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Topic: Andromeda Nebula

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	Nebula - LoveToKnow 1911
		An enumeration of nebulae was made by Charles Messier in Paris in 1771, who recorded 103; Sir William Herschel increased the number known to over 250o; whilst Sir John Herschel between 1825 and 1847 catalogued and described 3926 nebulae (including 1700 observed at the Cape of Good Hope).
		Nebulae may be conveniently classified according to their telescopic appearance; we enumerate below some of the principal forms that have been recognized, but it must be observed that this classification is rather superficial, and that the differentiation is often one of appearance only and not of real structure.
		The typical spiral nebulae are in the form of a double spiral, the two branches of which proceed from diametrically opposite points of a bright nucleus and wind round it in the same sense; the whole is generally studded with points of condensation.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Nebula (1858 words)

	Nebula K-12 Background Information for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Originally nebula was a general name for any extended astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way (some examples of the older usage survive; for example, the Andromeda Galaxy is sometimes referred to as the Andromeda Nebula).
		Other nebulae are formed by the death of stars; a star that undergoes the transition to a white dwarf blows off its outer layer to form a planetary nebula.
		The solar nebula is believed to have had an initial diameter of 100 AU and a mass believed to be 2-3 times the Sun's current mass.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/nebula.html (930 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)
		Also known as M31 and NGC 224, it lies in the constellation Andromeda and is the most remote object normally visible to the naked eye, though keen observers can sometimes see the Triangulum Galaxy (M33).
		The Andromeda Galaxy is also home to more than 300 globular clusters, the brightest of which, G1, is the most luminous globular in the Local Group (visual magnitude 13.7); it outshines the brightest globular in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, and can be glimpsed by large amateur telescopes under favorable conditions.
		In 1912, Vesto Slipher found the radial velocity of Andromeda to be the highest cosmic velocity ever measured up to that time – about 300 km/s in approach (later refined to 266 km/s) – pointing to an extragalactic nature.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html (454 words)

	Andromedia Galaxy & Constellation - Crystalinks
		The Andromeda Galaxy (also known as Messier Object 31, M31, or NGC 224; older texts often call it the Andromeda Nebula) is a giant spiral galaxy in the Local Group, together with the Milky Way galaxy.
		Andromeda is a constellation named for the princess Andromeda (which is Greek for Ruler over men), a character in greek mythology.
		In Greek mythology, Andromeda was the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of Ethiopia.
	www.crystalinks.com /andromeda.html (1405 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy
		Andromeda can be seen by Human eyes from Earth without a telescope as a "little cloud" (see Akira Fujii's photo to better relate the galaxy's location to the brightest stars of Constellation Andromeda).
		Subsequently, the "nebula" was also designated as NGC 224 by John Louis Emil Dreyer (1852-1926) in his New General Catalogue (NGC) of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, which was first published in 1887 and later supplemented with Index Catalogue (IC) I in 1895 and IC II in 1907.
		Andromeda's satellite (or "companion") galaxies include M32 and M110, two bright dwarf elliptical galaxies that are the brightest of a swarm of smaller companions.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/andromeda.htm (2237 words)

	The Andromeda Galaxy: The Rodney Dangerfield of the Night Sky
		But show them the Andromeda Galaxy and you receive a polite smile dimly visible in the starshine and then they fold their arms and wait impatiently for you to aim the scope elsewhere.
		If you reside in the northern hemisphere, the Andromeda Galaxy is the only extra-galactic object visible to the naked eye, and that tells you it is either close (on a cosmic scale, anyway) or very bright, or both.
		Andromeda is about 110,000 light-years in diameter and is one of the most intrinsically luminous galaxies known.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/amateur_astronomy/80402 (569 words)

	Edwin Hubble - MSN Encarta
		Hubble was the first to discover that fuzzy patches of light in the sky called spiral nebula were actually galaxies like Earth’s galaxy, the Milky Way.
		At the time that Hubble began studying nebulas, astronomers had not been able to differentiate between nebulas and distant galaxies, which also appear as cloudy patches in the sky.
		In 1924 he finally proposed that these nebulas were in fact other galaxies like our own, a theory that became known as the island universe.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551516/Hubble_Edwin_Powell.html (1605 words)

	Andromeda galaxy (M31)
		Andromeda is frequently referred to as M31 since it is the 31st object on Messier's list of diffuse sky objects.
		The Andromeda Galaxy is in notable interaction with its companion M32, which is apparently responsible for a considerable amount of disturbance in the spiral structure of M31.
		In the second case, the duplicity of Andromeda's nucleus would be an illusion causes by a dark dust cloud obstructing parts of a single nucleus in the center of M31.
	andromeda.clu.pl (1586 words)

	M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
		Known as the Great Nebula in Andromeda, the famous naked eye spiral galaxy in Andromeda was discovered in ancient times and was described in 964 AD by the Persian astronomer Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sulfi, in his "Book of Fixed Stars", who called it "little cloud".
		Andromeda and the Milky Way are moving towards each other due to mutual gravitational attraction, and eventually they will collide, but no need to worry, as this is way into the future, and our Sun will have become a red giant, and fried the Earth long before then.
		Andromeda is unusual in that its centre contains two nuclei, thought to result from an earlier collision with another galaxy.
	www.r-clarke.org.uk /messier/m31.htm (307 words)

	Planetary Nebula Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		According to one theory for the formation of planetary nebulae, the hourglass shape is produced by the expansion of a fast stellar wind within a slowly expanding cloud which is more dense near its equator than near its poles.
		In reality, these nebulae have little or nothing to do with planets, but are instead huge shells of gas ejected by stars as they near the ends of their lifetimes.
		Star-Forming Nebula in the SMC This view of a newborn star cluster within the Small Magellanic Cloud reveals young, brilliant stars cradled within the nebula known as N81.
	www.home.xtra.co.nz /hosts/inspirationalwritings/Planetary_Nebulas.html (1186 words)

	GALAXY AND UNIVERSE SLIDES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Omega Nebula in Sagittarius; NGC 6618, Messier 17.
		Gaseous nebula: western loop of the "Veil" Nebula in Cygnus.
		Gaseous nebula: portion of eastern loop of the "Veil" Nebula in Cygnus.
	info.phys.uvic.ca /dbr/resman/galaxy_and_universe.html (817 words)

	[6.0] The Milky Way Galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		However, the Messier list of nebulas also included a few odd-shaped objects that looked like lenses or spirals, the most spectacular being the "Andromeda Nebula" in the constellation Andromeda, which is so bright that its central region can be seen on a dark night with the naked eye.
		The assumption behind the calculation that gave 1,600 light-years was that Nova Persei and S Andromedae were roughly as bright, and in fact it was an assumption that S Andromedae was actually in the Andromeda Nebula.
		Hubble used the Hooker telescope to resolve stars in the Andromeda Nebula, proving that it was not a cloud of gas, and in 1923 he spotted a Cepheid variable that allowed him to estimate its distance as 800,000 light-years.
	www.vectorsite.net /tastga6.html (6281 words)

	eSky: Andromeda Galaxy
		The distance to the Andromeda Galaxy is immense: some 2,300,000 light years, but nonetheless its vast size and luminosity mean that it is still visible to the naked eye (in fact, it is the most distant object that can been seen without a telescope).
		The constellation of Andromeda is simple to locate: a imaginary line from the Pole Star through the 'W' of Cassiopeia leads directly to it, and the pale form of the Andromeda Galaxy is not hard to find in its central regions.
		If there are any astronomers in the Andromeda Galaxy, then this will be a familiar sight to them - their view of our own Galaxy, more than 2,000,000 light years from their own.
	www.glyphweb.com /esky/galaxies/andromeda.html (502 words)

	Andromeda, Sky Lore for the Month
		Andromeda may originally have been the dawn, whose beauty is released from the dark of night by the conquering Sun-hero.
		The stories of Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of Ethiopia, have been told for more than two thousand years, but the light that strikes your eye from the faint smudge that is the Great Galaxy has been traveling through space for more than two million years.
		It is located about three degrees east of Gamma Andromedae, or Almach, the second-magnitude star at the tip of the southern tine of the long, narrow V that identifies the constellation.
	www.eastbayastro.org /2000/1100/r1100-2.htm (797 words)

	Free Essay The Andromeda Galaxy
		Andromeda is not only known as our closest neighbor but scientists also refer to Andromeda and the Milky Way as sister galaxies.
		This galaxy is set among the stars of the constellation of Andromeda, the tiny misty blur that astronomers know by the catalog number M 31 is easy to miss.
		Andromeda, with 90% more stars than the Milky Way, is far richer in old globular clusters, which furnish the heavier elements that make life at least possible.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=130 (800 words)

	Andromeda feasts on its satellite galaxies - Brief Article Science News - Find Articles
		Now, a giant stream of stars discovered in Andromeda's halo suggests that it also is devouring its neighbors, report Rodrigo Ibata of the Strasbourg Observatory in France, Michael Irwin of the University of Cambridge in England, and their colleagues in the July 6 NATURE.
		The stars and star streams found in the Milky Way's halo are deficient in elements heavier than helium, an indication that they originated from the metal-poor, first generation of stars in the cosmos.
		In contrast, Andromeda's halo and star stream have a higher abundance of heavy elements, which could only be made by later generations of stars, the researchers note.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_1_160/ai_76929764 (538 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy
		In the classic sense, a nebula was defined to be any object that one could not resolve in to a pinpoint of light like a star or a disc like a planet.
		Although the Andromeda nebula was observed to possess specific characteristics like a spiral structure little else was thought to differentiate it from nebulae in general.
		Within the Andromeda Nebula, Hubble found 12 Cepheid variables and by observing how bright they became and how long it took them to complete a brightness cycle, he began to make calculations to estimate the distance to this extra-galactic nebula.
	www.cosmonut.org /M31.htm (630 words)

	Winter Sky Tour: Andromeda
		Andromeda is a princess and she is shown chained to a rock, by her daddy the King.
		Andromedae, point out the rock} right next to that little bitty star right there {point out 13 Andromedae} is where we are going to focus the telescope.
		By contrast a planetary nebula is the deathbed of a single star, fading to a white dwarf.
	my.execpc.com /60/B3/culp/astronomy/Winter/Andromeda.html (1875 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Andromeda Galaxy (IPA: /ˌænˈdrɒmədə/, also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; older texts often called it the Andromeda Nebula) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years away
		The earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy was in 905 by the Persian astronomer 'Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi,
		Andromeda is close enough that the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method may also be used to estimate its distance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy (3773 words)

	Nebula...Astroppo.com
		nebulae) is an interstellar cloud of dust and gas.
		Diffuse nebulae are illuminated nebulae o Emission nebulae are internally illuminated clouds of ionized gas.
		Two of the most common types of emission nebula are HII regions and Planetary nebulae o Reflection nebulae are illuminated by reflections from nearby stars.
	www.astroppo.com /nebulas.html (224 words)

	[No title]
		Andromeda was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia of Ethiopia.
		Thus chained to a rocky cliff, she was rescued by Perseus, who turned Cetus into stone by flashing the face of Medusa before the monster's eyes.
		Curiously, this galaxy was discovered by Charles Messier on August 10, 1773, and depicted on his fine drawing of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" and its companions published in 1807, but Messier did never himself include this object in his catalog, due to unknown reasons, perhaps a certain sloppiness in recording.
	www.utahskies.org /deepsky/constellations/andromeda.html (897 words)

	Andromeda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The bright star at upper right is Alpheratz, Alpha Andromedae, which is also the northeastern star of the Great Square of Pegasus.
		The Andromeda Nebula, M 31, is the fuzzy object toward top center.
		Lambda Andromedae is off the picture to the upper right, but appears on the deep image.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/andromeda-p.html (142 words)

	Messier: Observations and Drawing of the Andromeda Nebula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Before the invention of the telescope in 1609, one didn't know that the Nebula, which we call Nebula of Cancer, which is seen to the naked eye, for the majority of eyes, like a nebula, and which is nothing but a cluster of small stars which are distinguished with telescopes.
		Several astronomers have observed since these times that Andromeda Nebula, and in particular that in the Sword of Orion, discovered by Huygensin 1656, (the most remarkable Nebulae in the sky, which have been observed as the first).
		The nebulae are marked as follows: M 31, G.N. (Grand Nébuleuse, Great Nebula), Simon Marius 1612 and 600 years before, beautiful at sight (with the unaided eye).
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/history/m-m031.html (628 words)

	andromeda
		Andromeda is a large constellation of the Northern Hemishere but can be seen at certain parts of the year in the South.
		It was set as punishment by the gods for the offense committed by her mother, queen Cassiopeia, who boasted that Andromeda was more beautiful than the Sea Nymphs, Neptunes daughter.
		M31: The Great Andromeda galaxy, formerly known as the Great Andromeda Nebula, is the most distance object seen with the naked eye.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/vine/826/andromeda.htm (272 words)

	APOD: November 14, 1999 - M31: The Andromeda Galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Andromeda is caused by the hundreds of billions of stars that compose it.
		The several distinct stars that surround Andromeda's image are actually stars in our Galaxy that are well in front of the background object.
		Andromeda is frequently referred to as M31 since it is the 31
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap991114.html (126 words)

	APOD: 2002 May 18 - Andromeda Island Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The most distant object easily visible to the unaided eye is M31, the great Andromeda Galaxy some two million light-years away.
		But a bright yellow nucleus, dark winding dust lanes, gorgeous blue spiral arms and star clusters are recorded in this stunning telescopic digital mosaic of the nearby island universe.
		Shapley-Curtis debate of 1920, which was later resolved by observations of M31 in favor of Andromeda, island universe.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap020518.html (176 words)

	Comet And Andromeda Galaxy Visible Together Tonight
		On the nights of April 4th and 5th, it passes through the constellation Andromeda, appearing, by chance, in the sky close to a giant spiral galaxy, the Andromeda Nebula, similar to our own Milky Way Galaxy.
		This is light from the bright nucleus at the center of the Andromeda Galaxy.
		The Andromeda Galaxy is the 31st entry in a catalogue of "nebulous" objects published by the French astronomer Charles Messier in 1774 -- hence M31.
	unisci.com /stories/20022/0404022.htm (744 words)

	Deep Space Photos by Thad V'Soske - Nebulas, Galaxies, Star Clusters, Milky Way, Andromeda
		The Trifid & Lagoon nebulas, respectively, in the constellation Sagittarius.
		The Orion nebula (M42/M43) and nebula NGC 1973/1975/1977 (above center) in the constellation Orion.
		The Omega nebula (M17/NGC6618), also known as the Swan nebula, in the constellation Sagittarius.
	photosbythad.com /pgs/deep_space.htm (147 words)

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