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Topic: Anemonefish

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	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Clown Anemonefish
		The clown anemonefish is referred to as an anemonefish due to its symbiotic relationship with sea anemones.
		The clown anemonefish possesses a grayish orange iris which gives the appearance of the eyes being larger than they actually are; the orange clownfish has a bright orange iris which has the effect of making the eyes look smaller.
		The clown anemonefish is also successfully raised in aquaculture facilities which decreases the pressure on wild populations to supply the saltwater aquarium trade.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/FalseClownAnemone/FalseClownAnemone.html (1206 words)

	Cinnamon Anemonefish (Amphiprion melanopus) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cinnamon Anemonefish occur in Philipines, Indonesia, and the Southwestern Pacific.
		The Cinnamon Anemonefish is commonly found with its host anemones as pairs or in family groups of one female, and one dominant male, and the rest are subordinate males.
		As juveniles, Cinnamon Anemonefish are a bright red colour with a large fl patch on each side, but the redness darkens as they mature, becoming almost a uniform maroon in old age.
	www.cogsci.indiana.edu /farg/harry/bio/zoo/melanopu.htm (208 words)

	anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris and its host anemone, Heteractis magnifica
		The exact term describing the relationship of this anemonefish to its anemone is obligate symbiosis, meaning the anemonefish must live with the anemone in order to survive.
		Unlike other fish, anemonefish are protected from the sting of the nematocysts (stinging cells) of the host anemone by their protective mucus (slime) layer.
		The distribution of anemonefishes with host anemones is restricted to a large area of the Indo-Pacific.
	www.divegallery.com /anemonefish.htm (259 words)

	Friends and Anemones - National Wildlife Magazine
		Anemonefish are not the only creatures to reside unharmed within the killers' reach.
		Scientists are pursuing a few theories about the anemonefish's mucus shield--ranging from the idea that the fish must acclimate to their hosts, to the notion that the fish naturally develop their protection without contacting anemones.
		In 1995, Elliott and Mariscal exposed 30 hatchery-raised anemonefish, one by one, to anemones in a tank.
	www.nwf.org /nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=49&articleID=602 (1152 words)

	Biogram Assignment #30 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The anemonefish is dependent upon the protection offered by the sea anemone, and is seldom found on the reef except in the anemone's company.
		The anemonefish, through a process of acclimatization, is able to live among, and be protected by, the anemone without being stung.
		But the anemonefish again returns and gradually brings more of its body into contact with the tentacles, until it is able to be engulfed in the tentacles with total impunity.
	www.howe.k12.ok.us /~jimaskew/biogram30.htm (752 words)

	State Aquatic Emblem: Selected species: Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anemonefish, also called Clownfish, are well known for their habit of living with large, tropical sea anemones.
		The anemonefish benefits from the partnership, gaining a protected place to live within the anemone's stinging tentacles.
		Anemonefish defend their host anemones from predatory fishes that are immune to the stinging cells.
	www.getinvolved.qld.gov.au /emblem/ss_anemonefish.html (474 words)

	Animal Database (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anemonefish are protandrous hermaphrodites, meaning that they all mature as males but have the ability to change their sex to female.
		Anemonefish have a mucous that covers their bodies to protect them from the sting of the anemones.
		Although anemonefish are not listed as threatened or endangered at the present time, destruction of coral reefs in many parts of the world means loss of their reef habitats.
	www.aquariumofpacific.org /ANIMAL_DATABASE/animaldb.asp?id=76&chr=C (684 words)

	SICB - 2001 meeting- Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anemonefishes (Genera:Amphiprion and Premnas; Family Pomacentridae) are a group of 28 species of coral reef fishes that are obligate symbionts of large tropical sea anemones.
		A recent molecular phylogenetic study of anemonefishes, based on data from two mitochondrial genes (cyt b and 16S) for six representative species, produced a phylogeny that was significantly different from a previous phylogeny based on morphological data.
		This suggests that hybridization may have been important in anemonefish speciation and that reticulate evolution is a plausible explanation for the diversification patterns observed in this group of coral reef fishes.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2001/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=594 (218 words)

	Anemonefish Ecology
		An anemonefish community is unlike any land-animal group; none of the fish found in the one anemone are related, and therefore, Anemonefish do not live in family groups.
		Anemonefish do not hunt like meat or plant eaters, and they are not regarded as parasites (even though they are an animal living on an animal).
		There are three main participants in the anemonefish community; a dominant female, which is usually the largest and often the dullest coloured fish, a dominant male, which is usually the second largest fish and the brightest, and several sub-adult males who are not sexually active.
	wish.wodonga.tafe.edu.au /~kwaldon/biology.htm (1353 words)

	Anemonefishes - damselfishes or clown fishes (Amphiprioninae) - characteristics, ecology and range, behavior
		Anemonefishes life in tropical waters from the red sea, the pacific ocean, Australia to the Solomon islands.
		Anemonefishes life in close symbiotic relationship with one or more of 10 host sea anemones.
		Anemonefishes are protected from the anemones stinging cells by their mucus.
	www.starfish.ch /reef/anemonefish.html (221 words)

	symbiosis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While it is clear that anemonefish receive benefits from their association with anemones, such as protection from predators, it is not clear whether anemones receive any benefits.
		For anemonefish this relationship is obligate; anemonefish are always found in association with a host anemone.
		Anemonefish are able to swim amongst the stinging tentacles of various large sea anemones, while other fish are stung and consumed by sea anemones.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/anphys/1999/Reynolds-Kenneally/symbiosis.htm (256 words)

	Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion percula
		The Clown Anemonefish can be recognised by its orange colour with three white bars (the middle bar usually has a rounded bulge anteriorly) and fl markings on the fins.
		The Clown Anemonefish is found in depths from 1 m to 12 m.
		A very similar species, the False-Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, is found from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, throughout South-east Asia and south to Australia.
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/fishfacts/fish/apercula.htm (253 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		Scientists have found that anemonefishes have a special layer of mucus that keeps the anemones from stinging them.
		Anemonefishes need the protection they find in their anemones: the anemones' stings keep fish predators at bay, and an anemonefish never lives without its host anemone.
		And the aggressive and territorial anemonefishes may defend their anemones by driving away butterflyfishes and other anemone-eating fishes.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species/default.asp?hOri=0&hab=10&inhab=413 (217 words)

	[No title]
		This symbiotic relationship between the host anemone and anemonefish is termed "mutualism" as both members of the relationship benefit from the other partner.
		The result was an anemonefish that was "invisible" to the nematocysts.
		The anemonefish and their known natural symbiotic host anemones are detailed below with the anemone at the top of the chart and all natural hosting anemonefish below.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-10/hcs3/index.php (4273 words)

	Anemonefish immunity - InfoHub
		Anemonefish, through natural selection, have evolved to secrete a mucous that contains compounds that their host anemone recognizes.
		You will also notice that anemonefish sp tend to be found with specific host sp.
		Actually, I only spent ~3 yrs specifically on anemonefishes and their hosts but much of what I found can be applied to other reef creatures.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?t=1114 (529 words)

	An Acquired Taste
		When I first got into saltwater and even now, the Clownfish or Anemonefish have fascinated me. Fishes of the genus Amphiprion and Premnas comprise a group commonly referred to as anemonefishes because of their symbiotic relationship with several genus’ of anemones.
		Anemonefishes will spawn in captivity in the absence of an anemone.
		Depending on the number of anemonefish you have successfully reared, you may need to move them to a larger tank in order to reduce losses due to aggression and to insure that all of the fish are getting enough to eat for good growth.
	mikejacobs.50megs.com /ClownAndAnemonefish.html (2692 words)

	Clown Anemonefish -- Pictures, Animal Facts, Habitats, Video, Sound, Wallpaper -- National Geographic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		True anemonefish, Amphiprion percula, are nearly identical, but have subtle differences in shape and live in different habitats.
		Bright orange with three distinctive white bars, clown anemonefish are among the most recognizable of all reef-dwellers.
		There are 28 known species of anemonefish, most of which live in the shallow waters of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the western Pacific.
	www3.nationalgeographic.com /animals/fish/clown-anemonefish.html (399 words)

	Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris at MarineBio.org
		But anemonefish appear to be at home among the tentacles, even hiding among them as predators approach (see the videos for Twoband anemonefish (clownfish) for an example).
		This allows anemonefish inhabiting one anemone to remain self-sufficient in that if the female dies there is no need for the male to find a new mate.
		Anemonefish care for their spawn by fanning the eggs with their fins, removing litter or dead eggs using their mouths with great precision, and keeping other fish away.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=29 (1211 words)

	Anemonefish De Clark (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anemonefish de Clark o el Clownfish de rabo amarillo, clarkii de Amphiprion es un clownfish extensamente distribuido.
		Anemonefish de Clark es un pescado espectacularmente colorido, con las rayas negras, blancas y amarillas vivas, aunque el patrón exacto muestra la variación geográfica considerable.
		Anemonefish de Clarke es una especie popular del acuario.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/an/Anemonefish%20De%20Clark.htm (184 words)

	MILSTEIN HALL OF OCEAN LIFE \| American Museum of Natural History
		Clown anemonefish live among the stinging tentacles of Pacific anemones, which protect them from predators.
		The anemonefish are either immune to these stings or somehow inhibit them.
		In return for this safe haven, anemonefish chase predators away from the anemone.
	amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/ocean/02_ecosystems/02a3_community.php (249 words)

	Amphiprion bicinctus, Twoband Anemonefish at MarineBio.org
		The Twoband Anemonefish are yellow-orange with 2 fl-edged white bands, the first running just behind the head, the second from the notch between the spinous and soft dorsal fin to the abdomen.
		The Twoband anemonefish inhabits lagoons and outer reefs, and live symbiotically with anemones such as Entacmaea quadricolor, Heteractis aurora, and Stichodactyla gigantea.
		Eggs are laid at the base of the anemone, and the parent often rubs the anemone causing the tentacle to extend, which in turn forms a protective canopy for the eggs of the fish.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=233 (770 words)

	Em nau! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Clark's anemonefish surveys the passing world from the comfort of its anemone on the side of a pass in the barrier reef.
		Clark's and certain other anemonefishes regularly attacked diving scientists I met and dived with during my stay, often nipping at fingers and ears and sometimes drawing blood — at least once, an anemonefish rammed the diver's regulator purge button and gave him a blast of air.
		Clark's are the most varied anemonefish in terms of coloration and range between mostly-orange and mostly-fl base color with variations on the vertical bars' shading and number.
	www.uga.edu /cuda/Aclarkii.html (484 words)

	Aquarium of the Pacific-Animal Database (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although there are species of sea anemones in Hawaiian and Caribbean waters that host anemonefish in other parts of the world’s ocean, no anemonefish are found in these areas.
		If an anemonefish leaves its host anemone for a time, it must reacclimatize itself to the host stinging cells, a process that takes several hours.
		Although there are over 1,000 species of sea anemones, only 10 serve as anemonefish habitat and only one anemonefish, Clark’s, lives in all 10 species.
	www.aquariumofpacific.org /ANIMAL_DATABASE/ADBindex.asp?id=63&cat=af (115 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For anemonefish host-imprinting to function, a pre-requisite is a requirement for the olfactory system to be fully functional prior to the larvae hatching in order that imprinting to the chemical cue from the parental anemone can occur.
		I infer that these findings: (1) support the anemonefish host imprinting hypothesis; (2) Indicate that the ontogenetic timing of this imprinting mechanism occurs towards the end of embryonic development; (3) Support the hypothesis that chemotaxis plays an important role in the mechanisms of larval settlement of some reef fish species.
		The findings of this study have shown that anemonefish host-imprinting is an advanced form of chemotaxis, helping the settling juveniles recognize a suitable host, i.e.
	www.aslo.org /phd/dialog/200004-4.html (550 words)

	ATJ's Marine Aquarium Site - News - Brown Sailfin Tang and Black AnemoneFish - 5 Years Today (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Over time, the other anemonefish grew much faster than the current one and it was soon obvious the larger one was a female.
		The anemonefish took to this almost immediately, although the female got to spend the most time in the anemone.
		Since that time, the male anemonefish has grown to 60 mm TL, not quite as large as the female when she died.
	www.petsforum.com /personal/trevor-jones/tangclownfish5years.html (431 words)

	Marine Fish Picture Gallery - Clarks Anemonefish picture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Clark’s Anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) is commonly referred to as ‘Clark’s Clownfish’ and is a member of the damselfishes family Pomacentridae.
		This species is known to occur with at least 10 different anemone species and lives on coral reefs down to depths of 55 metres.
		The Clark’s Anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) grows to a maximum length of approximately 12cm.
	www.scuba-equipment-usa.com /marine/SEP05/Clarks_Anemonefish(Amphiprion_clarkii).html (150 words)

	Em nau!
		Anemonefishes can be supremely frustrating to capture on film because most species tend to move so frenetically and vanish and reappear within the protective veil of their host's tentacles (added to which is the technical difficulty of gaining focus on the subject at the right place and time).
		I seem to have become somehow 'adjusted' to anemonefish's rhythms, to some extent, and most of my photos of them these days at least turn out as in focus and showing the right parts of at least one of the anemone's fish.
		I've also found anemonefishes to be an excellent and worthy way to use up rolls of film while I do extended safety/decompression stops after a good session of watching barracuda, so I've had plenty of practice with the wee beasties.
	www.uga.edu /cuda/Apercula.html (727 words)

	False-Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris
		The False-Clown Anemonefish is orange with fl markings on the fins.
		The False-Clown Anemonefish is found in depths from 3m to 15m.
		The False-Clown Anemonefish is closely related to the Clown Anemonefish Amphiprion percula (view fact sheet).
	www.austmus.gov.au /fishes/fishfacts/fish/aocellaris.htm (225 words)

	Clown Anemonefish
		nmistakable with its broad bands of white and orange and its dark-rimmed fins, the clown anemonefish belongs to the damselfish family, Pomacentridae.
		Like the others in its genus, it has developed a relationship with large sea anemones, living among their stinging tentacles and even remaining inside when the anemone draws in its tentacles.
		The eggs are laid on rock or coral near the anemone and guarded by both parents.
	www.mbgnet.net /salt/coral/animals/clown.html (107 words)

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