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Topic: Andalusi Arabic

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	Western (Maghreb) Arabic ('aammiyya)
		Western, or Magreb, Arabic is a continuum of spoken dialects in the Maghreb (which means 'western' in Arabic), the region of Africa north of the Sahara desert and west of the Nile that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.
		Tunisian Arabic overlaps with Algerian Arabic in the west and Libyan Arabic in the south.
		Arabic is a Category III language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/MoroccanArabic.html (1680 words)

	Definition of Arabic language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century, and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
		While Arabic is strongly associated with Islam (and is the language of salah), it is also spoken by Arab Christians, Oriental Jews, and indeed Iraqi Mandaeans; and, of course, the vast majority of the world's Muslims do not actually speak it; they only know some fixed phrases of Arabic, as used in Islamic prayer.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Arabic_language (1348 words)

	Arabic Language Facts
		The expressions Arabic and Classical Arabic usually refer to the pure Arabic language which is, according to Arabic speakers, both the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and the language of the Qur'an.
		While Arabic is strongly associated with Islam (and is the language of salat), it is also spoken by Arab Christians, Oriental Jews, and indeed Iraqi Mandaeans; and, of course, the vast majority of the world's Muslims do not actually speak it; they only know some fixed phrases of Arabic, as used in Islamic prayer.
		Arabic is a Semitic language, fairly closely related to, for instance, the Hebrew language and the Aramaic language.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/arabic.html (677 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Arabic is a Semitic language, fairly closelyrelated to, for instance, the Hebrew language and the Aramaic language, spoken throughout the Arab world and widely known outside it.
		While Arabic is strongly associatedwith Islam (and is the language of salat), it isalso spoken by Arab Christians, Oriental Jews, and indeed Iraqi Mandaeans ; and, of course, the vast majority ofthe world's Muslims do not actually speak it; they only know some fixed phrases of Arabic, as used in Islamic prayer.
		Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as in the Western world, and is still considered by Arabs as a major art form;calligraphers are held in great esteem.
	immune-system-help.com /dialects/spoken/arabic_language.html (1055 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mozarabic language
		Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492).
		As they were written in Arabic alphabet, the vowels had to be reconstructed.
		This Romance variety had a significant impact in the formation of Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan (especially the Valencian variety), which explains why these languages have so many words of Andalusi Arabic origin (Mozarabic was, understandably, quite influenced by Arabic and vice versa).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mozarabic-language (637 words)

	Calligraphy in Arabic
		In Islam and Arabic cultures calligraphy is respected as one of the greatest arts and a symbol of unity and beauty.
		Diwani: another style of the Arabic calligraphy is the Diwani script, which is in cursive style, As decorative as it is communicative, Diwani is distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word.
		Andalusi: a script usually found in walls and ceilings of mosques in Spain, Morocco and Mauritania, Andalusi or Andalus is a beautiful script that I will concentrate on more, by dedicating a separate page to help you write in this beautiful script.
	arabic.speak7.com /arabic_calligraphy_introduction (404 words)

	Chapter 7: Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Arabic terms (from the roots 'adala and wazana) conveying the meaning of "correcting the land," the surveying procedure necessary to prepare a parcel for irrigation, have the sense of the Latin expression librare terram (to balance or equalize the land) and must therefore represent a procedure of Roman agriculture common throughout the Empire.
		The presence of the Latinism in Andalusi Arabic is probably indicative of the survival of simple horizontal mills.
		In addition, Andalusi engineers used river dams to increase the efficiency of horizontal or undershot vertical mills, as at Córboba, where four mills were emplaced on the downstream zig-zags of the dam across the Guadalquivir.
	libro.uca.edu /ics/ics7.htm (13472 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Coptic language
		In other words the pressure put on such families to learn Arabic to ensure their continuing service in the government and the inheritance of such work by their offspring, made them slowly neglect educating their children in literary Coptic.
		Introduction of Arabic in the 12th century by the Patriarch Gabriel ibn Turaik was probably an attempt to show the Muslims that the Copts are different from the enemy they were fighting.
		Even purely Arabic liturgical texts began to appear, indicating that Arabic moved from a mere reference translation to actual use in the churches.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Coptic_Language (3204 words)

	How to learn Arabic
		Using standard Arabic in everyday conversation sounds a bit formal to Arab ears, but at least you can be sure of being understood by educated Arabs anywhere in the Middle East.
		The emphasis is on classical Arabic and the finer points of grammar (which in practice tend to be ignored in everyday speech).
		Arabic dictionaries are generally expensive outside the Middle East because there is little medand for them.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/language/learn2.htm (1765 words)

	Arabic Gems ~ جواهر العربية
		The same question was asked to Abu Hatim, one of the classical scholars of Arabic, but he was unable to answer.
		But if anyone is versed in Arabic and would like to read more, I recommend them to refer to the book Kifaayat al-Alma’ee Fee Ayat Yaa Ard Ibla’ee by Muhammad ibn al-Jazaree (published by Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah in Bayrut, 2003), or to refer to Tafseer al-Bahr al-Muheet by Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi.
		She graduated with a BA in Arabic Language from SOAS University, London, and
	arabicgems.wordpress.com (2093 words)

	Andalusi Arabic Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Find andalusi arabic - Your relevant result is a click away!
		It became an extinct language in Spain after the expulsion of the Moors following the Christian Reconquest (Reconquista), though it is still used in Andalusi music and has significantly influenced the dialects of such towns as Tetouan, Fez, and Cherchell.
		It has also exerted some influence on Mozarabic, Castilian, Catalan, Portuguese and the Moroccan Arabic dialect.
	www.greatartworks.com /encyclopedia/Andalusi_Arabic (245 words)

	Historical Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Employing the methods of the new historical literary study in looking at a range of texts, Ross Brann reveals the paradoxical relations between the Andalusi Muslim and Jewish elites in an era when long periods of tolerance and respect were punctuated by outbreaks of tension and hostility.
		Power in the Portrayal is the first to study the construction of social meaning in Andalusi Arabic, Judeo-Arabic, and Hebrew literary texts and historical chronicles.
		An absorbing study of cultural drift, Arabic Thought and Its Place in History represents a valuable contribution to the histories of both Eastern and Western philosophy.
	www.sirreadalot.org /islam/islamhistoryR.htm (4724 words)

	Arabic Linguistics Society Bibliography of Arabic Linguistics 1979-1994
		Aurayieth, A. The Phonology of the Verb in Libyan Arabic, University of Washington.
		“The Phonology of a Northern Jordanian Arabic Dialect.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 137(2): 297-331.
		Qad and Laqad: Tense/Aspect and Pragmatics in Arabic.
	www.lib.umich.edu /area/Near.East/ALSLING.html (12626 words)

	Chapter 9: Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Because of Romance influence, Spanish Arabic was one of a number of Arabic regional dialects where the p (a sound generally transcribed in Arabic with the symbol either for f or b) attained full phonemic status.
		According to Federico Corriente, speakers of Spanish Arabic "were aware of the personality of their dialect and not a bit ashamed of it" and preferred it to classical Arabic for certain literary genres.
		The numerically most important contacts between Andalusi and Magribi towns during this period are represented in Map 1, compiled on the basis of ibn al-Zubair's mentions of scholars resident in one town reported to have studied in or travelled to another.
	libro.uca.edu /ics/ics9.htm (8172 words)

	Bibliographic Essay: Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The lack of documentation seems to have reflected the association of Andalusi Jews with the Babylonian synagogue in Cairo, whereas the Geniza documents emanated from the Palestinian congregation.
		Lévi-Provençal's narrative, drawn from Arabic chronicles, is still useful, but he did not fully appreciate the tribal nature of Andalusi society in the eighth and ninth centuries, nor was he able to describe accurately the mechanism of conversion and its rate.
		The structure of Andalusi Arabic is studied by Federico Corriente, A Grammatic Sketch of the Spanish Arabic Dialect Bundle (Madrid, 1977).
	libro.uca.edu /ics/bibliog.htm (4818 words)

	BRILL
		He is the author of several books on Semitic and Arabic linguistics, most particularly Andalusi Arabic and linguistic aspects of Andalusi stanzaic poetry.
		A detailed scientific description of the Andalusi Arabic dialect bundle did not exist until recent times, although the correct understanding of some of its texts bears heavily on many momentous conclusions drawn by contemporary scholars about the extent and depth of cultural interaction between the Arabs and the West.
		This volume will be useful to students of Arabic dialectology and also to those concerned with any kind of literature produced in Al-Andalus, as well as to Romance scholars who may find the solution to many an etymological riddle here.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=450 (581 words)

	Arabic language : search word
		Arabic has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Quite a few English words are derived from arabic, among them every-day vocabulary like sugar, cotton or magazine.
		Main article: Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of scholarly dispute), to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic script to Greek script.
	www.searchword.org /ar/arabic-language.html (1337 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Andalusian Arabic
		Andalusian Arabic (also known as Andalusi Arabic and Spanish Arabic) was a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) under Muslim rule.
		Andalusian Arabic appears to have spread rapidly and been the general oral use in most parts of Al-Andalus between the 9th and 15th centuries.
		Andalusian Arabic belongs to Early Western Neo-Arabic, which does not allow for any separation between Bedouin, urban, or rural dialects, nor does it show any detectable difference between communal dialects, such as Muslim, Christian and Jewish.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic (324 words)

	Brann, R.: Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain.
		The examined Arabic texts reveal a fragmented perception of the Jew in eleventh-century al-Andalus.
		This book is the first to study the construction of social meaning in Andalusi Arabic, Judeo-Arabic, and Hebrew literary texts and historical chronicles.
		The novel approach illuminates nuances of respect, disinterest, contempt, and hatred reflected in the relationship between Muslims and Jews in medieval Spain.
	www.pup.princeton.edu /titles/7384.html (637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Maltese, though descended from Arabic, is considered by itsspeakers to be a separate language.
		Probably the most divergent of non-creole Arabic varieties is Cypriot Maronite Arabic, a nearly extinct variety heavilyinfluenced by Greek.
		Arabic-based pidgins, with a small largely Arabic vocabulary lacking most Arabicmorphological features, are or have been widespread along the southern edge of the Sahara; the medieval geographer al-Bakri records a text in one (in a placeprobably corresponding to modern Mauritania) in the 11th century!
	immune-system-help.com /dialects/dialect/varieties_of_arabic.html (637 words)

	ipedia.com: Andalusi Arabic Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Andalusi Arabic is a dialect of Arabic language spoken in the Andalusian region of Spain.
		It is believed to have become a dead language out after the Spanish Reconquest....
		It is believed to have become a dead language out after the Spanish Reconquest (Reconquista).
	www.ipedia.com /andalusi_arabic.html (95 words)

	Literature - Short Story - Ala Hlehel
		Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry, a 2 volume critical history published in 1977 by E.J. Brill.
		"Andalusi Poetry, the Golden Age" chapter in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, Brill, Leiden, 1992.
		Andalusi Poetry, "Nature and the Rise of Ibn Khafaja" chapter in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, Brill, Leiden, 1992.
	www.sakakini.org /literature/prose_salma2.htm (391 words)

	The world's top varieties of arabic websites
		Maltese, though descended from Arabic, is considered by its speakers to be a separate language.
		In Algeria, colloquial Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, and some textbooks exist.
		Sephardi Jews throughout the Arab world translated parts of their liturgy into Arabic of varying levels of colloquialness, and wrote them, as well as letters and accounts and occasionally stories, in the Hebrew alphabet.
	dirs.org /wiki-article-tab.cfm/varieties_of_arabic (766 words)

	Hristina Tchobanova
		Hristina Tchobanova is a lecturer of Arabic in the Department of Arabic and Semitic Studies at St. Kliment Ohridski University in Sofia, Bulgaria.
		She received her M.A. in Arabic language and literature from St. Kliment Ohridski University and she now is preparing her Ph.D. thesis, which treats Andalusi Arabic from a quantitative perspective in light of the methods of historical linguistics.
		She is a member of L’Assossiassion Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA) and the International association of the teachers of Arabic as a non-native language (founded in Damascus).
	www.middlebury.edu /academics/ls/arabic/facstaff/hristina.htm (214 words)

	Andalusi Arabic \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Arabic French English Electronic Dictionary ECTACO EAF430TX (Arabic, French and English Voice), by ECTACO
		Arabic Grammars of Turkic: Arabic Linguistic Model Applied to Foreign..
		Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Andalusi Christi..
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /ed/Andalusi_Arabic (270 words)

	Andalusi Arabic in TutorGig Encyclopedia
		Apparel See all 4492 results in Andalusi Arabic...
		Sporting Goods See all 4293 results in Andalusi Arabic...
		Video See all 96 results in Andalusi Arabic...
	www.tutorgig.com /ed/Andalusi_Arabic (254 words)

	Encyclopedia: Andalusi Arabic
		Updated 294 days 7 hours 35 minutes ago.
		It has influenced Mozarabic, Castilian, Portuguese and the Moroccan Arabic dialect.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Andalusi-Arabic (102 words)

	Arabic in TutorGig Search
		The collection of Arabic manuscripts in the National Library of the Czech Republic
		The collection of Arabic manuscripts in the National Library of the Czech Republic contains 200 items.
		All Arabic music, news, newspaper, love, chat, live TV broadcast, download, pictures, an Arabic Lebanese home from Canada Montreal for the Arabic world, Faisal Habbal
	www.tutorgig.com /w/Arabic/10 (371 words)

	Arabic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Literary Arabic, al-luġatu-l-ʿarabīyatu-l-fuṣḥā (Literally: the pure Arabic language—اللغة العربية الفصحى) refers both to the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and to the language of the Qur'an.
		Arabs often use the term Fuṣḥa to refer to any of the written dialects of Arabic.
		In fact, however, the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'an, and as a result it has become customary to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as is Modern Standard Arabic.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=803 (1171 words)

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