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Topic: Anders Chydenius

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	Liberalismen
		Chydenius var också oerhört framgångsrik i den konkreta politiska striden.
		Den största belöningen för Chydenius engagemang var att han fick se att han hade uppfostrat till ett livligt intresse för liberala idéer, och att det dök upp unga upplysningstänkare i Sverige, som Rosenstein, Kellgren och Adlersparre, som influerats av hans idéer.
		Det offentliga borde enligt Chydenius upprätthålla domstolar, polis och försvar, den liberala rättsstat som den tyske socialisten Lasalle långt senare kom att förlöjliga som "nattväktarstaten".
	www.liberalismen.com /chydenius.shtml (3662 words)

	Anders Chydenius-säätiö
		Behind Anders Chydenius' thought and actions there can be seen three of the main keys to the spirit of his time: the idea of natural rights, the natural scientific worldview, and pietism, which emphasises the religious convictions of the individual.
		Anders Chydenius' youth was passed in the unprosperous and barren surroundings of Northern Finland.
		In 1770 Chydenius was appointed rector of Kokkola.
	www.chydenius.net /historia/lyhyesti_vuodet/e_lyhyesti.asp (778 words)

	Utrikesutskottets betänkande 1998/99:UU12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chydenius, som var starkt influerad av den franska upplysningsfilosofin, var en produktiv skriftställare även i andra politiska frågor än sådana som berörde handeln.
		Chydenius, som i motsats till Smith saknade akademisk skolning inom de ekonomiska vetenskaperna, utvecklade mycket av sitt tänkande som ett led i sin politiska gärning, och hans uppfattningar i ekonomiska frågor återfinns därför huvudsakligen i skrifter av pamflettkaraktär och i inlägg i riksdagsdebatterna.
		Att hans tankar haft bestående livskraft visar följande korta jämförelser mellan vad utrikesutskottet anför i detta betänkande och vad Chydenius framfört i olika sammanhang.
	www.riksdagen.se /debatt/9899/Utskott/UU/UU12/UU120016.ASP (2068 words)

	Anders Chydenius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anders Chydenius (26 February 1729 - 1 February 1803) was the leading classical liberal of Nordic history.
		Anders Chydenius also put his theories into practice by proposing to the Riksdag of the Estates a drastic trade liberalization of towns along the Gulf of Bothnia, as well as a world-leading freedom of the press law (1766).
		Anders Chydenius is remembered as a man ahead of his time, expressing ideas that were radical in his day, but are now the backbone of the Nordic ideology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anders_Chydenius (464 words)

	Anders Chydenius
		The Swedish Finn Anders Chydenius was one of the most notable politicians of 18th century Finland.
		Anders' childhood was spent in the barren area of northern Finland.
		In 1753, after graduation, Anders was appointed preacher of the Chapel of the dependent parish of Nedervetil in Ostrobothnia.
	sydaby.eget.net /swe/jp_chydenius.htm (1104 words)

	Anders Chydenius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Finn Anders Chydenius, curate of the small country parish of Alaveteli, created a sensation in the Swedish parliament in 1765 by calling for hitherto unheard-of reforms: restrictions on trade and occupations should be abolished, censorship lifted and society should operate on the principle of personal freedom and responsibility for one's own life.
		Chydenius was recognised as a sharp writer and speaker, and he was consequently sent to the parliament session 1765-66 in Stockholm to demand the right of free foreign trade for Ostrobothnian towns.
		Chydenius' radical action finally led to his exclusion from the Parliament; the formal reason was his essay on monetary policy in which he criticised a decision made by the representatives of the four estates.
	www.lysator.liu.se /runeberg/authors/chyden.html (958 words)

	Anders Chydenius
		Chydenius engagerades också i fiskerideputationen och bidrog där aktivt till att avskaffa statsbidragen till fiskerinäringen, bland annat med följande argument:.
		Chydenius såg tydligt den nödvändiga kopplingen mellan liv och egendom, och argumenterade för att legohjonens arbetsförmåga var att förstå som deras förmögenhet, och att denna förmögenhet - lika väl som husböndernas - stod under lagens beskydd.
		Chydenius vägleddes helt uppenbart av ett socialt patos i sin vilja att röja undan alla politiska ingripanden som hindrade den enskilde att själv bättra sin lott: "Det är alldeles orådeligt i en fri stat att lägga band på näringar, särdeles enär derigenom fattigt folk skulle bringas i elände".
	members.tripod.com /~Nyliberal/index-2.html (886 words)

	Chydenius Institute
		Anders Chydenius, the rector of Kokkola, Finland was a forerunner in all Europe as an advocate of democratic ideology.
		Among Chydenius' greatest political accomplishments are obtaining the foreign trading rights for the towns in Bothnia and extending the freedom of publishing.
		The most famous of Chydenius' writings is The National Gain (1765) in which he presented similar arguments for economic liberalism as his well-known contemporary Adam Smith.
	www.chydenius.fi /english/anderschydenius.html (108 words)

	Anders Chydenius (1729-1803) — pappi ja valistusmies terveydenhuollon tehtävissä
		Alavetelin kappalainen Anders Chydenius ei luottanut varsinkaan kaupunginvälskäriin, koska tällä ei ollut tieteellistä koulutusta.
		Chydenius kertoi omaelämäkerrassaan, miten hän opiskeli kirjoista anatomiaa, ja jatkoi: "Aloin myöskin tehdä kirurgisia operaatioita, leikata syöpäkasvaimia ja kyhmyjä, usein vaarallisistakin paikoista, ja erityisesti aloin leikata silmiä ja silmäluomia silmätautisilta, melkein uskomattomalla menestyksellä." Chydeniuksen tekemistä silmäleikkauksista ei ole varmaa tietoa.
		Anders Chydenius on sairauksien hoitamisen ohella antanut seurakuntalaisilleen myös terveydenhoidon neuvoja, mihin viranomaisten ja tuomiokapitulien ohjeetkin papistoa velvoittivat.
	www.saunalahti.fi /arnoldus/chydeniu.html (1085 words)

	En präst gav oss offentlighetsprincipen
		Anders Chydenius, (1729-1803) var finlands-svensk präst, nationalekonom, politiker och radikal tänkare i sociala och ekonomiska frågor.
		Chydenius ansåg också att den ojämna förmögenhetsfördelningen ledde till betänkliga konsekvenser i rättsligt och politiskt hänseende.
		Anders Chydenius visade senare i livet stor sympati för allmogebefolkningen och dess allra mest fattiga och utsatta skikt.
	hem.passagen.se /altdebat/media/anderschydeniusprast.htm (1152 words)

	Anders Chydenius-säätiö
		The Finnish politician and priest Anders Chydenius was one of the most important politicians of the eighteenth century in the Kingdom of Sweden-Finland....
		The year 2003 marked the 200th anniversary of the death of the pioneer of democracy in Finland, Anders Chydenius (1729-1803).
		Chydenius’ hometown, the City of Kokkola and its co-operative partners are celebrating the memory of Anders Chydenius by arranging many different events during the year to honour the renown vicar’s vocation and his ideologies of freedom....
	www.chydenius.net /eng/index.asp (475 words)

	Vapaasana » Anders Chydenius — 200 vuotta liberalismimme isästä (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Näin kirjoittaa ruotsalainen yhteiskuntatieteilijä Johan Norberg kirjoituksessaan Anders Chydenius — den svenska liberalismens fader (ruotsalaisen liberalismin isä; huomattakoon, että Chydenius oli täysin suomalainen, joskin Suomi oli osa Ruotsia vuoteen 1809), ja jatkaa:
		"Anders Chydenius oli kekseliäs ja energinen pohjanmaalainen pappi, josta tuli ruotsalaisen liberalismin ensimmäinen suuri tulkitsija ja esitaistelija.
		Kuitenkaan Chydenius ei ollut fysiokraatti, vaan näki muunkin kuin maatalouden luovan uutta vaurautta (esim.
	www.vapaasana.net /sisalto.php3?id=390 (1415 words)

	Kaarlela Local Museum, Kokkola
		Chydenius, vicar and Member of Parliament, presented the fundamental ideas of economic liberalism in 1765 - 11 years earlier than the Scotsman Adam Smith, considered the "father of economic liberalism".
		Anders Chydenius (1729-1803), was a man of distinction in the history of Finland.
		Anders Chydenius was a Member of Parliament of the clergy estate on several occasions.
	museum.svof.fi /eng/kahem.htm (539 words)

	2003 - Anders Chydenius - Silver Proof - Finland :: Euro Collections International
		Anders Chydenius was one of the most advanced influential persons in Finland.
		Chydenius, clergyman and physician, was also a politician, a member of the Diet during the reign of King Gustavus III.
		Anders Chydenius is the first person to be depicted both in FIM (the FIM 1000 bank note) and EUR denominated currency.
	www.eurocollections.com /catalog/?product=708 (179 words)

	Korkein hallinto-oikeus - 7.4.2005 Anders Chydenius -säätiön seminaari. Hallinnon julkisuus - periaateko vain?
		Chydenius totesi aikoinaan kuin myöhemmille puhujille opastukseksi: "kuinka asetukset ovat jo niin moninaiset, etteivät tuomarit ja virkamiehet itsekään saa niistä selvää".
		Chydenius on jälkipolville monessa suhteessa kiinnostava persoona, henkisen ja aineellisen hyvinvoinnin rakennustyön arkkitehti.
		Chydenius näki yleistä hyvää varten välttämättömäksi julkisen pakkovallan, ei kuitenkaan vallan haltijoiden erityisiksi eduiksi vaan jokaiselle turvattavan rauhan, turvallisuuden ja yksityisomistuksen vuoksi.
	www.kho.fi /31991.htm (3191 words)

	Anders Chydenius-säätiö
		Anders Chydenius went to the Diet of 1765-66 in Stockholm, with the main goal to have foreign trading rights accorded for the towns in Ostrobothnia.
		In his essay, Chydenius completely rejects the basic assumptions of mercantilist policy; economic life can not be planned and directed from above.
		He objected both to the patronage by the state and to monopolistic large-scale entrepreneurship; His view is that freedom in economic life is freedom at grass-root level, the individual´s right to realize his ideas in life.
	www.chydenius.net /historia/teokset/e_kansallinen_johdanto.asp (452 words)

	ACHYD
		Anders Chydeniuksen ajattelun ja toiminnan taustalla voi nähdä kolme aikakauden hallitsevaa henkistä peruselementtiä: luonnonoikeudellinen ajattelu, luonnontieteellinen maailmankuva ja yksilön omaa uskonvakaumusta korostava pietismi.
		Chydenius huomattiin teräväksi kirjoittajaksi ja puhujaksi, ja hänet lähetettiin vuosien 1765-66 valtiopäiville Tukholmaan vaatimaan Pohjanmaan kaupungeille oikeutta vapaaseen ulkomaankauppaan.
		Chydenius osallistui vuosien 1765-66 valtiopäivien työhön erittäin aktiivisesti ja julkaisi useita kirjoituksia, jotka arvostelivat vallitsevaa merkantilistista, sääntöihin, rajoituksiin ja monopoleihin perustuvaa talouspolitiikkaa.
	www.kokkola.fi /historia/roosmalm/achyd.htm (449 words)

	History of FoI
		Chydenius and other radicals saw the necessity of improving the political competence of a broad cross-section of the population, consequently adopting the notion of freedom of the press with great zeal.
		Chydenius' memorandum on this matter in 1765 was signed by an elderly representative of the clergy.
		Chydenius was later reported as saying he believed that the passing of the Freedom-of-Press and the Right-of-Access to Public Records Act was one of his greatest achievements.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~slamble/freedom_of_information.htm (6068 words)

	Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition
		Finnish clergyman Anders (Antti) Chydenius (1729-1803) is the father of modern freedom of information, writes Stephen Lamble, an Australian researcher into freedom of expression and the press.
		Chydenius drafted a memo to politicians on freedom of expression.
		Chydenius wrote that his inspiration for freedom of information actually came from China, from the information policy of Taizong (627-649), the enlightened Tang dynasty emperor.
	www.hs.fi /english/print/1135218861212 (522 words)

	Anders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Finland, politician and writer, Anders Chydenius, was the first Finn to explore the idea of globalization and trade liberalization.
		Anders Jonas Ångström, a Swedish physicist, and Angstrom unit of length
		Anders Nordström, Appointed World Health Organization Director-General after the tragic and sudden death of Dr. Lee Jong-wook in May 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anders (262 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Anders Chydenius
		In the book Chydenius published his theories closely corresponding to Adam Smith's invisible hand eleven years before Smith published the Wealth of Nations.
		Anders Chydenius also put his theories into practice by going to the Swedish-Finnish government and proposing trade liberalization of towns along the Gulf of Bothnia, as well as turning Lapland to a nightwatchman state.
		Chydenius was also very outspoken about universal rights and the abolition of privilege.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Anders_Chydenius (368 words)

	The Old Kalle's City Trail / 2
		At Chydenius Park, along the pedestrian street, a bust of Anders Chydenius (1729-1803) can be found.
		Anders Chydenius was a vicar, a member of Parliament and also an economist.
		Chydenius was certainly a versatile genius; he fought for freedom of religion and the press, stricter supervision of state finances, and freedom of trade, obtaining trading rights for Kokkola.
	tourism.kokkola.fi /wkk/english/2.html (106 words)

	Med K-G Olin i emigranternas spår...
		Schaefer is today known as one of the founders of the pietistic movement that took root amongst the freedom-loving peasants of Ostrobothnia and later became one of the most important revivalist movements in the Finnish church.
		Chydenius was clearly influenced in his work by liberal American ideals, implanted by his teacher Per Kalm.
		It has been said of Anders Chydenius that if he had written his works in another language, it might have been he, and not Adam Smith, who would have received the credit for the foundation of modern political economy.
	www.multi.fi /~olimex/read_more/amerikafarare.htm (1743 words)

	Finland for Thought » Finnish freedom fighter, Anders Chydenius \| Politics, current events, culture - In Finland ...
		Chydenius was not living in a democratic state and in the “name” field it reads Söderberg.
		Chydenius of course studied in Turku, the capital of Finland.
		Referring to #4, I wrote short essay on Chydenius in the student exams back in ‘88 but I remember there really was just few paragraphs on him in our history book, so I had to cook up pretty much on his connections to the enlightment and the age of reason.
	www.finlandforthought.net /2006/02/21/finnish-freedom-fighter-anders-chydenius (3228 words)

	Capitalism - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Most theories of what has come to be called capitalism developed in the 18th century, 19th century and 20th century, for instance in the context of the industrial revolution and European imperialism (e.g.
		In his 1765 book The National Gain, Anders Chydenius a Finnish parlamentarian, became the first to propose freedom of trade and industry and the principles of liberalism, 11 years before Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776).
		Anders Chydenius was first to propose free trade and industry and to lay out the principles of liberalism in 1765, eleven years before Adam Smith
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/p/Capitalism.html (9532 words)

	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		In his Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Murray Rothbard argued that the modern history of economics should properly begin with the physiocrats rather than with Adam Smith.
		Anders Chydenius (1729â“1803) was the leading classical liberal of Nordic history.
		According to Chydenius, democracy, equality and a respect for human rights were the only way towards progress and happiness for the whole of society.
	www.thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php?title=History_of_economic_thought (2372 words)

	eBay: chydenius, Münzen Europa, Münzen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		2003 Finland 10 Euro Anders Chydenius Si PP Etui, Zert.
		Finnland 2003: 10 Euro Anders Chydenius in PP
		Finnland - 10 PP Silber 2003-Anders Chydenius
	search.ebay.de /chydenius (200 words)

	From June Pelo's article collection
		Anders Chydenius was born in 1729 at Sotkamo where his father Jacob was a chaplain.
		Chydenius practiced medicine and became known by innoculating ordinary people against smallpox.
		Shortly before his death in 1803, Chydenius became the initiator and first member of a reading society to ensure the preservation of the collection of books.
	sfhs.eget.net /P_articles/Pelo88.html (1162 words)

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