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Topic: Anesthetic drugs

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Local anesthesia

Local anesthetic

Anesthesia

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	Local anesthetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A local anesthetic is a drug that reversibly inhibits the propagation of signals along nerves.
		Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels.
		Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to "open" sodium channels, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in neurons that are rapidly firing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_anesthetic (773 words)

	EU School of Medicine - Division of Animal Resources :: Template Page
		Balanced anesthesia is an important concept whereby a combination of drugs or agents, each in an amount sufficient to produce its major or desired effect to the optimum degree and keep its undesirable or unnecessary effects to a minimum.
		Historically, injectable drugs have been popularly used for anesthesia of rabbits and rodents because they are inexpensive, avoid the technical demands of gas anesthesia, and have been generally safe, effective, and easy to administer.
		Chloral hydrate is a controlled drug with a prolonged onset of action leading to an extended state of pre-anesthetic delirium that may be unpleasant for the animal and it can cause gastric ulcers and adynamic ileus.
	www.dar.emory.edu /vet_drug_anesthetic.htm (3399 words)

	Bispectral Index - Definition, Purpose, Description, Results, Alternatives
		The bispectral index (BIS) is one of several systems used in anesthesiology as of 2003 to measure the effects of specific anesthetic drugs on the brain and to track changes in the patient's level of sedation or hypnosis.
		Ever since the first modern anesthetics (ether, chloroform, and nitrous oxide) were used in the 1840s, doctors have been searching for a reliable method of measuring the depth of the patient's unconsciousness in order to guarantee the safety as well as the painlessness of surgery.
		Anesthetic drugs, whether inhaled or given intravenously, are toxic in high doses; too high a dose can stop the patient's breathing.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /A-Ce/Bispectral-Index.html (2787 words)

	Anesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Physicians specialising in peri-operative care, development of an anesthetic plan, and the administration of anesthetics are known as anaesthetists in the UK or, in the U.S., anesthesiologists.
		Local anesthetic drugs are toxic to the heart (where they cause arrhythmia) and brain (where they cause unconsciousness and seizures).
		Currently research into the use of xenon as an anesthetic gas is being pursued but it is very expensive to produce, and requires special equipment for delivery, monitoring and scavenging of unused gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anesthetic (2352 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Anesthesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Physicians specialising in the administration of anesthetics are known as anesthesiologists (AE) or anaesthetists (BE).
		Nurses specialising in the administration of anesthetics are known as nurse anesthetists (AE), who typically have gone to graduate school after nursing school, or have at least obtained certification as a CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist).
		The ideal anesthetic vapor or gas should be non-flammable; non-explosive; non-lipid soluble; have no end organ (heart, liver, kidney) side effects; not be metabolized and be easy and comfortable to deliver to the patient.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Anesthesia (1471 words)

	Anesthesia, General: Encyclopedia of Surgery
		General anesthetics cause a lowering of the blood pressure (hypotension), a response that requires close monitoring and special drugs to reverse it in emergency situations.
		Inhalation anesthetics, which are sometimes called volatile anesthetics, are compounds that enter the body through the lungs and are carried by the blood to body tissues.
		Inhalation anesthetics are sometimes toxic to the liver, the kidney, or to blood cells.
	health.enotes.com /surgery-encyclopedia/anesthesia-general (2131 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is the concentration of anesthetic in the myocardium at the time of failure divided by the concentration in the heart of 1 MAC in rats being mechanically ventilated and with a normal PaCO2.
		Drugs such as nalbuphine are thought to produce analgesia through kappa (K) receptors and act as antagonists at mu receptors.(14) In humans nalbuphine is almost equipotent to morphine; thus a reasonable dose to try for analgesia in the dog is 1 mg/kg.
		Long-lasting drugs are not as desirable as short-lasting drugs in the production of hypotension because it is wise to have the blood pressure return to normal after surgery in and around the brain to make sure that hemostasis is adequate before the skull is put back together.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_08/08mast.htm (12592 words)

	Drugs
		In general, for drugs of different therapeutic classes the doseages used are the same as either drug used individually.
		For drugs ofthe same therapeutic class, drugs may be synergistic, necessitating reduction of the dosages of individual drugs.
		To minimize this risk, it is recommended to either give the drug at the time of anesthetic induction and decrease the anesthetic dose (decrease by 10-25% initially until a new effective dose can be established), or to wait until the animal is completely recovered from anesthesia to administer the drug.
	www.notarzt.net /labweb/drugs.htm (4565 words)

	Office of Animal Research Ethics, Care, and Compliance (OARECC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because the anesthetics are eliminated from the blood by exhalation, with less reliance on drug metabolism to remove the drug from the body, there is less chance for drug-induced toxicity.
		Anesthetic effects are seen within 15 minutes of administration and may last from 45 minutes to several hours, depending on the drug used.
		These drugs can be given alone as a post-procedural analgesic or in combination with other agents to provide balanced anesthesia, restraint with analgesia for minor procedures, or can be used to decrease the dose of an anesthetic that is needed to provide a surgical plane of anesthesia.
	hsc.unm.edu /som/research/acc/anesthetic_use_guidelines.shtml (7208 words)

	Office of Sponsored Programs
		Inhalant Anesthetics - include low vapor pressure drugs such as ether and methoxyflurane that may be used in a bell jar or with a drop system, or the high vapor pressure drugs such as halothane or isoflurane which require a precision vaporizer or vernitrol delivery system.
		Inhalant anesthetics must be used with a scavenging system or fume hood to prevent hazards to personnel.
		Anesthetic requirements are identical between survival and nonsurvival procedures, except that certain anesthetics such as urethane may not be used for survival procedures because of carcinogenicity or toxicity to the animal.
	www.jmu.edu /sponsprog/iacuctraining5.html (1053 words)

	Syllabus on Geriatric Anesthesiology
		The portion of the drug that is bound to protein is unable to cross membranes to produce the desired drug effect.
		Thus, anesthetic agents that are highly protein bound should be delivered to an elderly individual with the expectation that reduced protein binding will lead to higher free drug levels and an enhanced delivery of the drug to the brain.
		The greater sequestration of anesthetic agents in the lipid storage tissues of the elderly allows for a more gradual and protracted elution of anesthetic agents from these storage sites, increasing the time period required for their elimination and resulting in greater residual plasma concentrations of drugs that contribute to prolonged anesthetic effects.
	www.asahq.org /clinical/geriatrics/pharma.htm (2932 words)

	tech21.txt
		These micelles deliver the drug to the membranes of the capillary endothelial cells where the drug dissolves into the cell membranes and rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier (3).
		In many ways Propofol is a non-ideal drug for sustained general anesthesia and it is not the drug of choice for use in cryopatient transport.
		However, in the meantime, it is reassuring to know that a drug is available which is legal to possess and which can be applied to human cryopreservation patients in all 50 states with the assurance that Plane III anesthesia is being achieved.
	www.cryocare.org /index.cgi?subdir=bpi&url=tech21.txt (1031 words)

	iknowledgenow.com
		Thus, the dosage of anesthetic drugs administered to patients with cardiac disease should be decreased and drugs should be administered slowly and with ample time between doses for delivery to the brain.
		The anesthetic management of a patient with any type of dysfunction can be very challenging, since most preanesthetic and anesthetic agents are capable of not only sedation and analgesia, but also profound cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory changes.
		In addition to their age-related increase in anesthetic risk, neonatal foals are most often presented for anesthesia because of disease or trauma, thereby increasing the risk of anesthesia and surgery.
	www.iknowledgenow.com /search.cfm?keywordlist=Etomidate (1476 words)

	Committee Charter- Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs Advisory Committee
		The Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs Advisory Committee advises the Commissioner or designee in discharging responsibilities as they relate to helping to ensure safe and effective drugs for human use and, as required, any other product for which the Food and Drug Administration has regulatory responsibility.
		I determine that renewal of the Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs Advisory Committee beyond May 1, 2006, is in the public interest in connection with the performance of duties imposed on the Food and Drug Administration by law, and that such duties can best be performed through the advice and counsel of such a group.
		I deem that it is not feasible for the Food and Drug Administration or any of its existing committees to perform these duties, and that a satisfactory plan for appropriate balance of the Committee membership has been submitted.
	www.fda.gov /cder/audiences/acspage/Anestheticcharter1.htm (759 words)

	Anesthesia: A look at local, regional and general anesthesia - MayoClinic.com
		The anesthetic is injected around a single nerve or a network of nerves that serve the area involved in the surgical procedure.
		Because general anesthetics affect all areas of your body, such as the heart and lungs, side effects from the medications are more common.
		To avoid potentially dangerous drug interactions, it's important to provide a list of all the medications you take or have taken recently, as well as any dietary supplements or herbal products you may be using.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/anesthesia/SC00026/SI=2565 (1569 words)

	General Anesthetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		General anesthetics are used to produce unconsciousness during surgery.
		Unlike local anesthetics that are used in dentistry and minor surgery, general anesthetics circulate throughout the body, which results in a stronger action on the nervous system and a greater potential for side effects.
		In a double-blind study, taking 1 gram of ginger one hour before surgery was as effective at reducing nausea and vomiting as the anti-nausea drug metoclopramide.
	www.kroger.com /hn/Drug/Anesthetic_Major.htm (625 words)

	Anesthesia, Analgesia and Sedation
		Local anesthetics may be administered by several techniques.
		Nonsteroidal antiiflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may also be used for their analgesic effect.
		Anesthetic concentration is accomplished by sets of mixing valves or a precision vaporizor.
	www.ahc.umn.edu /rar/anesthesia.html (7702 words)

	Ibogaine Literature
		Ibogaine is a drug being tested as a treatment for drug addictions of most types.
		Popik, P.; Layer, R. and Skolnick, P. "The Putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex.", Psychopharmacology, (1994), 114, 672-674.
		Sisko, B. "Interrupting drug dependency with ibogaine: a summary of four case histories.", Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, (1993), 4(2), 15-24.
	www.puzzlepiece.org /ibogaine/literature/iborefs.html (8254 words)

	Ask an Expert: Anesthetic drugs
		During a normal general anesthetic, a variety of different anesthetic drugs are used.
		The drugs you mention are all medicines used in general anesthesia.
		Atropine and neostigmine are two drugs used together to reverse the effects of muscles relaxants at the end of surgery.
	www.netwellness.org /question.cfm/34837.htm (284 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Malignant hyperthermia
		Malignant hyperthermia is often noted for the first time after a patient is given anesthetic drugs during a surgical procedure.
		The use of appropriate anesthetic medication can prevent the complications of malignant hyperthermia during surgery. If you or other members of your family have a history of anesthesia-related problems, you must inform your surgeon and anesthesiologist.
		It is important to avoid stimulant drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine (speed) and ecstasy (an amphetamine derivative) as they may produce malignant hyperthermia-like problems in susceptible individuals.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001315.htm (657 words)

	Research on anesthesia, consciousness or both? Understanding our anesthetic drugs and defining the neural substrate -- ...
		for the drugs we use are still poorly defined.
		In summary, the study of anesthetic drug effect on the CNS is
		reversed the effect of anesthetic drugs on consciousness.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/50/suppl_1/R2 (2520 words)

	Hypnotists & Hypnotherapist Directory - All 50 States!
		It is also used to control pain in a variety of conditions such as headache, facial neuralgia, arthritis, burns, musculoskeletal disorders, childbirth, and many more.
		Hypnotherapy is being used in place of anesthesia, particularly in patients who prove to be allergic to anesthetic drugs, for surgeries such as hysterectomies, cesarean sections, certain cardiovascular procedures, thyroidectomy, and others.
		Dentistry is using hypnotherapy with success on patients who are allergic to all types of novocaine drugs.
	www.alternativeservicesdirectory.com /hypnotists/index4.html (357 words)

	Find in a Library: The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs; a syllabus for students and clinicians.
		Find in a Library: The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs; a syllabus for students and clinicians.
		The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs; a syllabus for students and clinicians.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/caf7023ad0cfc96d.html (72 words)

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	canada-codeine.ekor.malbork.pl (1406 words)

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	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #4449867 - CHANGES IN TOXICITY OF CERTAIN ANESTHETIC DRUGS USED IN EXPERIMENTS ON MICE WITH ACUTE RADIATION ILLNESS.
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		CHANGES IN TOXICITY OF CERTAIN ANESTHETIC DRUGS USED IN EXPERIMENTS ON MICE WITH ACUTE RADIATION ILLNESS.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4449867 (126 words)

	General anesthetic drugs information Diseases Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous.
		With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs.
		If your browser is not JavaScript enabled some links on these pages will not work :-(
	www.diseasesdatabase.com /ddb30506.htm (131 words)

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