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Topic: Andean Saharan

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	Andean states - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Andean States are nations in South America that contain portions of—or border—the Andes mountain range.
		Politically speaking, Argentina and Chile are usually not considered part of the Andean States as they are part of the Southern Cone and they are not members of the Andean Community of Nations (which Venezuela is in the process of leaving).
		For example, the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region, but western Argentina is part of the Andean region, and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andean_states (208 words)

	The Antiquity of Man Inca conquest
		The Andeans were hampered by their tendency to postpone all military activity on the nights of the full moon in favour of religious celebrations, something the Spanish were quick to seize on and exploit.
		More damage was done to the Andean population by the white man's diseases which began attacking the Inca's population numbers and weakening their fighting strength from the first moment of contact.
		In this view, Pizarro realized their superiority was overwhelming and him and his men took measures to utilise this to a degree that has not been fully appreciated; the vulnerability of the Incas to the capture and execution of their emperor being a prime case in point.
	www.antiquityofman.com /Inca_conquest.html (1260 words)

	Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Trade, 5-08-01 Testimony
		Chairman: In the last decade, the Andean countries have engaged in a serious effort to combat the scourge of drugs that was destroying the youth and the social fabric of our nations.
		Today, the Andean region face a very critical moment, and in accordance with the concept of shared responsibility that inspires our cooperation, we see the renewal and expansion of ATPA as critical to guarantee sustainability of our achievements and our ability to make further progress.
		We, the Andean countries, are fully committed to the idea of and the process for negotiating the Free Trade Area of the Americas.
	waysandmeans.house.gov /legacy/trade/107cong/5-8-01/5-8sola.htm (1374 words)

	GRAIN \| Seedling \| 2000 \| POTATO: A FRAGILE GIFT FROM TH
		The Andean zone is one of the world’s main centres of plant domestication and diversity and the home of the potato (see box).
		According to CIP, medium-sized Andean farmers owning 5 to 6 hectares plant 80%-90% of their land to improved varieties, 8% to 9% to commercial native varieties, and an important 1% to a diverse potato plot for home use.
		Andean farmers have been stricken by the vicious circle of dependency on ever more expensive chemical inputs, indebtedness, falling prices and environmental degradation that have accompanied the introduction of high external input varieties of other crops.
	www.grain.org /publications/set003-en.cfm (5372 words)

	Namibia - Emerging Textiles - Textile Information
		The text last week approved by US lawmakers is mainly dedicated to preferential treatment offered to Andean nations, to help them in reducing drug production.
		The US textile industry already denounced the draft bill which "would grant duty-free benefits to vast amounts of apparel from the Andean region, without requiring that it be made of US yarn or fabric," said ATMI's president Charles Hayes in a statement.
		"It does not even require that all of the assembly operations be done in the Andean countries, thus opening the doors for the textile and apparel giants of Asia to share in the benefits of this legislation," also affirmed ATMI's president.
	www.emergingtextiles.com /?q=idx&s=namibia (2139 words)

	Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Trade, 5-08-01 Testimony
		With respect to the Andean program, a "robust" trade initiative is critical to achieving the larger U.S. foreign, economic, and drug policy goals for the region.
		An essential component of a "robust" Andean trade initiative is to provide trade benefits for apparel products produced in the Andean region with strong incentives to encourage U.S. investment and business in the region and create jobs in legitimate industries.
		Like the sub-Saharan African countries, the small textile and apparel producers in the Andean region are likely to be big losers to the more efficient producers in Asia once textile and apparel quotas are eliminated at the end of 2004.
	waysandmeans.house.gov /legacy/trade/107cong/5-8-01/5-8auto.htm (1888 words)

	washingtonpost.com: U.S. Free-Trade Deals Include Few Muslim Countries
		Excluding oil, imports from Muslim countries have increased by just 3.2 percent since 2000, their growth suppressed by tariffs of 20 percent or more on key goods such as textiles, according to an analysis of U.S. trade statistics.
		Meanwhile, countries in the Andean region, sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere -- granted preferential, duty-free access to the U.S. market -- have enjoyed a comparative boom, with exports to the United States rising nearly 40 percent in some cases.
		Imports from the 38 sub- Saharan countries covered by the African Growth and Opportunity Act, meanwhile, rose 39 percent.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A30078-2004Dec2?language=printer (1894 words)

	Inter Press Service News Agency
		During a hearing in the U.S. Congress, three influential senators renewed calls for a programme that appears to be a classic example of the United States flexing its economic might for military ends and to reshape the areas in its own image.
		The bill resembles the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which was passed in 2000, the Andean Trade Preferences Act of 1991 and the Caribbean Basin Initiative of 2000.
		Under the proposed Middle East programme, countries that meet certain criteria, such as a market-based economy and support for the war on terrorism, would be able to export certain goods, designated by the U.S. president, to the United States tariff free.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/sendnews.asp?idnews=22866 (1012 words)

	Africa - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Those who lived in Saharan or Sub-Saharan Africa and traded across the continent for centuries often found themselves crossing "borders" that often existed only on European maps.
		In nations that had substantial European populations, for example Rhodesia and South Africa, systems of second-class citizenship were often set up in order to give Europeans political power far in excess of their numbers.
		The Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/f/r/Africa.html (4105 words)

	Percent for Art - Department of Cultural Affairs
		Glass blocks set into the walls of the second and fourth floors feature sandblasted images of natural spirals such as ferns and the centers of sunflowers.
		Six-million-year-old fossils embedded in Saharan limestone are also installed in the walls on these floors.
		Four bronze plaques depicting spiral images from the Ashanti, Greek, Irish, and Andean cultures are mounted on the walls of the fifth floor, and a spiral of the mathematical golden rule appears on the school’s fence.
	www.nyc.gov /html/dcla/html/panyc/greengold.shtml (347 words)

	Templeman - World Music Performance Labs - Syllabus
		The core musical traditions that students of the African Lab will learn are the karimba, a lamellaphone of the Shona people of Zimbabwe, and nyanga panpipes of the Nyungwe people of Mozambique.
		Students in the Andean lab will learn to play panpipes, and tarkas of the Quechua and Aymara Indians of Bolivia and Peru, and saya, a song, drumming and dance genre of Afro-Bolivians.
		I have several other instruments of the Andean region and sub-Saharan Africa for students interested in pursuing independent, advanced studies.
	home.fuse.net /WorldMusic/Classes/WM_Labs/syllabus.htm (462 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East
		During a hearing in the US Congress, three influential senators renewed calls for a program that appears to be a classic example of the US flexing its economic muscles to achieve military ends and to reshape regions in its own image.
		The bill resembles the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) that was passed in 2000, the Andean Trade Preferences Act of 1991, and the Caribbean Basin Initiative of 2000.
		Under the proposed Middle East program, countries that meet certain criteria, such as a market-based economy and support for the "war on terrorism", would be able to export certain goods, designated by the US president, to the US tariff-free.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/FC17Ak01.html (1117 words)

	Ciat in Focus - Beans: The Nearly Perfect Food
		It also supplies 25 to 30 percent of the recommended levels of iron and meets 25 percent of the daily requirement of magnesium and copper as well as 15 percent of the potassium and zinc.
		In 1978 the center pioneered the development of a regional bean research network for Central America and the Caribbean, known as PROFRIJOL.
		For example, in the Andean zone (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru), bean production was essentially stagnant until the early 1990s.
	www.ciat.cgiar.org /ciatinfocus/beans.htm (3339 words)

	TRADE ACT 2002 - ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE ACT - DIVISION C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		(3) Notwithstanding the success of the Andean Trade Preference Act, the Andean region remains threatened by political and economic instability and fragility, vulnerable to the consequences of the drug war and fierce global competition for its legitimate trade.
		(6) Renewal and enhancement of the Andean Trade Preference Act will bolster the confidence of domestic private enterprise and foreign investors in the economic prospects of the region, ensuring that legitimate private enterprise can be the engine of economic development and political stability in the region.
		(7) Each of the Andean beneficiary countries is committed to conclude negotiation of a Free Trade Area of the Americas by the year 2005, as a means of enhancing the economic security of the region.
	www.sice.oas.org /Trade/tradeact/act10.asp (5060 words)

	November 2002 NCN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		For example, the Andean Community--beneficiary of the special provisions of the latest TPA legislation--represents more than 32 percent of the South American population.
		However, only one Andean nation, Peru--with 6.3 percent of South America's total fiber usage--appears on the radar screen of users/processors of fibers, in fourth place.
		It appears growth prospects might be better in other countries of the region, such as Brazil, Argentina and Chile--Mercosur (also known as the Common Market of the South) nations--with particular emphasis on Brazil, which is one of the more stable economies and currently consumes approximately 65 percent of the fiber used in the area.
	www.utexas.edu /centers/nfic/NewCenNews/archives/2002/Nov.2002.ncn.htm (4574 words)

	New Sounds in World Music
		V/A The Sahara: Moorish Traditions To Desert Rock And Roll World Music Network The contemporary music of Saharan, Africa, incorporates bluesy, electric guitar, Andalusian melodies, simple percussion and soaring vocals that remain virtually unchanged from centuries ago.
		is by no means an exhaustive collection of Saharan music; but listeners will nonetheless relish and admire the incredible musical diversity from countries often unheard of in the global music realm.
		Saharan music fans everywhere should acquire this very fine recording from World Music Network.
	www.insideworldmusic.com /library/blrevs139.htm (1165 words)

	Saharan fish and the EU
		Saharan fish and the EU bilaterals.org is a collective effort to share information and stimulate cooperation against bilateral trade and investment agreements that are opening countries to the deepest forms of penetration by transnational corporations
		Saharan fish and the EU The EU-Morocco Fisheries Partnership Agreement is similar to a host of deals being signed down the West African coast, allowing European fishing access to African waters to make up for the over-fishing of European waters in recent decades.
		But this deal has one exception: it will allow EU boats to fish in the illegally occupied water of a country which the West has done its best to forget.
	www.bilaterals.org /article.php3?id_article=4273 (1088 words)

	exodus: Holidays to Bolivia
		Of these, seventy percent are indigenous Indians, most of them living between 3,000m and 4,000m in the Andean highlands of the country.
		The so-called social elite, European by descent and education, has little influence on the lives or the thinking of the indigenous population, for whom the pre-colonial past is woven into the present in a way very difficult for the casual visitor to understand.
		From Bolivian high altiplano to the lowlands of Brazil, from Andean cloudforest to Atlantic rainforest, from traditional Andean villages to vibrant Rio de Janeiro, from bleak salt flats to teeming wildlife, from crystal clear spring rivers to mighty waterfalls, this trip is just highlight after highlight.
	www.exodus.co.uk /countries/bo.html (455 words)

	Basins, Stratigraphy, and Uplift Records: Tectonic Controls and Geologic Constraints Posters - Tectonophysics [T]
		The Neuqu\'{e}n Basin of west-central Argentina is a segment of the Andean foreland that has significant structural complexity due to protracted intraforeland deformation between Late Triassic to Recent time.
		Some structural features in the Neuqu\'{e}n Basin predate the main phases of the Andean orogeny although these structures were reactivated later and influenced basin configuration during the foreland-basin stage.
		The EHG maps highlight the lateral boundaries of subsurface density contrasts and emphasizes that the Jeffera basin is dominated by northwest-trending anomalies while the Saharan Platform consists of a series of northeast- and east-trending anomalies.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm04/fm04-sessions/fm04_T23B.html (4776 words)

	Andean biodiversity 'at high risk from climate change' - SciDev.Net
		The east slope of the Andes in southern Peru.
		Animals and plants in the Andes may be particularly vulnerable to rapid global warming, new research suggests.
		A study of Andean climate over the past 48,000 years reveals that temperatures in the region rose relatively gradually — at a rate of 5°C over several millennia, compared to 5°C over two centuries in North America at the end of the ice age.
	www.scidev.net /news/index.cfm?fuseaction=readnews&itemid=1223&language=1 (316 words)

	Templeman CV
		Pilot research grant: three-months to investigate the musical practices of Afro-Bolivians in the lowland Nor Yungas province of La Paz (June-August 1992) and the Quechua-speaking Native Andeans of the Charazani Valley in the Department of La Paz (June-August 1990).
		Quechua and Aymara panpipes, tarkas, pífanos of Andean highlands, Bolivia and Peru.
		Spoke on the history of the banjo with specific commentary the museum's recent acquisition of a banjo from the late nineteenth century.
	home.fuse.net /WorldMusic/cv.html (4294 words)

	AUSANGATE & THE ALTIPLANO
		An exhilarating trek following part of an Andean trade route which linked the northern altiplano with the Inca capital city of Cuzco
		Here Nevado Ausangate (6372m), the highest mountain in the range, stands towering, ice-capped and remote: it is a complicated sub-system of glaciated peaks, high mountain valleys and beautiful lakes, rich in Andean wildlife.
		If you appreciate the solitude of the mountains and majestic landscapes, it is spectacular walking country, and due to the isolation of this area it feels as though we have moved back in time.
	www.exodus.co.uk /holidays/tpn.html (435 words)

	Earth Negotiations Bulletin
		It also adopted resolutions: endorsing draft guidelines for the harmonization of future agreements; setting out a strategy for CMS development for the 1998-2000 triennium; supporting co-location of agreement Secretariats; and detailing financial and administrative manners.
		ANDEAN FLAMINGOS: Schlatter noted participation of Argentina, Chile, Peru and Bolivia in a project to conduct censuses of winter populations.
		He highlighted work on a draft MOU and noted an upcoming workshop on the impact of industrial activities on Andean Flamingo habitat.
	www.iisd.ca /vol18/enb1811.html (14114 words)

	Government Policies and Documents - Economy and Trade: InfoUSA
		It also summarizes significant WTO and OECD activities; the operation of such U.S. programs as the Generalized System of Preferences, the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act, the Andean Trade Preference Act, and U.S. textile and apparel trade; and major U.S. trade sanctions activities.
		The anti-trafficking focus was strenghtened by the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA), which extends the ATPA until the end of 2006.
		ATPA expired on December 4, 2001, but was renewed retroactive to that date on August 6, 2002, under the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA), part of the Trade Act of 2002.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/trade/govdocsi.htm (1273 words)

	Industry and Economic Analysis --South America
		THE IMPACT OF THE ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE ACT (ELEVENTH REPORT 2004) (file size: 1.56 megabyte)
		ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE ACT: IMPACT ON U.S. (file size: 6,509,154 bytes)
		International Trade Developments: The Andean Trade Preference Act: An Update; Trade in Biotechnology Food Products; U.S. Trade Developments; International Economic Comparisons (file size: 701,641 bytes)
	www.usitc.gov /ind_econ_ana/regional_ana/south_america (242 words)

	DISAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Charles, Robert B. (Summer 2004) "United States Policy and the Andean Counterdrug Initiative," 26:4, p.59-63.
		Grossman, Marc.(Spring 2002) "U.S. Assistance to Colombia and the Andean Region" 24:3, p.35-41.
		Armitage, Richard L. "Andean Counterdrug Initiative," (Winter 2003) 25:1 and 2, p.77-79.
	disam.osd.mil /pubs/INDEXES/a-c.htm (6865 words)

	International IDEA \| Political Parties Links
		It is the main source of multilateral financing for economic, social and institutional development projects as well as trade and regional integration programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.
		The mandate of IMD is to encourage the process of democratisation in young democracies by providing support to political parties.
		The Andean Parliament participates in the legislative process of putting forward to the bodies of the Andean region draft provisions of common interest.
	www.idea.int /parties/links.cfm?CFID=1804467&CFTOKEN=91725666 (1123 words)

	Project Syndicate - Print Commentary
		Instead of being an asset, oil has become a liability that generates poverty, corruption, ethnic conflict, and ecological disaster.
		Venezuela’s President Hugo Chávez, for example, is using his country’s oil revenues to provide free literacy training and health care, to help alleviate the debts of his Argentinean and Ecuadorian neighbors, to forge energy alliances in Latin America and the Caribbean, and to propose a strategic rapprochement with the Andean countries.
		He has revived pan-Americanism, and Venezuela has become a member of Mercosur, the regional grouping whose other members include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
	www.project-syndicate.org /print_commentary/mbaye6/English (793 words)

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