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Topic: Androgen

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Sex hormone

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Adrenarche

Testosterone

Virilization

Steroid

Androstenedione

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Pubarche

Anabolic steroid

Secondary sex characteristic

Estrogen

Adrenal cortex

Progestogen

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	Androgen Fire Art
		Androgen is a hybridization project incorporating fire performance and art with elements of goth, punk and industrial styling.
		As a performance group, we seek to achieve a state of expression through the use of fire and performance and ultimately break the stereotypical imagery associated with fire performance - to challenge the mold of mediocrity and the mundane that tends to plague society.
		Rather than a loose group of performers coming together once in a while to put together a rough show, Androgen aims to be a tight knit and well trained performance group, catering for large scale events with a degree of professionalism not often found in fire performance.
	www.androgen.net.au (412 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Androgen
		Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
		Androstenedione (Andro): an androgenic steroid, which is produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries.
		Androstenolone: an androgenic steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex and testes, which is a major precursor of testosterone, but is even weaker than androsterone.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Androgen (381 words)

	Improving Sexual Function with Androgen Therapy
		Androgens are synthesized in the: gonad (ovary or testicle) from cholesterol; adrenal gland (zona reticularis) from cholesterol and periphery from DHEA.
		The exact mechanism of action of androgens on the body may involve synthesis of critical sex steroid dependent proteins or growth factors which act on the nerves, arteries, smooth muscles and connective tissue of the genitals maintaining structure and function.
		Androgen insufficiency may be indicative of, or causally related to other medical, psychiatric or psychosocial factors such as (i) a major life stress or relationship conflicts (ii) thyroid disease (i.e.
	www.bumc.bu.edu /Dept/Content.aspx?DepartmentID=371&PageID=7637 (807 words)

	Androgen Excess Society
		Androgens : An androgen is a male hormone.
		Androgens are responsible for producing many of the physical traits we consider male (i.e.: body hair growth, increased muscles mass, and deepening of the voice).
		Androgenic alopecia : Androgenic alopecia refers to the loss of scalp hairs in women that is due to androgen excess, and which results in scalp hair thinning or balding.
	www.androgenexcesssociety.org /glossary.html (3276 words)

	Androgen
		In adult women, androgens are necessary for estrogen synthesis and have been shown to play a key role in the prevention of bone loss as well as sexual desire and satisfaction.
		Low androgen levels may affect women at any age, but most commonly occur during the transition to menopause, or "perimenopause," a term used to describe the two years just prior to and just after the last menstrual flow when menopausal symptoms are most common.
		Androgen levels begin dropping in a woman's twenties, however; by the time she reaches menopause, they have declined 50 percent or more from their peak as androgen production declines in the adrenal glands and the midcycle ovarian boost evaporates.
	www.healthywomen.org /healthtopics/androgen/q/L2/5/L1/3 (712 words)

	Androgen Insufficiency in Men
		Symptoms which may be associated with androgen insufficiency syndrome in the aging male include decrease in sexual activity, loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, poor intensity and decrease in volume of ejaculation, irritability, nervousness, generalized weakness, osteoporosis, decrease of body hair and abdominal obesity.
		Androgen blood levels must be measured every 3 months until they reach normal physiologic levels, at which time they should be measured every 6 months.
		The side effects associated with androgen therapy are mainly those attributable to increases in blood androgen levels and include acne, hair loss, on the scalp, hair growth on the face and weight gain.
	www.bumc.bu.edu /Dept/Content.aspx?PageID=6932&departmentid=371 (385 words)

	Androgen Disorders in Men and Women - InfertilityPhysician.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Increased androgen production in both men and women is often due to increased androgen production from the adrenal as a result of an underlying enzyme deficiency or from the ovary in women who do not ovulate.
		The principal androgen of the ovary is androstenedione.
		The principal androgen of the adrenal is Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
	www.infertilityphysician.com /androgen/intro.html (8666 words)

	Intermittent Androgen Suppression Delays Progression to Androgen-independent Regulation of Prostate-specific Antigen ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Autonomous increases in serum PSA after androgen withdrawal therapy are the earliest sign of androgen- independent progression (6) and reflect non-androgen regulation of a previously androgen-regulated gene [7].
		The inability of androgen withdrawal therapy to be curative may therefore result from pre-existing clones of androgen-independent cells in which the apoptotic process does not begin (clonal selection) [17], or from the up-regulation of androgen-repressed adaptive mechanisms capable of aborting the apoptotic process in subpopulations of cells (adaptation) [18].
		Androgen resistance may, therefore, be a primary but quiescent property of some prostate cancer cells which is activated in response to androgen withdrawal.
	www.prostatepointers.org /bruchovsky/np1/paper.html (5274 words)

	Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics Home Reference
		Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty.
		Mutations in the AR gene cause androgen insensitivity syndrome.
		Androgens and androgen receptors also have other important functions in both males and females, such as regulating hair growth and sex drive.
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /condition=androgeninsensitivitysyndrome (768 words)

	Androgen's role in bone loss
		Androgen - testosterone is best-known type - and estrogen both contribute to adult bone mass maintenance: Androgen is an anabolic agent that stimulates bone formation, and estrogen is thought to have a protective effect on bone by inhibiting resorption.
		The disease also is a side effect of androgen deprivation therapy, a common treatment for prostate cancer that wipes out most male hormones found in the body.
		Their skulls were thicker, they had increased formation on the outside of long bones, such as the femur, decreased formation on the marrow surface inside the bone, reduced bone loss and low bone "turnover." Biomechanical analysis showed that the bones were not stronger, however, with reduced load capability and different material properties.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=16461&nfid=rssfeeds (858 words)

	Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
		The mutation detection rate is greater than 95% in individuals with complete androgen insensitivity; the mutation detection rate for individuals with milder phenotypes (i.e., partial androgen insensitivity and mild androgen insensitivity) is not known.
		The entire N-terminal portion of the androgen receptor (~537 aa) is encoded by exon 1, the DNA-binding domain (aa 557-616) by exons 2 and 3, the bipartite nuclear localization signal (aa 617-636) by exons 3 and 4, and the androgen-binding domain (aa 645-919) by exons4-8.
		Once activated by binding to androgen, it collaborates with other coregulatory proteins (some also DNA binding, others not) to achieve vectorial control over the rate of transcription of an androgen target gene that is under the influence of a nearby promoter.
	www.geneclinics.org /profiles/androgen/details.html (4792 words)

	Androgen
		The androgen-induced inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation was antagonized by the addition of cyproterone acetate (CA), a potent antiandrogen, to the coculture of keratinocytes and bald DPCs, suggesting the specific role of AR in DPCs for the growth inhibition of cocultured keratinocytes.
		In susceptible hair follicles, dihydrotestosterone binds to androgen receptor, and the hormone-receptor complex activates the genes responsible for the gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized follicles.
		Androgen excess is assessed by measurment of serum total or free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, and other causes of hair loss are ruled out by serum thyrotropin, iron and ferritin.
	www.hairlosstalk.com /newsletter/xtrahtml/072001b.htm (5395 words)

	Androgen Suppression for Prostate Cancer
		Neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant androgen suppression has become a relatively routine approach for the treatment of men with localized prostate cancer who receive treatment with EBRT or brachytherapy and are considered to be at high or intermediate-risk for recurrence.
		In regards to androgen suppression therapy in localized prostate cancer, physicians at the meeting expressed differing detailed views of the precise stage at which to initiate hormonal therapy, optimal duration of treatment with hormonal therapy, and timing in regards to radiation therapy.
		The authors reported “Adjuvant androgen suppression has resulted in significant improvement in all endpoints including absolute survival.” The 10-year absolute survival in the group receiving adjuvant Zolodex® was 53% compared to 38% for the control group, but this difference only emerged after 8 years of follow-up.
	professional.cancerconsultants.com /conferencecoverage.aspx?id=56 (2317 words)

	U-M CCC - Prostate Cancer Home Page
		In this scenario, androgen deprivation creates an environment in which only the androgen-resistant cells are able to continue to grow exponentially and therefore become the dominant cell type (Figure 1).
		The researchers concluded that the development of androgen resistance is a result of selective growth of the initial androgen-resistant clone and not an adaptation of androgen-sensitive cells.
		Several studies suggest that androgen-independent tumors contain an altered form of the androgen receptor-evolving from a gene rearrangement, point mutation, or deletion-which leads to the existence of a receptor that is active even in the absence of androgens or the presence of anti-androgens.
	www.cancer.med.umich.edu /prostcan/articles/mech.htm (645 words)

	Androgen Receptor
		When the androgen receptor is inactive, it is bound to heat-shock proteins in the cytoplasm of prostate cells.
		The dihydrotestosterone-bound androgen receptor translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and binds to the androgen-response elements, thereby activating genes involved in cell growth.
		The androgen re-ceptor may be amplified and therefore may be activated by reduced levels of dihydrotestosterone.
	mayoresearch.mayo.edu /mayo/research/tindall_lab/androgen.cfm (247 words)

	Androgen replacement therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The therapeutic efficacy of androgen replacement is assessed by monitoring the patient’s clinical and serum testosterone responses.
		Androgen replacement therapy in prepubertal hypogonadal boys is usually started at about 14 years of age.
		Androgens are contraindicated in men with carcinoma of the breast or known or suspected carcinoma of the prostate.
	www.testosterones.com /androgenreplacement.htm (3649 words)

	Relative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Methods of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Advanced Prostatic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The prevalence of prostate cancer, and the expenditures for its treatment, are likely to increase with the aging of the population and the trend to earlier detection of the disease.
		The hypotheses that combined androgen blockade provides a greater benefit than monotherapy either for all men with advanced prostate cancer or for a subgroup of patients with good prognostic factors are not supported by the available evidence and do not merit continued investigation.
		Combined androgen blockade has not been demonstrated to be of greater benefit than monotherapy for the aggregate population of patients with advanced prostate cancer or for the subpopulation of patients with good prognostic factors.
	www.ahcpr.gov /clinic/epcsums/prossumm.htm (3742 words)

	Androgen insensitivity syndrome, complete definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is usually detected at puberty when a girl should but does not begin to menstruate.
		If a woman has the mutation on one of her X chromosomes, the risk for each of her XY offspring to receive the gene and have the syndrome is one-half (50%).
		The name "complete androgen insensitivity syndrome" is scientifically accurate and is more satisfactory to patients and their families.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14428 (374 words)

	Identification of androgen receptor protein and 5alpha -reductase mRNA in human ocular tissues -- Rocha et al. 84 (1): ...
		It is important to note that androgen actions on the eye and adnexal tissues may not be mediated solely through nuclear receptors.
		Functional characterizations of the androgen receptor confirm that the molecular basis of androgen action is transcriptional regulation.
		Gender and androgen treatment influences the expression of proto-oncogenes and apoptotic factors in lacrimal and salivary tissues of MRL/lpr mice.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/84/1/76 (5736 words)

	eMedicine - Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome : Article by Bruce E Wilson, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Background: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), formerly known as testicular feminization, is an X-linked recessive condition resulting in a failure of normal masculinization of the external genitalia in chromosomally male individuals.
		The significance of the androgen effect's absence increasingly is recognized for its influence on the maturing brain (and other systems) in terms of developing adult gender identity.
		Charest NJ, Zhou ZX, Lubahn DB: A frameshift mutation destabilizes androgen receptor messenger RNA in the Tfm mouse.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2222.htm (4799 words)

	eMedicine - Prostate Cancer: Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation : Article by Vipul Patel, MD
		While the evidence suggests that 3 months of androgen deprivation therapy is not sufficient, current evidence indicates that increasing the duration of therapy to 6 or 8 months further reduces tumor volume and PSA nadir levels and decreases the proportion of men with positive margins.
		The combination of androgen deprivation with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with adverse prognostic factors who elect to undergo RP may improve the future of neoadjuvant therapy.
		Huggins C, Hodges CV: Studies on prostate cancer; effect of castration, estrogen and of androgen injection of serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the of the prostate.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3396.htm (6043 words)

	Androgen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		You may remember that a form of androgen was the "food additive" used by baseball slugger Mark McGwire a few years back when he shattered Roger Maris' long-standing single season home run record.
		It appears androgen's strength-enhancing properties are evident in the older male population as well.
		Men between the ages of 60 and 87 who took an androgen called oxandrolone developed stronger upper and lower body muscles than men who took a placebo, says a new study.
	www.youngagain.com /androgen.html (619 words)

	Androgen-Induced Growth Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Expressing Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells Is ...
		(4, 5), and alterations in the androgen receptor (AR) or AR signaling pathways (6, 7, 8).
		Twenty micrograms of RNA extracted from PC3/AR and PC3/neo cells were separated on an agarose gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with a cDNA probe for the androgen receptor.
		androgen is a growth and survival factor for PC cells.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/141/5/1699 (3620 words)

	Identification and Validation of Novel Androgen-Regulated Genes in Prostate Cancer -- Velasco et al. 145 (8): 3913 -- ...
		receptor, the androgen receptor (AR) (3, 4, 5).
		Genes that are induced in response to androgen
		Genes that are repressed in response to androgen
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/8/3913 (7243 words)

	Epidermal Growth Factor Increases Coactivation of the Androgen Receptor in Recurrent Prostate Cancer -- Gregory et al. ...
		Epidermal Growth Factor Increases Coactivation of the Androgen Receptor in Recurrent Prostate Cancer -- Gregory et al.
		the absence of androgen, EGF at 10, 100, and 500 ng/ml induced
		AR in CWR-R1 cells in the presence of androgen (data not shown).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/8/7119 (8217 words)

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