm (5357 words)

	The Press and Lynchings of African Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During the heyday of lynching, between 1889 and 1918, 3,224 individuals were lynched, of whom 2,522 or 78 percent were Black.
		"When discussing a lynching in their particular area," notes Wright (1990) in a study of racial violence in Kentucky, "local newspapers gave all of the grisly details and, significantly, would often point out that the lynching was not the first one that had happened in their area" (p.
		Truth being complicated, it is also likely that the press increased awareness of the horrific nature of lynchings, particularly during the twentieth century when a number of newspapers framed lynchings as affronts to civilized society.
	academic.csuohio.edu /perloffr/lynching (1295 words)

	A Killing Season: 'Red Summer' of 1919
		Lynching was so pervasive that James Weldon Johnson labeled it the "Red Summer," of 1919.
		One of the main opponents of lynching was the Federated Black Catholics under the guidance of Thomas Wyatt Turner.
		At the time that Negroes were migrating north and west, 15,000 people marched in silence down 125th street in Harlem, New York in protest against lynching.
	www.africawithin.com /maafa/a_killing_season.htm (665 words)

	89.01.09: “lynch Law”—An American Community Enigma
		For the verb lynch the following meaning is given, “to condemn and execute in obedience to the decree of a multitude or mob, without a legal trial, sometimes practiced in the new settlements in the southwest part of the United States.
		Based on the lynching statistics available, it is quite evident that a majority of the lynching which occurred in the United States took place in the southern and western states.
		The one exception might be the lynching of a fl pregnant women, afterwhich the unborn fetus was cut out from the uterus and the infant’s head was crushed under the heel of a mob member.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1989/1/89.01.09.x.html (6684 words)

	79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950
		Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South.
		The NAACP lynching statistics tend to be slightly higher than the Tuskegee Institute figures, which some historians consider “conservative.” For example, in 1914, Tuskegee Institute reported fifty-two lynchings for the year, the “Chicago Tribune” reported fifty-four, and The Crisis, the official organ of the NAACP,gave the number as seventy-four.
		Lynchings occurred most commonly in the smaller towns and isolated rural communities of the South where people were poor, mostly illiterate, and where there was a noticeable lack of wholesome community recreation.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html (5745 words)

	Lynching
		She continued her campaign against lynching and Jim Crow laws and in 1893 and 1894 made lecture tours of Britain.
		A negro was imprisoned in the gaol on a charge of murdering a policeman who was endeavouring to arrest him, and on Sunday a mob set out to break into the gaol and lynch the negro.
		With a white judge, a white jury, white public sentiment, white officers of law, it is impossible for a Negro accused of a crime, or even suspected of a crime, to escape a white man's vengeance or his justice.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAlynching.htm (5176 words)

	THE ANTI-Lynching Bill
		Editorial comment reflecting the opinion of the press, and openly expressed views of white and Negro leaders from all parts of the country, indicate that state courts can not be relied upon to convict those who are actually guilty of lynching American Negroes.
		Lynching would be nationally repudiated by the enactment of the pending bill.
		Congress encouraged hope that it would strike yet another blow for Negro citizens by assuring that hereafter every lyncher would be tracked down with the skill and resources at the command of the federal government.
	www.nathanielturner.com /antilynchingbill.htm (616 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Negroes With Guns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Negro leaders in this country have traditionally refrained from using the threat of violence as a means of achieving more rapid integration.
		But it is an amazing fact that Negroes have usually answered the countless atrocities they have undergone in the South non-violently, even in counties where they possessed a great deal of strength and the knowledge of how to use it.
		Militant Negro leaders are beginning to feel that perhaps the only way of making the connection is at gun point, by using violence in self-defense: by demonstrating that if things don't get better soon, the Negro community may well erupt.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=500893 (1530 words)

	E.J. Scott. The American Negro in the World War. Chapter XXIV.
		The Negroes were told by the propagandists that in Europe there was no color line; that there the fls were equal to the whites; that if Germany won the war the rights of Negroes throughout the world would equal those of whites.
		Some of the lynchings that occurred during the war were cases of colored women (5) accompanied by barbarities that cannot properly be described in print and wholly unworthy of civilized groups of people.
		One is that a permit be arranged for one Negro preacher, one Negro doctor, and one Negro woman of intelligence from that colony to be admitted to a complete inspection of the Base Hospital, in order that they may report back to their own people the falsity of the stories.
	www.lib.byu.edu /estu/wwi/comment/Scott/SCh24.htm (2673 words)

	Lynchings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A special study by Arthur Raper of nearly one hundred lynchings convinced him that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.6 Occasionally mobs were mistaken in the identity of their victims.
		Lynching was seen as the method to defend white domination and keep the Negroes from becoming “uppity”.
		In 1919 the NAACP published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918, which was a revelation of the causes of lynching and the circumstances under which the crimes occurred.
	www.ucs.louisiana.edu /~djb8243/Lynchings.html (1727 words)

	PBS - JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Classroom: Lynching and "Strange Fruit"
		The documents themselves, which span 1893-1940, are a moving testament to the tragedy wrought by lynchings, as well as to the courage of those who left no stone unturned in trying to find remedies.
		According to Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, "to lynch" means to put to death (usually by hanging) by mob action without due process of the law or legal sanction.
		Lynching peaked after the end of Reconstruction when federal troops were removed from the South.
	www.pbs.org /jazz/classroom/jazzfreedom.htm (3949 words)

	Ida Wells: Crusade for Justice
		This was done by white men who controlled all the forces of law and order in their communities and who could have easily chosen to LEGALLY punish any rapists and murderers, especially fl men who had neither political power nor financial strength with which to evade any justly deserved fate.
		Hence came lynch law to stifle Negro manhood which defended itself, and the burning alive of Negroes who were weak enough to accept favors from white women.
		The many unspeakable and unprintable tortures to which Negro rapists (?) of white women were subjected were for the purpose of striking terror into the hearts of other Negroes who might be thinking of consorting with white women.
	robtshepherd.tripod.com /lynch-era.html (731 words)

	The Emmett Till Highway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lynching: Called upon to "apologize" for lynching of Negroes, both Mississippi U.S. Senators refused.
		Rioters: Negroes Phillip Gibbs and James Green were killed by police, as the Jackson State University riots were put down.
		Affirmative-action: Negroes sued to redraw supreme-court and Congressional districts to increase Negro-representation and abolish second-primaries.
	www.nationalist.org /docs/cartoons/2005/till.html (924 words)

	The News & Entertainment Weekly of the Twin Ports \| Feature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although the story is tainted by the prevailing racist tenor of the times—declaring that a white girl raped by six fl men, because of their supposed endowments, could not have survived such an act—it is the only investigative reporting that exonerates the circus workers.
		The day after the lynching, “idle Negroes” were banished from Superior, forced to walk across the bridge to Duluth, prompting panicked calls to police by fearful whites.
		The lynching is a difficult subject to address, no doubt, especially given the short shrift allowed local history in the classroom.
	www.ripsawnews.com /June07_2000/feature.html (3696 words)

	Billie Holiday's Song ''Strange Fruit'' (Lesson Plan)
		Students will learn about the many strategies that were used to stem the tide of lynchings which engulfed the South, especially, in the first half of the 20th century.
		An article and teaching activities about lynching and hate crimes can be found at the Constitutional Rights Foundation Web site at http://www.crf-usa.org/bria/bria10_3.html.
		During the Great Depression, when Billie Holiday recorded "Strange Fruit," lynchings of African-Americans were again on the increase.
	www.teachervision.fen.com /civil-rights/lesson-plan/4839.html (3883 words)

	LCRBMRP-T2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A protest against the burning and lynching of Negroes : by Booker T. Washington.: a machine-readable transcription.
		If the law is disregarded when a Negro is concerned, it will soon be disregarded when a white man is concerned; and, besides, the rule of the mob destroys the friendly relations which should exist between the races and injures and interferes with the material prosperity of the communities concerned.
		Worst of all these outrages take place in communities where there are Christian churches; in the midst of people who have their Sunday schools, their Christian Endeavor Societies and Young Men's Christian Associations, where collections are taken up for sending missionaries to Africa and China and the rest of the so-called heathen world.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /rbc/lcrbmrp/t20/t2006.sgm_old (484 words)

	Anthony B. Pinn
		The negation of the idea of God may also drive Negroes into the communistic camp, whereby more militant or violent means would be used to achieve political and economic status.
		Not to put too fine a point on it, I nonetheless suspect that the non-theist stance of the Communist Party and its rhetorical appeal to African Americans (thin as it was) provided a forum and home for African American humanists who found churches either uncomfortable or hopelessy backward.
		This is particularly evident in the section of this essay concerning the Communist party when the Church and God are brought into question as the result of their perceived inability to respond adequately to the problem of evil as manifested, say, in regard to the lynching of fls.
	www.americanhumanist.org /hsfamily/rh/pinn.html (5463 words)

	The Charlottesville Reflector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There should be a closed season for lynching Negroes in order to insure posterity.
		Since lynching has become a National Sport, the government will have to do for Negroes what it has done for other game such as buffaloes.
		All Negroes should at least be put under the jurisdiction of state game wardens who will decide for their states just at what time during the year lynch-parties may be held.
	cti.itc.virginia.edu /~aas405a/of(sc).1933.12.23.10.html (393 words)

	"Whites Only" Red-Tinge, Data-Collecting Exposed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It called for "lynching" Negroes and joked about it.
		One "joke" quoted a man who purportedly "originated" lynchings and who supposedly encouraged the practice among slaveowners.
		Robert Shelton, a sixties' anti-communist, was found liable for publishing a picture of a Negro hanging on a tree.
	www.nationalist.org /alt/2000/mar/data.html (1032 words)

	Southern Women in the Anti-Lynching Campaign, DBQ: Document 7
		Lewis T. Nordyke, writing in 1939, provided an overview of the accomplishments of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching:
		of Lynching had created a very successful social program?
		Why were white women able to successfully organize against lynching while fl women alone could not?
	www.binghamton.edu /womhist/teacher/DBQaswpl7.htm (237 words)

	resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Photographs and Postcards of Lynching in the US The corpses of five African American males, Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin with onlookers.
		"An Irascible Negro" A fl man barely escapes lynching in Hendersonville, NC in 1924.
		My mother was the daughter of a Negro woman and a German doctor.
	aam.wcu.edu /collision/resources.html (1933 words)

	Amiri Baraka, Paul Robeson and the Theater (excerpt) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A 1946 meeting with President Truman at which Robeson urged Truman to oppose lynching (some 15 known lynchings took place that year alone and were registered in the presentation to the United Nations by Du Bois, William Patterson, and others called
		Concerts all over the country were canceled, 85 in 1948 alone.
		Yet Truman would not even issue a statement condemning lynching.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/45a/430.html (286 words)

	Southern Women and Anti-Lynching Campaigns, Document List
		Document 5A: Thomas Nelson Page, "The Lynching of Negroes: Its Cause and its Prevention," January 1904
		Document 5B: Mary Church Terrell, "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," June 1904
		Document 17: "What is the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching?" December 1936
	womhist.binghamton.edu /aswpl/doclist.htm (262 words)

	MEMO: HASSLE HISPANICS
		In 1865, in Tennessee, the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forest.
		Then, right after the Civil War, Forrest and his fellow thugs - many of them sheriffs -- terrorized Negroes and started the long lasting tradition of lynching Negroes that continued until the 1960s.
		Today, Al Gore, Tennessee son and candidate for President is part and parcel of egregious "racial profiling" in California that has targeted Hispanics.
	www.calnews.com /archives/Contreras43.htm (817 words)

	On Being A Liberal
		I'm sending him this message to cheer him up - the Bible supports liberals!
		I reminded him that in my childhood, people were still lynching Negroes, so wickedness isn't really anything new.
		Black people weren't even allowed to drink the same water or sit at the same table with whites, much less register to vote.
	www.yuricareport.com /Campaign2004/CrewsOnBeingALiberal.html (691 words)

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