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Topic: Andrei Sakharov

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	Andrei Sakharov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.
		Sakharov, in association with Igor Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device.
		Sakharov died of a heart attack in 1989 at the age of 68, and was interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andrei_Sakharov (1498 words)

	Andrei Sakharov - MSN Encarta
		Sakharov’s brilliant mathematical work on gas dynamics, magnetic confinement of charged particles, and other problems was crucial to the creation of the Soviet hydrogen bomb first tested in August 1953.
		Sakharov was denied permission to attend the Nobel ceremony in Oslo, Norway, on the grounds that he possessed state secrets from his earlier scientific work for the military.
		Sakharov died of a heart attack on December 14, 1989, and was buried with state honors in Moscow.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573977/Sakharov_Andrey_Dmitrievich.html (807 words)

	Yelena Bonner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She was born in Mary, Turkmenistan to the family of Gevork Alikhanov, a prominent Armenian communist and a secretary of the Comintern, and Ruth Bonner, a Jewish communist activist.
		When in January 1980 Sakharov was exiled to Gorky a city which was closed to the foreigners, the harassed and publicly denounced Bonner became his lifeline traveling between Gorky and Moscow to bring out his writings.
		Sakharov’s several long and painful hunger strikes forced the new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev to let her travel to the USA in 1985 for sextuple bypass heart surgery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yelena_Bonner (588 words)

	Andrei Sakharov hero file
		Sakharov, who is the first Soviet citizen to receive the peace prize, is labelled "a Judas" and "laboratory rat of the West" by the Soviet authorities and prevented from travelling to Oslo to receive the award.
		Sakharov resorts to hunger strikes to force the authorities to allow her to travel to the West for treatment but is again forcibly hospitalised and denied further contact with Bonner.
		Sakharov is elected to the Presidium of the Academy of Science and as a member of the Congress of People's Deputies (the Soviet parliament), where he becomes joint leader of the democratic opposition faction.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/sakharov.html (3732 words)

	Sakharov
		Sakharov was considered the brightest physics student in the memory of the faculty at Moscow University, where he had just completed his third year.
		Sakharov and Zeldovich vehemently opposed this, saying that the opposite—the acceleration of children’s education—should be done, by arguing that the most productive and imaginative years in science were those of youth, before the age of twenty five.
		Fighting back, Sakharov remained outspoken in his criticism of the Soviet Union, a nation he felt was practicing a form of polluted Marxism and that was shamefully characterized by intolerance, brutality, hypocrisy, bigotry, conceit, and timid acquiescence to the existing status quo.
	econc10.bu.edu /economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Russia/sakharov.htm (2378 words)

	Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Sakharov was elected to the Congress of the USSR People's Deputies in 1989, where he emerged as leader of its radical reform grouping before his death later the same year.
		Sakharov was born and educated in Moscow and did all his research at the P N Lebedev Institute of Physics.
		In 1948, Sakharov and Tamm outlined a principle for the magnetic isolation of high-temperature plasma, and their subsequent work led directly to the explosion of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb in 1953.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Sakharov,+Andrei+Dmitrievich (375 words)

	Andrei Sakharov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989), was a Soviet-Russian nuclear physicist, dissident and.
		Sakharov continued to work at Sarov, helping on the first genuine Soviet H-bombs, tested in 1955, and the 50MT 'Tsar Bomba' of October 1961, the most powerful device ever exploded.
		Statue of Andrey Sakharov in Sakharov Square in Yerevan at night.
	www.milpitas.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Andrei_Sakharov (734 words)

	AIP_Sakharov_Photo_Chronology
		Ivan Sakharov and Maria Domukhovskaya -- Andrei Sakharov's grandfather and grandmother -- in 1882.
		Andrei grew up in a house whose spirit was the grandmother—a person of “exceptional spiritual qualities: mind, kindness and responsiveness, an understanding of the complexities and contradictions of life.” His grandmother read his first books aloud to him.
		Aleksei Soﬁano, Andrei Sakharov’s maternal grandfather, in 1905.
	people.bu.edu /gorelik/AIP_Sakharov_Photo_Chrono/AIP_Sakharov_Photo_Chronology.html (3502 words)

	The American Experience \| Race for the Superbomb \| Andrei Sakharov, (1921 - 1989)
		Andrei Sakharov is often called the "father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb," but most people know him as one of the twentieth century's most ardent and unrelenting champions of human rights and freedoms.
		Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921, the son of a physics teacher.
		In it Sakharov argued for a "democratic, pluralistic society free of intolerance and dogmatism, a humanitarian society which would care for the Earth and its future." A copy of the article was smuggled out of the Soviet Union and published in the New York Times.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX67.html (774 words)

	Andrei Sakharov \| Biography \| atomicarchive.com
		Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921.
		In December 1986, Sakharov was allowed to return to Moscow, and he was eventually elected to the new Soviet Legislature, holding one of 12 new posts reserved for members of the Academy of Sciences.
		Sakharov died of a heart attack on December 14, 1989, and was interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Bios/Sakharov.shtml (465 words)

	The Connection.org : First Chapter - Andrei Sakharov: A Biography
		The Sakharovs first surface in history in the eighteenth century in the province of Nizhny Novgorod, which was to figure often in the life of Andrei Sakharov.
		To say that Andrei Sakharov's maternal relatives were on the other side of the barricades in 1905 does not mean in the least that they partook of the reactionary spirit with its jingoism and pogroms.
		Andrei Sakharov would be in the eleventh generation of that line of the family, from which he would inherit the "Mongol cast" of his eyes and a combination of "obstinacy" and "awkwardness in dealing with people."
	www.theconnection.org /firstchapter/2002/04/fc_8575.asp (2401 words)

	Andrei Sakharov
		As Sakharov became more deeply involved in the social aspect of the nuclear weapons, he began to realize that the fundamental impediments to a better and safer world were not technical, economic, or military; they were rather political and ethnical.
		Sakharov, believing that the freedom of expression was crucial and beneficial to Russia, signed a petition, and subsequently sent a letter to the chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet to express his dissent.
		Sakharov, Chalidze, and their friend, a young scientist Andrei Tverdokhlebov, formally founded the Committee in November 1970, which the western press heralded as a significant step in the cause of human rights.
	www.learntoquestion.com /seevak/groups/2003/sites/sakharov/AS/biography/dissent.html (1460 words)

	Andrei Sakharov and Edward Teller
		Although Teller and Sakharov have in common the fathering of the hydrogen bomb and both were prominent political and public figures, their lives on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain exhibited striking differences.
		Sakharov was born in Moscow to a family of the Russian intelligentsia.
		Sakharov was proud of his contribution to the 1963 Test Ban Treaty, which saved the lives of many people who would have perished had testing continued in the atmosphere.
	people.bu.edu /gorelik/OUP_Sakharov_Teller.htm (1054 words)

	Andrei Sakharov and Edward Teller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Andrei Sakharov's "moral methodology" is familiar to all observers and students of non-violent moral resistance.
		Andrei Sakharov's career is noteworthy, not only for his heroism, but also for the celebrity and efficacy of his extraordinary moral courage.
		Sakharov's personal qualities must be judged in the context of the historical circumstances of his career and his dissent, if we are to understand the reasons for his stature, and why he had no American counterpart.
	gadfly.igc.org /papers/sakharov.htm (9422 words)

	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
		From March 1950 until July 1968, when his clearances were revoked, Sakharov worked in isolation from the mainstream of Soviet academic science at a laboratory on the Volga that he refers to in his memoirs as the “Installation.” Throughout this period he devoted his remarkable scientific talents tirelessly to the design of nuclear weapons.
		Sakharov had earlier used his influence within the Soviet system to urge the continuation of the moratorium on atmospheric testing that existed from 1959 through late 1961.
		Sakharov’s example challenges us all to recognize our special responsibilities to speak truthfully and maintain the highest professional and moral standards when we are engaged in matters of public policy or are dealing directly with our fellow beings.
	www.acdis.uiuc.edu /Research/S&Ps/1990-May/S&P_IV-4/sakharov.html (585 words)

	Anecdote - Andrei Dimitrievich Sakharov - Sakharov & Khrushchev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In September 1962, Andrei Sakharov, then a decorated Soviet physicist developing atomic weapons in a secret city in the heart of the Soviet Union, spoke out against two scheduled tests of massive bombs which he had helped to design.
		Sakharov feared that such a demonstration would accelerate the arms race and produce enough radioactive fallout to kill hundreds of thousands of civilians.
		Sakharov realized that the ideals which had led him to science - compassion, freedom, truth - were incompatible with state communism.
	www.anecdotage.com /index.php?aid=3094 (237 words)

	Andrei Sakharov: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Politically active during the 1960s (1960s: The decade from 1960 to 1969), Sakharov was against nuclear proliferation (nuclear proliferation: rightthumbmap of nuclear nationsnuclear proliferation is the spread from nation to nation...
		The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought (Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought: more facts about this subject), established in 1985 and awarded annually by the European Parliament (European Parliament: the european parliament is the parliamentary body of the european union (eu), directly...
		Sakharov and the "Sakharov Drive" were featured in Arthur C. Clarke (Arthur C. Clarke: more facts about this subject) 's novel 2010: Odyssey Two (2010: Odyssey Two: 2010: odyssey two, is a science fiction novel by arthur c....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/andrei_sakharov (1080 words)

	Andrei Sakharov from Exile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Andrei so lacks the atmosphere of science that he even talks to me about physics, and it would be difficult to find a less qualified audience.
		Sakharov should be able to lead a normal life, to attend scientific seminars, to resume his scientific contacts, to be treated by the Academy of Sciences’ doctors, and to participate in the Academy’s sessions since he has been a member for thirty years.
		Sakharov should be allowed to return to his home in Moscow or, at the very least, to his house in the country nearby.
	www.aip.org /history/sakharov/essay2.htm (6617 words)

	Sakharov
		Sakharov began his work on nuclear weapons in 1948 at the age of 27.
		Sakharov's theory: a "socialist" bomb would counter a "capitalist" bomb, and therefore equilibrium of nuclear capability would keep the world powers stable.
		The Andrei Sakharov Foundation has many documents posted on Sakharov and his life, and they list links to other related sites, including to the Andrei Sakharov Museum in Moscow.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/sakharov.html (739 words)

	Russia, Sakharov biography - JRL 5-22-05
		Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov (19211989), physicist turned civil rights activist and politician, Thrice Hero of Socialist Labor, winner of the Stalin and Nobel prizes, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and of several foreign academies, was unarguably a genius and a great and tragic figure.
		Sakharov’s Memoirs, though they suffer from the natural limitations of subjectivity and modesty, offer fine insights into the great man’s actions, thoughts and feelings, but they are Sakharov’s memoirs, and this is no place for their evaluation.
		The Sakharovs were engaged in a very real struggle with that formidable organization; no wonder they were somewhat overwrought and tended to see the hand of the KGB in any unpleasantness that happened to them.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/9156-10.cfm (1737 words)

	Andrei Sakharov and the fate of liberal democratic thought in post-Soviet Russia
		Last May 21 academician Andrei Sakharov, renowned as one of the developers of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and later as a dissident and liberal critic of the Stalinist regime, would have celebrated his eightieth birthday.
		First of all, their unease is bound up with certain of Sakharov’s basic goals—those concerning his appeals to human conscience and his belief in progress and the possibility of bettering society to benefit the majority of its people.
		In his autobiography, written at a ripe old age, Sakharov wrote: “I am not a professional politician, perhaps that is the reason for always worrying about the relationship between my actions and their eventual results.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/jun2001/sakh-j25.shtml (1333 words)

	TIME 100: Andrei Sakharov
		I understood there was no point arguing." Sakharov would no longer be an academician concerned mainly with the theory of thermonuclear reactions; instead he began a journey that would make him the world's most famous political dissident and ultimately the inspiration for the democratic movement that doomed the Soviet empire.
		Sakharov realized that the ideals he had pursued as a scientist — compassion, freedom, truth — could not coexist with the specter of the arms race or thrive under the authoritarian grip of state communism.
		So Sakharov abandoned his cocooned life as his country's leading physicist to risk everything in battle against the two great threats to civilization in the second half of this century: nuclear war and communist dictatorship.
	www.time.com /time/time100/heroes/profile/sakharov01.html (542 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		But Andrei Sakharov's voice is not just the solitary voice of principle of one man with courage; it is also the free voice of his people -- a great, good, and noble people who long for freedom and just rule.
		Andrei Sakharov speaks for those in the Soviet Union and elsewhere who yearn for fulfillment of their human rights.
		In observing National Andrei Sakharov Day, May 21st, we urge the American people and all the peoples of the world to speak for him, for in doing so we speak for ourselves, for all mankind, and for all that is good and noble in the human spirit.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1983/51883b.htm (533 words)

	Andrei Sakharov
		Andrei Sakharov, the son of a science teacher, was born in Russia on 21st May 1921.
		Sakharov played an important role in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and in 1953 became the youngest man ever to be admitted as a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
		In the foreword to my book Sakharov Speaks, as well as in My Country and the World, I have already described the development of my socio-political views in the period 1953-68 and the dramatic events which contributed to or were the expression of this development.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDsakharov.htm (1099 words)

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