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Topic: Anethole

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Essential oil

	Anethole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anethole (or trans-anethole) is an aromatic compound that accounts for the distinctive "licorice" flavor of anise, fennel, and star anise.
		Anethole appears as white crystals at room temperature.
		Anethole is distinctly sweet as well as having its flavoring properties and is measured to be 13 times sweeter than sugar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anethole (222 words)

	466. Trans-anethole (WHO Food Additives Series 14)
		TRANS-ANETHOLE Explanation Anethole was evaluated for acceptable daily intake by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (FAO, 1968) in 1967 and given a conditional ADI of 0-1.25 mg/kg bw.
		BIOLOGICAL DATA Biochemical aspects">Biochemical aspects Anethole is rapidly absorbed and distributed in the rat, (Le Bourhis, 1973; Fritsch, 1975) and in the mouse (Le Bourhis, 1968; Strolin-Benedetti & Le Bourhis, 1972, Le Bourhis, 1973).
		Anethole was not detectable in the blood (Le Bourhis, 1973).
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v14je02.htm (1087 words)

	DEA Resources, Microgram Journal, Volume 2, Numbers 1-4, January-December 2004
		ABSTRACT: Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is occasionally utilized as a precursor to anisaldehyde, which in turn is used as a precursor in the illicit synthesis of 4-methoxyamphetamine and 4-methoxymethamphetamine.
		Anethole is industrially utilized as a precursor for 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanone, a valuable chemical stock.
		Anethole [1] is oxidized to anisaldehyde [2], which is subjected to a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to give 4-methoxyphenol [3], which is subjected to a Reimer-Tiemann formylation to give 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde [4].
	www.usdoj.gov /dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/journal2004/page4.html (2533 words)

	928. Anethole, trans- (WHO Food Additives Series 42)
		Rats The effect of anethole on the induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity for O-demethylation of para-nitroanisole and hydroxylation of aniline was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats.
		Anethole did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis, even when cells were treated with buthionine sulfoximine, thus reducing the amount of glutathione available for conjugation with anethole epoxide; both this pretreatment and inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase were found to markedly enhance cytotoxicity.
		Wenk, M.L. (1994) Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats by anethole.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v042je02.htm (11599 words)

	WholeApproach.com - The Science of Polygodial ...
		Anethole, identified as an active principle in anise seed, had previously been demonstrated to have moderate antifungal activity.
		Anethole was found to exhibit a significant synergistic effect on the antifungal activity of polygodial against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
		In this paper the authors investigated the effect of combining anethole and polygodial on the viability of C. albicans and S. cervisiae, (ie: is the activity fungicidal or fungistatic?).
	www.wholeapproach.com /science_of_polygodial.html (1782 words)

	DEA Resources, Microgram Journal, A Rapid and Simple GC/MS Screening Method for 4-Methoxyphenol in Illicitly Prepared ...
		Anethole is a major component of star anise, anise, and fennel essential oils [1]; these oils are used in vast quantities in the food and pharmaceutical industry, and so are widely available.
		The synthesis of PMP2P from anethole is shown in Figure 1A: Anethole is reacted with performic or peracetic acid to yield the corresponding glycol.
		4-Methoxyphenol is a synthetic by-product formed during the peracid oxidation of anethole, and thus serves as a marker compound for PMA prepared using anethole as the original precursor.
	www.usdoj.gov /dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/journal071203/mj071203_pg5.html (1651 words)

	Taste masking of thymol - Patent 4945087
		In particular, the composition comprises thymol, a sugar alcohol or mixtures of sugar alcohols and anethole in admixture with eucalyptol, menthol, benzoic acid, methyl salicylate, ethanol, and, optionally, a surfactant or mixture of surfactants.
		Suitable amounts of anethole are usually in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.035% by weight, based on the weight of the total composition, with about 0.015 to about 0.025% by weight being preferred and about 0.018 to about 0.022% by weight being most preferred.
		In the compositions containing these amounts of sugar alcohol and anethole, the thymol is usually present in amounts of not more than about 0.1% by weight, based on the weight of the total composition, with about 0.02 to about 0.1% by weight being preferred, and about 0.05 to about 0.075% by weight being most preferred.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4945087.html (4529 words)

	NTP: ChemIDPlus/HSDB 104-46-1 Toxicity
		Anethole was tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay using the standard protocol approved by the National Toxicology Program.
		Anethole was tested at doses of 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.033, 0.067, 0.10, and 0.28 mg/plate in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, and TA100) in the presence and absence of rat or hamster liver S-9.
		Anethole was negative in these tests and the highest ineffective dose tested without toxic effects in any S. typhimurium strain was 0.10 mg/plate.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=E87BBCEA-BDB5-82F8-F84255E2EB2A3003 (883 words)

	Essential Oil Content and Chemical Composition of Finocchio Fennel
		In the United States, the bulbs are marketed as "anise" because of the high concentration of anethole and methyl chavicol (estragole), components in the essential oil responsible for the anise aroma.
		The major essential oil constituents in the bulbs of finocchio fennel were anethole and limonene, comprising >80% of the oil (Table 1).
		(1989) reported the percentage of anethole to be 86 to 88% in sweet fennel oil and 74% in bitter fennel oil while limonene was only 4 and 2% respectively in sweet and bitter fennel oil.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-579.html (1400 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 81, n. 4, p. 559
		The anethole was obtained from Acros Organics, Fairlawn, New Jersey and was greater than or equal to 99 percent.
		Anethole is an essential oil found in plants (Morrison and Boyd 1973) and adult lovebugs are known to feed on different plants (Hetrick 1970).
		Previous studies have shown anethole to be attractive to diverse insects such as bees (Ladd and Tew 1983), scarabs (Cherry et al.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe81p559.htm (1173 words)

	Essential Oils, Carrier Oils, Aromatherapy Products, Holistic Health, Chakra - SunRose Aromatics
		High in anethole, which is what gives this lovely oil a sweet as candy licorice flavor and aroma.
		Anethole is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for internal consumption as a flavoring agent.
		Plants containing anethole (fennel, anise, star anise) have traditionally been used to assist with weight loss, lactation and stomach complaints.
	www.sunrosearomatics.com /catalog/shop/shopexd.asp?id=1241 (392 words)

	Sweet Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fennel oil may be used directly as a flavoring or given further treatment to produce anethole for the beverage industry.
		China and Vietnam are major producers of anethole from another plant, the star anise, and are supplying a large proportion of the demand.
		The market for fennel oil is limited because of the prevalence of alternative sources of anethole, and because wild fennel is harvested for oil in many parts of the world.
	ag.montana.edu /warc/sweet_fennel.htm (617 words)

	Pernod 101: Harold McGee & Cooking with Spirits, Pernod recipes
		We cultivate anise-flavored plants in order to enjoy their anethole, and Pernod is made by extracting that and the flavors of several other different herbs and spices,” explains McGee.
		Anethole belongs to a family of chemicals called phenolic compounds, which also includes the molecules that provide the characteristic aromas of vanilla, cinnamon, clove, and thyme.
		But because anethole is a volatile substance like alcohol and has more affinity for alcohol than water, boiling Pernod drives off its anethole along with its alcohol.
	www.starchefs.com /pernod/html/pernod_101.shtml (811 words)

	Veterinary Botanical Medicine Association
		In rabbits given anethole and fenchone, respiratory tract fluid was increased in volume and decreased in thickeness.
		The fennel constituents dianethole and photoanethole resemble stilbene and diethylstilbestrol, and anethole is structurally similar to catecholamines, which may influence secretion of prolactin.
		The main constituent of the essential oils of fennel and anise, anethole, has been considered to be the active estrogenic agent.
	www.vbma.org /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=7 (1194 words)

	Irritable Bowel Syndrome Supplements - Fennel
		The primary volatile oils in fennel are anethole, fenchone, and estragole.
		Anethole has a chemical structure similar to dopamine, a chemical that is naturally present in the body.
		Fennel also has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, probably also as a result of the anethole, which has been shown to be anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticarcinogenic.
	www.helpforibs.com /supplements/fennel.asp (429 words)

	BoDD (Botanical Dermatology Database) - ILLICIACEAE
		The principal constituent of both oils is anethole, which may be found in Chinese star anise oil but not in anise oil in two isomeric forms (Arctander 1960, Opdyke 1975), namely trans-anethole and cis-anethole, the former being the principal component and the latter (which is significantly more toxic), occurring in only very small amounts.
		(1957) state that anethole is the responsible agent, probably from Loveman (1938) who investigated a case of sensitivity to a denture cream and gum-drops containing oil of anise and who patch tested the patient with anethole.
		When tested at a concentration of 2% in petrolatum, anethole produced no irritation in 48-hour closed patch tests on 25 human volunteers, nor were any reactions observed on patch testing with 2% anethole in petrolatum following attempted sensitisation of 25 human volunteers to anethole by a maximisation test (Opdyke 1973).
	bodd.cf.ac.uk /BotDermFolder/BotDermI/ILLI.html (986 words)

	PMA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PMA (p-methoxyamphetamine) is a synthetic phenethylamine drug, psychostimulant and hallucinogen.
		It is synthesized starting from anethole, the flavor compound of anise and fennel.
		It is classified as a Schedule I hallucinogen under the Controlled Substances Act in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/PMA (281 words)

	Anise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Anethole is crystalline below 15C, so oil high in anethole will congeal readily between 59 and 66F (1).
		Anise was sown on May 5, 1999 and May 3, 2000 at 8.2 lb/acre in 8-row plots 15 ft long and rows 1 ft apart, with four replications.
		Yield of anise seed at WARC was acceptable in 1999 and 2000.
	ag.montana.edu /warc/anise.htm (534 words)

	BoDD (Botanical Dermatology Database): UMBELLIFERAE: Petroselinum - Trachyspermum
		Since Oil of Anise contains about 90% anethole, the patient was patch tested with anethole; a positive reaction was observed, negative in controls.
		Anethole was reported by Hjorth (1967) to be the sensitiser in a case of toothpaste sensitivity but no clinical detail was provided.
		Oil of Aniseed and anethole appear to be both irritant and sensitising (Greenberg and Lester 1954).
	bodd.cf.ac.uk /BotDermFolder/BotDermU/UMBE-6.html (1419 words)

	Forest Herbs Research Ltd - The Science of Polygodial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Anethole was found to exhibit a significant synergistic effect on the antifungal activity of polygodial against
		Anethole was the most effective of these compounds.
		Kubo and Himejima (1991) established that anethole, isolated from the seeds of
	www.forestherbs.co.nz /polyglodial.htm (1519 words)

	AACR: Anethole Dithiollethione Slows Progression of Bronchial Dysplasia in Smokers and Former Smokers
		SAN FRANCISCO, CA -- April 9, 2002 -- Among smokers and non-smokers, daily treatment with anethole dithiolethione (Sialor®, Sulfarlem®) slowed progression of bronchial dysplasia by 22 percent compared to placebo.
		The study enrolled 101 current and former smokers (two of three were current smokers) with pack year smoking history and bronchial dysplasia identified by autofluorescence bronchoscopy directed biopsy.
		The volunteers were randomly assigned to either anethole dithiolethione (ADT) 25 mg orally tid or placebo for six months, followed by repeat bronchoscopy and biopsy of the same sites, plus any new sites.
	www.docguide.com /dg.nsf/PrintPrint/6F6CBD558A0EB69185256B960070C0D2 (562 words)

	Patent 6,346,250 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The invention also provides a therapeutic method for treating colic in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such therapy an effective amount of anethole.
		Preferably, the medicament is in the form of an emulsion.
		The invention also provides the use of 1) anethole, 2) water, milk, or formula, and optionally 3) an emulsifying agent to prepare a medicament useful for treating colic.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/Yr2002/Feb2002/021202/6346250_Colic021202.htm (379 words)

	Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The major constituents, which include the terpenoid anethole, are found in the volatile oil.
		Anethole and other terpenoids inhibit spasms in smooth muscles,
		Related compounds to anethole may have mild estrogenic actions, although this has not been proven in humans.
	www.kroger.com /hn/Herb/Fennel.htm (550 words)

	Oxone Epoxidation of Propenylbenzenes - [www.rhodium.ws]
		14.8g anethole (100mmol), the first step crude yield was 16.4g epoxide (100mmol), 100% yield, and the crude yield after hydrolysis and washings was 12.6g ketone (77mmol), 77% yield.
		A small amount was saved and the NMR spectra came back same as a good sample of anethole epoxide (with the exception of two additional methoxys).
		Btw, in my experience, crude anethole epoxide has been a clear yellow oil (smells nothing like licorice), asarone epoxide has been a light brown very viscous liquid (smells something like asarone, but quite different).
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/oxone.epoxidation.html (3178 words)

	Anethole
		Both the Cis and trans isomers occur in nature.
		Anethole is used in large quantities in the Alcoholic beverage industry and in the mouth
		The price of oil fluctuate very much so it is not possible to quote for longer period.
	www.aromaticoil.com /product_anethole.htm (94 words)

	Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Aryl Olefins. 2. Cis-Trans Isomerization and Cycloadduct Formation in ...
		(RP I) consisting of the radical cation of the anethole and the radical anion of fumarodinitrile were identified as the predominant source of the polarizations.
		It was shown that RP II results from a biphotonic process.
		These findings were explained by two-photon ionization of the anethole and formation of an oligomeric anion of acetonitrile.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/jacsat/118/i01/abs/ja9511578.html (448 words)

	Preventing Lung Cancer in Smokers
		July 2, 2002 -- For the first time, researchers say they've found a drug that can actually reduce the risk of lung cancer in both former and current smokers.
		Stephen Lam, MD, of the British Columbia Cancer Agency, and colleagues found that a drug originally used to treat dry mouth -- known as anethole dithiolethione or ADT (sold under the names Sialor or Sulfarlem) -- may effectively prevent lung cancer in some people at risk.
		Their study followed 101 current and former smokers who had an irregular growth in their lungs and were at high risk for developing lung cancer.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/24/1822_50281 (353 words)

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