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	Cultures and Ethnic Groups West of China
		Secondly, the name Andronovo Culture ought to be used with great caution in the future, inasmuch as it suggests a uniform ethnic substratum of Indo-Iranians or Iranians, which cannot possibly he maintained (Itina 1977).
		The Soviet archaeologists have observed cultures of superlocal importance that are arranged in two zones north and south of the steppes belt, that is, in the forest zone and its marginal areas, as well as in the oasis regions of the south and southeast marginal of Middle Asia.
		IN the northern zone, the progressive cultures with incipient metallurgy are Krotovo and Samus' (between the Rivers Ob and Irtys) as well as Okunev in the Minusinsk Basin, an island of steppe on the Upper Yenisei surrounded by forested mountains (Molodin 1977).
	www.silk-road.com /artl/westchina.shtml (5602 words)

	Andronovo culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Andronovo culture, is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Bronze Age communities who lived in western Siberia, Russia and parts of Kazakhstan during the second and first millennium BC.
		The culture is named after the village of Andronovo in the Yenisei river valley, southern Siberia.
		In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the Karasuk culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andronovo_culture (218 words)

	page16
		The Sanskit speakers that may have been a hybrid from an early Andronovo culture would have naturally taken refuge with there nearest neighbor, until population pressures forced migrations on the people.
		The Srubnaya and Andronovo are practically identical cultures in archeaology.
		I believe the Yamanaya were the early Celtic culture (the substraite language), because of the simalarity between the Indo-European Celtic and Tacharian languages.
	www.indoeurohome.com /page16.html (211 words)

	[No title]
		The Kura-Araxes Culture According to Alexeev, in the Caucasus, the populations are difficult to assess geomorphologically.
		Andronovo Culture According to Alexeev, the Andronovo Culture occupied a territory in Kazakhstan extending from the Volga River to the Altai Mountains to the southern Yenissei Valley.
		This culture was a nomadic economy of horse, sheep, and cow with islands of agriculture in some places and was concentrated on the coasts of small rivers.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/Lecture12.doc (3696 words)

	Indo-European
		A patriarchal system and patrilineal inheritance, along with other cultural similarities, appear to be fundamental to the general scope.
		This depends on reconstructing the early language, and identifying concepts in it that may be associated with particular cultures (such as the use of metals, agriculture or pastoralism, geographically distinctive plants and animals, etc).
		The Sintashta Culture and Some Questions of Indo-European Origins - This theory proposes a local development of East-European cultures from Enaeolithic to Pit-grave culture, Catacomb culture, Timber-grave (or Srubnaya) culture and Andronovo culture, which migrated south to India.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Indo-European.html (1154 words)

	[No title]
		The Andronovo tribes were both farmers and stock-raisers, as repeatedly stressed by all the students of their culture.
		It should be further noted that timewise the closest affinities with Andronovo decor are to be found in North Caucasian sites of the turn of the second and first millennia B.C., which period almost dovetails with that of the colonization by Andronovo tribes in the 13th century B.C. of Southern Siberia's steppes and forest-steppes.
		As in the entire range of the Andronovo decor, in North-Russian embroidery and ornamental weaving, too the compositions are divided into three horizontal registers with the often repetitive top and bottom two enclosing the central register that as a rule displays the vitalmost designs from the angle of semantic significance.
	www.cultinfo.ru /fulltext/1/001/001/073/j5.htm (4016 words)

	Andronovo culture information - Search.com
		The Andronovo culture is a cover term for a group of Bronze Age cultures of southern Siberia and Central Asia, ca.
		In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the Karasuk culture (1500-800 BCE), which is sometimes asserted to be non-Indo-European, and at other times to be specifically proto-Iranian.
		On its western border, it is succeeded by the Srubna culture, which partly derives from the Abashevo culture.
	www.search.com /reference/Andronovo_culture (771 words)

	Andronovo Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The linguistic interpretation of this culture is under discussion as well as its origin and chronology.
		Settlements in the Andronovo region usually have a rectangular plan: (1) houses are placed in a line along a river; (2) houses are situated along a street; (3) houses are constructed in two rows either in a semi-circular or rectangular plan.
		At the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennium B.C. the Andronovo Cultural Family began to transform from the sedentary to nomadic mode of life characterized by annual cyclical animal herding and shared a portable material culture.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/sintashta/andronovo1.htm (612 words)

	5.3. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sergent notes a peculiarity of the Bronze Age Bactrian culture: “in contrast with all the neighbouring cultures, the settlements of this culture are characterized by a very feeble accumulation: they were constructed in haste, apparently on the basis of a pre-established plan, and have not been occupied for very long”.
		Culturally it was closely related to the societies to its north and west, especially Bactria.
		A related culture is the Cemetery H culture on the outskirts of Harappa itself.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch53.htm (8865 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII - Part II: Bronze Age in Eurasia
		The Fatianovo Culture is located in the upper valley of the Volga River, to the the east of Moscow, and the Balanovo Culture is located in the upper valley of the Volga River to the east and south of the Fatianovo.
		According to Alexeev, the Andronovo Culture occupied a territory in Kazakhstan extending from the Volga River to the Altai Mountains to the southern Yenissei Valley.
		Alexeev concludes that the Karasuk are influenced by the Andronovo and somewhat by the Afanasyevo.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIIPart2.html (11114 words)

	A Brief Outline to the Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan
		The tenacious quality of culture and tradition to remain fixed to geographical location is another factor that should not be forgotten in considering the history of the Turkmen.
		At numerous other sites similar cultural advances and technological breakthroughs were made and the uneven stages of their progression demonstrate the same complicated relationships present in the prehistoric development of south-west Turkestan, where a similar continuous sequence of remains has established a long history of human occupation.
		The Andronovo Cultural complex featured increased domestication of animals and exploitation of crop domestication, both of which precipitated a change to a sedentary pastoral and agricultural economy.
	www.weavingartmuseum.org /ex3_prehist.htm (9186 words)

	Origination Period of Steppe Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is beyond doubt that a certain period must have passed until the development of the culture with its aspects of policy, economy, religion, etc. with the fundamental element of horse riding.
		According to the Andronovo culture, a "warrior trooper tribe" had started to show its influence in the neighbouring region in the years of (1700 BC).
		Similarly, it can be considered that the steppe culture attained a specific and significant characteristic between the years of 2500 and 1700 BC.
	www.ozturkler.com /data_english/0001/0001_17_05.htm (160 words)

	[No title]
		THE NORTHERN ZONE IN the northern zone, the progressive cultures with incipient metallurgy are Krotovo and Samus' (between the Rivers Ob and Irtys) as well as Okunev in the Minusinsk Basin, an island of steppe on the Upper Yenisei surrounded by forested mountains (Molodin 1977).
		The Tastyk Culture As yet unvolved remains the puzzle of the Tastyk Culture in the Minusinsk Basin.
		The Karasuk Culture For the time that saw the emergence of the warlike Northern Nomads, the Karasuk period, Huttel took up my hint that a restudy of the development of the bridling system in China from Shang to Chou would be most rewarding.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/kurgan/steppen-w-china.txt (5407 words)

	Iron Age biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beginning in the mid-2nd millennium BC and orginating in the (late) Andronovo Culture, the base for metallurgical technology is present in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Altai Mountains and the Ural Mountains.
		Some were also re-used by later cultures, such as the Saxons, in the early Medieval period.
		In Central Europe, the Iron Age is generally divided in the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture (HaC and D, 800 - 450) and the late Iron Age La Tène culture (beginning in 450 BC).
	iron-age.biography.ms (977 words)

	Yamna - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Yamna (from Russian яма "pit") or pit grave culture is a prehistoric culture of the Bug / Dniester / Ural region, dating to the 36th – 23rd centuries BC.
		Characteristic for the culture are the burials in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees.
		The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Yamna (199 words)

	Kleijn/ariani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Westwards of the Timber-frame Andronovo circle the catacomb cultural community was situated during the first half of the second millennium B.C. The designation catacomb arises from the fact that interments were done in the side chambers of the grave pits cut into harrows (described by Bratchenko 1974; Hadiisler 1974, 1976).
		The earlier graves of the Bishkent culture found in the Tulhar cemetery are described as unique in construction (pits with a sloping side entrance); it is the latter ones which have been described as catacombs.
		In the Novosvobodnaya culture (formerly known as Maykop II or Tsarskaya) of the second half of the third millennium, graves often had the same outlines with walls sagging inside and the angles rounded.
	www.samorini.net /doc/alt_aut/ek/klejn.htm (6582 words)

	Central and North Asia, 2000–1000 B.C. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the second millennium B.C., the people of the Andronovo culture are making their bronzes from copper and tin, which they mine from sources from the Urals to Tajikistan.
		Although there are many regional variations among products of the Andronovo culture, Andronovo metalwork is found as far southeast as Xinjiang, as far southwest as the Kopet Dagh mountains, and as far north as the Minusinsk Basin of Siberia.
		The people of Andronovo raise cattle, have wagons and horses, and practice agriculture.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/03/nc/ht03nc.htm (461 words)

	FORGOTTEN BRONZE AGE
		For any case the culture occupies a Nortwest-Southeast strip bordered by the upper Eastern corner of the Caspian Sea, Lakes Aral and Balkhas and the sources of River Ob; for the Northern border the upper velleys of Ural, Tobol, Isim, Irtis and Ob were parts of this culture.
		The authors tell that both Andronovo Culture and the Bactria-Margiana Complex are routinely regarded as Indo-Iranian, and "particular sites so identified are being used for nationalist purposes"; indeed "ethnicity and language are not easily linked with an archaeological signature".
		Andronovo was a cultural unity but not linguistic or ethnic one.
	www.rmki.kfki.hu /~lukacs/SZARMAT1.htm (9916 words)

	Definition of Aryan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Semitic race, represented by the Jews, was deemed to be a racial threat to Germany's homogenous Aryan civilization.
		Nazism portrayed their misinterpretation of an "Aryan race" as the only race capable of creating culture and civilizations, while other races are merely capable of some preservation, or destruction of, culture.
		Because of historical racist use of Aryan, and especially use of Aryan race in connection with the myths and propaganda of Nazism, the word is sometimes avoided as tainted.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Aryan (1004 words)

	Archaeological cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Whether this means that the whole of the La Tène culture can be attributed to a Celtic people is difficult to decide, it is probably best to keep language, material culture and political affiliation apart.
		The original homeland of the La Tène style is debated, it lay in the area from the Marne in Eastern France, north of the Alps to the upper Danube.
		La Tène cultural material appeared over a larger area, including parts of Ireland and Britain (the lake dwellings at Glastonbury, England are a well known example of La Tène culture), northern Spain, Burgundy and Austria.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Archaeological-cultures (509 words)

	Tajik-land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cities of Samarkand and Bukhara served as major centers of trade and enlightenment on the crossroads of the Great Silk Road linking the civilizations of the East and the West.
		The land of Tajiks is a land of ancient and highly developed culture.
		It gave the world many outstanding scientists and poets: Al-Khwarazmi, the 9th century mathematican and astronomer, Ibn-Sina, the physician and enlightener of the 10-th11th centuries, known in West as Avecenna; Rudaki, court poet in Bukhara in the time of the Samanids.
	www.geocities.com /tajikland (860 words)

	Khanty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to one view, their formation is based on the culture of ancient indigenous Uralic tribes, which were engaged in hunting and fishery.
		Another view claims that the Andronovo culture is to be related to the Iranian ethnos rather than with the Ugric ethnic element, and the Kulai culture is thought to be the most ancient.
		The first migration flow led to the establishment of the Ust-Polui culture in the Lower Cis-Ob Region, and the second gave rise to the Potchevash culture in the northern Cis-Irtysh Region.
	www.raipon.org /Web_Database/khant.html (1651 words)

	Indo-Aryans information - Search.com
		Asko Parpola (1988) has argued that the Dasas were the "carriers of the Bronze Age culture of Greater Iran" living in the BMAC and that the forts with circular walls destroyed by the Indo-Aryans were actually located in the BMAC.
		Together with indigenous cultures, this gave rise to the Vedic civilization of the early Iron Age.
		This civilization is marked by a continual shift to the east, first to the Gangetic plain with the Kurus and Panchalas, and further east with the Kosala and Videha.
	www.search.com /reference/Indo-Aryans (1031 words)

	Country Republic of Kazakhstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is evidence of a wealthy economical organization practice of agricultural, irrigation, animal husbandry and exploitation of the rich deposits of non ferrous metals of the region.
		This fact, together with the scattered distribution of the cultural monuments on a large area, suggests the possibility of a mixed cultural and natural property and /or the need of specific criteria for nomination, conservation and museification.
		The property of Begazy-Dandibai culture shows traits of the Late Andronovo cultures, but is characterised by important specific features without any analogy with other cultures of Eurasia.
	www.unesco.kz /heritagenet/kz/historical_cult/monuments/begazy.htm (467 words)

	History of Iran: Scythians / Sacae
		It is reasonably certain that at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, the speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language moved from Ukraine to the southeast.
		From an archaeological point of view, their migration is attested in the change from the Yamnaya culture into the Andronovo culture.
		Probably, we may identify the Neuri with the so-called Milograd culture, the archaeological remains of which have been found on the confluence of the rivers Dnepr and Pripyat, north of modern Kiev.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/scythians_sacae.php (1753 words)

	Sintashta-Arcaim Culture
		Within the last decade, two additional, and yet more ancient cultures were discovered in Eurasia that have several characteristics in common.
		Previously, Sintashta settlements had been excavated but they had not been understood because of their difference from the classical Andronovo culture.
		Moreover, because the complexes contained some features belonging to the Abashevo culture, the original researchers had initially included them into the Abashevo sphere.
	www.csen.org /koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html (620 words)

	Zarathushtra and the horse
		Let us compare the material culture of the Andronovo people (the proto-lranians) and that of the milieu of Zoroaster in the south after the migration of the Andronovans.
		The Andronovans lived on the border of steppe and forest lands of northern Kazakstan and were primarily pastoralists with a rudimentary knowledge of agriculture.
		In other words, Zoroaster’s society does not seem to be the culture of the Andronovens in their homeland or their society on the march southward when they are more settled in eastern Iran or southern Central Asia.
	www.vohuman.org /Article/Zarathushtra%20and%20the%20horse.htm (2201 words)

	BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex - Definition up Erdmond.Com
		There seems to have been interaction with the nomadic people of the contemporary Andronovo culture of the steppe to the north.
		With their impressive material culture including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewellery of semiprecious stones, the complex exhibits many of the hallmarks of civilisation.
		The discovery of a tiny stone seal with geometric markings from a BMAC site in Turkmenistan in 2001 led some to claim that the Bactrian Margiana complex had also developed writing, and thus may indeed be considered a civilisation.
	www.erdmond.com /Bactria-Margiana_Archaeological_Complex.html (546 words)

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