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Topic: Andrew Inglis Clark

	ANDREW INGLIS CLARK FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Andrew Inglis Clark was born in Hobart, Tasmania on February_24, 1848, 5 years before the end of convict transportation to Tasmania.
		It was after a visit to the United States in 1890 that Andrew Inglis Clark became a committed 'republican' which subsequently led to his passionate involvement in the Federation of Australia.
		Clark, never in robust health, in fact described as "small, spare and nervous" by Alfred_Deakin, died on November_14, 1907.
	www.witwib.com /Andrew_Inglis_Clark (145 words)

	Andrew CLARK m Agnes PEERS 1796 Kinghorn, FIF, SCT
		Clark's youngest son, Andrew Inglis (1848-1907) was a lawyer, judge, politician and federalist.
		Clark advised the government to appeal to the Privy Council and went to England in 1890 to conduct the case.
		Clark's draft also differed from the adopted constitution in his proposal for 'a separate federal judiciary', with the new Supreme Court replacing the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal on all questions of law, which would be 'a wholesome innovation upon the American system'.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /~dchamber/clark2.htm (2621 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography Cl-Cu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of his sons, Andrew Inglis Clark, born in 1882, educated at Hutchins School, Hobart, and the university of Tasmania, became a judge of the supreme court of Tasmania in 1928.
		Clarke accepted and, becoming a member of the legislative council, was able to be a tactful mediator between the governor and the colonists.
		Clarke was a man of good presence, a witty and lively conversationalist, interested in music and the fine arts, and well read in the poets, whom he often quoted with effect in his addresses.
	www.gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogCl-Cu.html (21212 words)

	Three Tasmanian Law Reformers
		In many cases in the High Court, I have turned to Clark's vision of the Constitution as a living body of law to answer those who are inclined to confine its meaning by reference to what its words are taken to have meant in 1901.
		Clark's writing was referred to by Justice Dawson in Allders International Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue Vic)[19] on the question of the history of the meaning of s 52(i) of the Constitution and by Justice Brennan on the interpretation of s 92 of the Constitution in Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills[20].
		Although Clark is named in the Centenary Companion to the High Court of Australia as an appointment to the High Court that might have been[29], and Neasey is not, there is no doubt that Frank Neasey is one of the jurists, not appointed, who would have graced the High Court and added to its distinction.
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_5nov04.html (6623 words)

	Australian Public Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although Clark only attended the 1890 and 1891 Conventions (he was either ill or absent in America when the 1897 and 1898 Conventions were held), it has been estimated that around 80% of the words of Australia's Constitution are the work of Andrew Inglis Clark.
		Clark was aware of this, and also seems largely to have shared those views (after all the US Constitution is also relatively short and expressed mostly in high level abstractions, albeit not quite to the same extent as Australia's).
		Andrew Inglis Clark realised that the system our Founding Fathers insisted on adopting lacked one of the three essential checks and balances against majoritarian tyranny, and so sought and achieved a second-best counter-balancing of the scales through investing the High Court with great powers to check the abuses of a combined Parliament/Executive juggernaut.
	www.ntu.edu.au /faculties/lba/schools/Law/apl/Constitutional_Law/constitutional_interpretation1.htm (7186 words)

	Andrew Inglis Clark biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Andrew Inglis Clark was born in Hobart, Tasmania on February 24, 1848, 5 years before the end of convict transportation to Tasmania.
		In 1878 he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly, becoming Attorney General in 1887.
		Clark, never in robust health, in fact described as "small, spare and nervous" by Alfred Deakin, died on November 14, 1907.
	andrew-inglis-clark.biography.ms (144 words)

	Founders of our electoral system
		Andrew Inglis Clark was born in Hobart on 24 February 1848 and, due to ill health, was at first educated by his mother.
		Clark visited the USA in 1890 and became a committed republican and 'friend of America': that is, of its citizens - e.g.
		Clark, never in robust health, died at his home 'Rosebank' in Battery Point on 14 November 1907, just as permanent proportional representation struggled through Parliament and over a year before it was used for the first time throughout Tasmania at the general election in April 1909.
	www.parliament.tas.gov.au /tpl/Backg/founders.htm (999 words)

	Workers Online : Review : 2000 - Issue 47 : The Stranger from Hobart
		Andrew Inglis Clark devised a seven part, 96 section draft "Bill for the federation of the Australian Colonies" and circulated it to select members of the Sydney constitutional convention in February 1891.
		Clark was an Australian Jefferson, who, like the great American republican, fought for Australian independence; an autonomous judiciary; a wider franchise and lower property qualifications; fairer electoral boundaries; checks and balances between the judicature, legislature and executive; modern, liberal universities; and a Commonwealth that was federal, independent and based on natural rights.
		Clark was sometimes annoyed by his colleagues' inability to grasp the substance of federalism and particularly the separation of powers.
	workers.labor.net.au /47/d_review_botsman.html (1541 words)

	Ceremonial Sitting, Hobart, 3 November 2003
		Andrew Inglis Clark, a Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, had devised the first draft of a Constitution for a federal union of the Australian colonies.
		Even when the number was reduced to three, it was widely expected that Clark would be appointed, but the seat went to Barton who, as Prime Minister, was in a position to choose.
		Another major contribution of Clark to Chapter III of the Constitution, and to the character of the High Court, was the recognition that the new Court should not merely replicate the constitutional role of the United States Supreme Court, but should also have a general appellate jurisdiction from State courts.
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/cj/cj_3nov.html (1324 words)

	Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History:
		This publication of the Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies resuscitates the Tasmanian, Andrew Inglis Clark, as one of the `fathers of federation'.
		The main thread binding the papers is that while Clark is known for his elaborate system of proportional representation, he deserves to be remembered and accorded greater stature in national iconography for his major influence in shaping the Australian constitution.
		Ro e depicts Clark the nationalist and as a federalist with a feeling for localism, Richard Ely details his religious liberalism as a unitarian committed to reason and science, and John Williamson outlines the sources of Clark's liberalism and national ism.
	www.jcu.edu.au /aff/history/reviews/clark.htm (774 words)

	Australian Republican Movement - Speeches & Articles - Peter Botsman 16-7-11-02, 'Republicanism in the Age of ...
		As Clark became interested in the law, Holmes, the warrior judge, became the logical, jurisprudential hero of the American republic and a guiding spirit for the future Australian republic Clark foresaw.
		For Clark modern political evolution began in July 1776 with the first deliberate adoption of natural rights as a basis for the political sovereignty of human society.
		After 1776, for Clark, the soldiers faith became about fighting for a world which protected the right of everyman and woman to seek and win the prizes of life.
	www.republic.org.au /ARM-2001/speeches&articles/spa_BotsmanNov02.htm (1908 words)

	People's Voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At the 1890 Federation Conference, held in Melbourne, Tasmanian delegates Andrew Inglis Clark and Bolton Stafford Bird spoke vigorously in support of Tasmania's entry into a commonwealth.
		Clark went on to play an important part in the making of the draft constitution in Sydney early in 1891.
		In a seminal speech on the second day of the 1890 Conference Clark set the direction for future discussion of Australian federalism and went on to draft words that are still considered the foundations of the completed Constitution.
	www.peoplesvoice.gov.au /stories/tas/hobart/hobart_n.htm (414 words)

	Citizenship and the Constitutional Convention Debates: A Mere Legal Inference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The topic of Australian citizenship was first raised in the 1891 Convention when the delegate from New South Wales, Edmund Barton, with his "judicial dignity of speech" discussed the nature of representation, and referred to the Australian people being citizens of both a Federal entity and a State entity.
		The antecedents of the 1898 discussions on clause 110 were in the 1891 Sydney Convention with the attempted insertion by the "republican" Andrew Inglis Clark of a section based on the United States Constitution 14th Amendment.
		Clark's motivations were rights-based, and were quite different from Quick's desire for a common citizenship.
	www.ntu.edu.au /faculties/lba/schools/Law/apl/journalarticles/library_cards/rubenstein2.htm (295 words)

	7.30 Report - 20/12/1999: Historian remembers father of Australian constitution
		Clark played a major role in the writing of our constitution but he has remained an unsung historical figure.
		PROFESSOR PETER BOTSMAN: Inglis Clark has been slaving away writing the draft, that in fact was only tinkered with on the 'Lucinda' on that voyage up the Hawkesbury and Inglis Clark says not only did they just tinker with it, they actually mucked up some of the most important parts of it.
		His great grandfather knew Clark and it was John Reynolds, Henry's father, who discovered the original draft and published it for the first time in 1958.
	www.abc.net.au /7.30/stories/s74693.htm (891 words)

	ABC News - Tasmanian Election 98 - Background
		The system is named after Thomas Hare (1806-91) and Andrew Inglis Clark (1848-1907).
		The Englishman Hare was the originator of the idea of using the single transferable vote (known as preferential voting in Australia) to provide proportional representation.
		Clark was a Tasmanian and in the late 19th century, the state's Attorney-General, first introducing what became known as Hare-Clark on a trial basis for the 1896 election.
	www.abc.net.au /news/tas98/hareclark.htm (275 words)

	Homeshaw
		In 1896 Andrew Inglis Clark, the Tasmanian Attorney-General, needed an electoral system to overcome corruption, allow equity in representation and the enfranchisement of women.
		He adapted Hare's system using the Droop formula so that the transfer of votes was systematic rather than random, thereby enabling representation to be directly proportional to numerical strength of votes.
		Clark did not live to see his ideas translated into action in 1909.
	pchoice.anu.edu.au /Homeshaw.html (944 words)

	Resources - Launch of "The Great Constitutional Swindle" - 14 December 1999
		It is not the illustrious Sir Samuel Griffith, but Tasmania's Attorney-General, the republican Andrew Inglis Clark, whom Professor Botsman credits with the substantial drafting of the Constitution.
		Inglis Clark, he says, wrote most of his draft during a year's travel to England and the United States, adopting the positive aspects of the constitutional systems of both.
		Our author is the champion of Inglis Clark, this little-known man from Tasmania, who he says chose to remain out of the public spotlight, and whose fine ideals - including Australian independence, an autonomous judiciary, wider franchise and the promotion of human rights - he rightly applauds.
	www.brisinst.org.au /resources/dejersey_paul_swindle.html (1517 words)

	The Whitlam Institute: Its Time: Issue 8: Can the Australian Left and Right work together on national interest issues? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A project I developed at the Brisbane Institute was the concept of an Andrew Inglis Clark Society, like its namesake, the foremost writer of our constitution, it would actively promote free discussion between the different camps and sides of the republican divide in the electorates which voted most actively against the republic.
		In the great spirit of Andrew Inglis Clark, it would concentrate its efforts in the regions and smaller spheres of Australian society.
		In sum, the role of the Andrew Inglis Clark Society would be to explain the relevance of the constitution and the republic to sceptical and often ignorant Australians and also to explain that in fact the constitution is broke and does need fixing.
	www.whitlam.org /its_time/8/CIS.html (2093 words)

	Centenary of Federation - Leading Figures in the Federation Movement
		Andrew Inglis Clark, Attorney-General of Tasmania, drafted a federal constitution based on that of the United States, which he considered the world's greatest democracy.
		Clark was laid up with influenza when the final touches were put to the Constitution during Easter 1891 and later objected to the changes made to his draft.
		He began with drafts by Andrew Inglis Clark and Charles Kingston.
	pandora.nla.gov.au /pan/10492/20021115/resources/history/leading_figures.htm (1491 words)

	Photographs - Andrew Inglis Clark - University of Tasmania
		Walker's Mill with chimney erected by Alex Clark in 1836.
		Clark family group in the garden at Rosebank, Battery Point.
		Clark's sons Andrew Inglis Clark Jr and Conway Inglis Clark in WW1 uniform
	www.utas.edu.au /clark/photos.html (193 words)

	H-Net Review: Philippa Mein Smith on An Australian Democrat: The Life, Work and Consequences of Andrew Inglis Clark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		All the papers emphasize Clark, the man, his ideas and contribution to Australian federation, the federal legal system and the High Court, and electoral reform through the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation used in Tasmania and lately adopted by the ACT.
		The main thread binding the papers is that though Clark is known for his elaborate system of proportional representation, he deserves to be remembered and accorded greater stature in national iconography for his major influence in shaping the Australian constitution.
		Roe depicts Clark the nationalist and as a federalist with a feeling for localism, Richard Ely details his religious liberalism as a unitarian committed to reason and science, and John Williamson outlines the sources of Clark's liberalism and nationalism.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28368859215428 (869 words)

	House of Assembly Elections
		This is known as the Hare-Clark system partly because it stems from the ideas of the Englishman Thomas Hare (1806-91).
		The other half of the hyphenated name refers to the Tasmanian Attorney-General, Andrew Inglis Clark (1848-1907) who changed and added to Hare's method.
		Clark's and other changes make the Hare-Clark system unique, not, as is often thought, an exact match with the Irish or the Maltese PR systems.
	www.parliament.tas.gov.au /tpl/backg/HAElections.htm (1044 words)

	rosebank
		It was most pleasing to see Andrew Inglis Clark's main claim to fame, and the main way in which his name is now commemorated, featured in the April advertisement below in The Saturday Mercury.
		Mr Clark was also the principal drafter of the Bill to Constitute the Commonwealth of Australia produced by the 1891 National Australian Convention.
		Once the home of Andrew Inglis Clark, co-founder of the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation, this late Georgian, substantial, two-storey, sandstone and brick residence is of considerable historic value to Tasmania.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~prsa/tmp/rosebank.htm (207 words)

	RBA: The Australian Federation $5 Note
		Those portrayed are Andrew Inglis Clark (Tasmania), Edmund Barton (New South Wales), John Forrest (Western Australia), Alfred Deakin (Victoria), Charles Kingston (South Australia) and Samuel Griffith (Queensland).
		Andrew Inglis Clark was a prominent member of the constitutional drafting committee for Federation and played an important role in the Federation movement.
		He became a senior judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania in 1901.
	www.rba.gov.au /CurrencyNotes/NotesInCirculation/five_fed_dollar.html (1123 words)

	Voting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Steven Brams (one of the inventors and chief academic proponents of Approval Voting)
		Andrew Inglis Clark (promoted the use of STV in Tasmania)
		Peter Fishburn (for his multiple proofs demonstrating the mathematical possibilities of voting systems.)
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Voting_system (2262 words)

	Resources - Speech in Reply: Peter Botsman at the launch of the "Great Constitutional Swindle" - 14 December 1999
		Andrew Inglis Clark, Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, Edmund Barton, Alfred Deakin, H.B. Higgins, Isaac Isaacs, Sir Robert Menzies, Dr. H.
		We need people like Andrew Inglis Clark who, hearing news from a Boston whaler, as a young seventeen old ran through his father's foundry at Salamanaca Place shouting to all and sundry that General Lee had surrendered in the Great American Civil War.
		That I think makes a small contribution which extends the historical work of John Reynolds and Frank Neasey, former Justice of the Tasmanian Supreme Court, who was writing Andrew Inglis Clark's biography at the time of his death.
	www.brisinst.org.au /resources/botsman_peter_respond.html (698 words)

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