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| | physics - Chaos theory |
 | | Later studies, also on the topic of nonlinear differential equations, were carried out by G.D. Birkhoff, A.N. Kolmogorov, M.L. Cartwright, J.E. Littlewood, and Stephen Smale. |
 | | Except for Smale, who was perhaps the first pure mathematician to study nonlinear dynamics, these studies were all directly inspired by physics: the three-body problem in the case of Birkhoff, turbulence and astronomical problems in the case of Kolmogorov, and radio engineering in the case of Cartwright and Littlewood. |
 | | Although chaotic planetary motion had not been observed, turbulence in fluid motion and nonperiodic oscillation in radio circuits had been encountered by experimentalists, without the benefit of a theory to explain what they were seeing. |
| www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Chaos_theory (1864 words) |
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