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	Energia Rocket&Space Corporation (RSC Energia)
		It is currently involved in a variety of projects, including development of the Russian modules of the International Space Station, the second stage of the Angara rocket (led by the Khrunichev Center), and several series of communications satellites.
		Energia RSC began as Department No. 3 of Special Design Bureau NII-88 which was given the task, in August 1946, of developing Soviet rockets based on the German V-2.
		When this project collapsed, Energia NPO proposed evolving the Buran booster rocket into the Energia-M. Currently, this proposal too is in mothballs having been sidelined by Angara.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/Energia_RSC.html (328 words)

	ANGARA ROCKET-BOOSTER MODEL DISPLAYED IN LE BOURGET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first launch of the Angara is planned for late 2000 from the Plesetsk space center, General Director of the Khrunichev State Space Center Anatoly Kiselyov said at a news conference in Le Bourget on Sunday.
		There are four types of the Angara rocket-boosters from the light through the heavy with a lifting capacity of 1.5-30 tonnes, he said.
		Russia is discussing a possible cooperation in the construction of the Angara launching infrastructure with Lockheed, Dasa and the Pacific Consortium (the construction of a launching pad on the Christmas Island of Australia).
	www.aeronautics.ru /nws001/tass028.htm (217 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Energia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was designed to replace the Proton rocket, but lost the 1993 competition to the Angara rocket.
		The Energia rocket only flew twice, the first on May 15, 1987, with the Polyus military payload, and the second on November 15 1988, with the Buran Shuttle.
		The Khrunichev enterprises proposed the Angara 100, a heavy lift vehicle version of the Angara rocket that is quite comparable to the previous Energia design.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Energia (1066 words)

	Angara launch vehicle
		The Angara's second stage would be equipped with a hydrogen-oxygen engine, borrowed from the Energia heavy-lift rocket.
		Although first stage boosters of the Angara rocket would be fueled by a traditional combination of liquid oxygen and kerosene, Khrunichev enterprise promised to equip upper stages of the rocket with engines burning two cryogenically cooled components -- liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
		The Angara was expected to use the launch complex in Plesetsk, which was originally intended for the Zenit rocket.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /angara.html (1386 words)

	www.rian.ru
		Rockets of the first type, light, with carrying capacity of up to two tonnes, are intended for launching small telecommunication satellites.
		Rockets of the third type are capable of carrying over 20 tonnes.
		Angara was created to secure Russia's access to space from the Plesetsk cosmodrome (the north-west of Russia) and provide for the country's independence in space activity, no matter how military-political and economic relations with other countries might develop.
	en.rian.ru /russia/20050526/40419038-print.html (297 words)

	Lockheed Martin in Russian Angara Rocket Deal
		Angaras are a new class of booster rocket designed by Khrunichev to replace older models such as the Proton, the workhorse of the Russian space programme which is used for launching everything from satellites to people into space.
		One advantage claimed for Angaras is that they burn liquid fuel made of a mixture of kerosene and liquid oxygen, which Khrunichev says make them environmentally friendly.
		Proton rockets are generally considered to be reliable, but are powered by a highly toxic ``giptil'' fuel component that sparked health concerns after one crashed in Kazakhstan two weeks ago.
	www.space.com /news/lockheed_russia_wg.html (215 words)

	SS-6 - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The rocket was also the basis for the Soyuz space launcher and the Molniya, Vostok and Voskhod variants.
		The R-7 was 34 m long, 3 m in diameter and weighed 280 metric tons, it was two-stage, powered by rocket motors using liquid oxygen (lox) and kerosene and was capable of delivering its payload around 8,800 km, with an accuracy (CEP) of around 5,000 m.
		The initial launch was boosted by four strap-on rockets making up the first stage with a central 'sustainer' motor powering through both the first and the second stage.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=SS-6 (913 words)

	Energia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian) rocket was a Soviet craft that was designed at TsAGI to serve as a heavy-lift expendable launch system as well as a booster for the Buran Space Shuttle.
		With eight Zenit booster rockets and an Energia-M core as an upper stage, the "Vulkan" (which was interestingly the same name of another Soviet heavy lift rocket that was cancelled years earlier) or "Hercules" configuration could have launched a stunning 175 tonnes into orbit.
		The Energia rocket only flew twice, the first on May 15 1987, with the UKSS military payload, and the second on November 15 1988, with the Buran Shuttle.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Energia (844 words)

	Angara 1.1
		The Angara is a new all-Russian heavy launch vehicle to replace the Zenit (built by a Ukrainian company) and Proton (only launch pads on Kazakh territory).
		The initial flight version would be the Angara 1.1 with the existing Briz upper stage (payload 2.0 tonnes to a 200 km / 63 deg orbit).
		Another variant of interest was the Angara IVA (as the Angara 1.2 but with a winged, recoverable URM - 158 tonnes lift-off mass, 2.7 tonne payload to a 200 km / 63 deg orbit).
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/angara11.htm (722 words)

	Angara rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The rocket will be primarily launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia, thereby reducing Russia's dependency on Kazakhstan for the use of their Baikonur Cosmodrome where the current generation of Russian rockets is launched from (but the heavy Angara A5 will be launched from both Plesetsk and Baikonur).
		The Angara will provide a similar lifting capability to the Proton rocket, the heavy lift workhorse of the Soviet Union and now Russia.
		The rockets are designed to be modular, similar to the US EELV, and the family will offer a range of configurations capable of lifting between 2,000 and 24,500 kilograms to LEO.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Angara_rocket (236 words)

	Angara-100
		Moscow-based company proposed a super heavy-lift rocket booster, along with a new generation of partially reusable spacecraft, which could be used to support manned expeditions to the Moon.
		If ever built, the Angara-100 would be a "high-end" addition to the Angara family of rockets, which has been under development since the early 1990s.
		Khrunichev's proposals for the rocket of such monumental size as Angara-100 were spurred by the US plans to return astronauts to the Moon and eventually send manned expedition to Mars announced by President George W. Bush at the beginning of 2004.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /angara100.html (535 words)

	EULER :: Simulation of an «Angara» family carrier rocket liftoff
		The peculiarity of the liftoff of a carrier rocket from "Angara" family is the interaction process between the rocket and the launching system mechanism.
		The mechanism holds the rocket during the first stage of the launch and then takes the arm with rocket-born releasable connections away from the rocket.
		The results of the simulation were used for correcting the control system algorithms to ensure the gap between the launching column and the rocket during the liftoff.
	www.euler.ru /content.asp?doc=1401 (214 words)

	Angara Launch Vehicle
		Angara uses a building-block approach using common components to be able to launch various payload weights.
		Angara is aimed at drastically lowering the cost of launching a pound of payload to orbit like EELV the series.
		The Angara AS-I and A4B, with a GTO capability from Baikonur Cosmodrome up to 8.8 metric tons (19,3604b.), are due to begin operations in early 2003 and mid-2005, respectively.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /lv/angara.html (511 words)

	SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Made in Russia
		The "Angara" carrier-rocket, has told the deputy head of the strategic planning department at the Khrunichev Space Centre Oleg Roskin, is a basically new and the most up-to-date brainchild of Russian rocket designers.
		The first one is a light rocket with a payload capacity of up to 2 tonnes, a rocket meant for putting into orbit small telecommunications satellites.
		And the third rocket with a payload of 20 tonnes is expected to replace the "Proton" carrier that's normally launched from the Baikonour cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
	www.vor.ru /science/madeinrus11_eng.html (797 words)

	Untitled Document
		In my opinion, neither a rocket Zenith, nor a rocket Angara 3, a rocket Onega do not meet the requirements to a rocket lifting on an orbit a perspective spacecraft the Clipper, neither on reliability, nor at cost, on mass character of release.
		Advantage of the project of a rocket the Clipper before the project a rocket Yamal and a rocket the Aurora.
		As the first step six lateral missile stages Soyuz-U or rockets Soyuz-2 (instead of four as at these rockets) are used.
	www.okbmorozov.spb.ru /OSNOVNAIA/english/GLAVNAIA/Proekts/Kliper.htm (856 words)

	Space launch complex Angara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		KBTM is the lead company in charge of design and development of the unique launch and technical complexes of “Angara” Space Launch Complex which is being developed at Plesetsk cosmodrome on the basis of incomplete building site initially intended for Zenit rocket complex.
		Angara SRC is intended for launch of spacecraft for various purposes on different orbits using Angara family launch vehicles.
		Angara launch vehicles family is comprised of unified rocket modules, and is intended for launch of 1,7 to 30 ton payloads.
	www.kbtm.ru /english/projects/angara.htm (252 words)

	Energia Information
		It was designed to replace the Proton rocket, but lost the 1993 competition to the Angara rocket.
		With eight Zenit booster rockets and an Energia-M core as an upper stage, the "Vulkan" (which was interestingly the same name of another Soviet heavy lift rocket that was cancelled years earlier) or "Hercules" configuration could have launched a stunning 175 tonnes into orbit.
		The Energia rocket only flew twice, the first on May 15, 1987, with the Polyus military payload, and the second on November 15 1988, with the Buran Shuttle.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Energia (904 words)

	[No title]
		In the 1970s-1980s, booster rockets were launched from Plesetsk at least once a week, accounting for 38 percent of all space launches.
		The current stage of the work has been funded in full, and in late 2003, a light Angara rocket will be tested.
		The groundwork was laid by the Zenit rocket launch complex, which was frozen in 1994.
	english.mn.ru /english/printver.php?2002-22-7 (709 words)

	Russia Hopes To Launch New Angara Rocket In 2003
		Medvedev, who earlier was the first general director's assistant coordinating the Angara development project, said that it took corporation specialists five years to incorporate a module principle into the Angara's design.
		A rocket equipped powered by two engines would be in the light class, one with four engines in the medium class and one with six in the heavy class.
		The satellite is expected to be launched with a Proton-K rocket from the Baikonur space center at the beginning of next year.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/launcher-russia-01c.html (489 words)

	Angara - Summary
		The Angara 1.1 will use a single Angara booster stage core with the Breeze M upper core stage to deliver small-class payloads to low-earth orbit.
		To enhance performance to low-earth orbit, the Angara 1.2 substitutes a second stage booster powered by the liquid oxygen/kerosene RD-0124A engine, developed for the Soyuz 2 (Soyuz ST) derivative, that is also included on the Angara 3 and 5 versions.
		The super-heavy lift Angara 5-UOHB is built around a cluster of five "common cores", a Universal Oxygen Hydrogen Block (UOHB) second stage powered by a single RD-0120 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engine, and a General Cryogenic Upper Stage (GCUS) third stage.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/elvs/angara_sum.shtml (221 words)

	The Hindu : Russia designs partly reusable space booster
		The partly reusable Angara rocket, designed and built at the Khrunichev space corporation, will replace the venerable Proton rockets that have served as Russia's space workhorse for almost 30 years.
		The two-stage Angara rocket with the Baikal reusable first stage is expected to be test-launched in 2003.
		Angara will use a liquid oxygen/kerosene first stage and a liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen second stage, which are less ecologically harmful than Proton's hypergolic propellants.
	www.hindu.com /2001/06/18/stories/0318000d.htm (345 words)

	KHRUNICHEV STATE RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION SPACE CENTRE
		One such module is essentially the first stage of both the Angara 1.1 and the Angara 1.2 light-lift launch vehicles (differing in the types of their second stages).
		The Angara 3 and Angara 5 medium-lift and heavy-lift launchers, respectively, are configured by adding two and four generic rocket modules, respectively, to Anagara 1.2.
		The predicted Angara performance will allow this launch vehicle to compete successfully with the world premier launchers while the employment of advanced technologies is expected to result in a payload launch cost being lower, over a wide range of orbits, than what one would see in the case of using similar launchers from other countries.
	www.khrunichev.ru /khrunichev_eng/live/full_rel.asp?id=14670 (788 words)

	Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies - №4'2000 (July-August) Family of Perspective "Angara" Carrier ...
		Currently used Russian carrier rockets will be most probably changed by the perspective carrier missiles of "Angara" family that are being developed by "Khrunichev" State Space Scientific-Industrial Center.
		The "Angara" missile launches are to be conducted in Plesetzk from 2003 using the ground infrastructure designed for the "Zenit-2" rockets.
		In order to estimate the prospects of "Angara" on the foreign market of transport services it should be mentioned that in the near future this market most probably will be divided among the most powerful participants that are capable to offer carrier rocket families.
	www.cast.ru /eng/journal/2000/4-family (583 words)

	Angara Launch Vehicle - Russia and Space Transportation Systems
		The first one is a light rocket with a payload capacity of up to 2 tons, a rocket meant for putting into orbit small telecommunications satellites.
		And the third rocket with a payload of 20 tons is expected to replace the "Proton" carrier that's normally launched from the Baikonour cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
		The first "Angara" light booster launching was scheduled for the end of 2001, and as many as 20 more are scheduled by 2005.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/russia/launch/angara.htm (710 words)

	First Angara Rocket to Be Launched From Plesetsk in 2007 - Space - RedOrbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		July 15 (Interfax) - The first launch of an Angara rocket from the Plesetsk spaceport in Arkhangelsk region is set for 2007.
		The first Angara launch is planned for 2007," says a report from the Space Forces press service marking the 47th anniversary of the Plesetsk facility.
		The Angara system will provide for launches of any military satellites from Russian territory and guarantee the independence to the domestic aerospace industry, it said.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/72212/first_angara_rocket_to_be_launched_from_plesetsk_in_2007/index.html (191 words)

	Pravda.RU:Space Equipment to Be Further Upgraded in Russia This Year
		Construction of a medium-class Soyuz-2 /Rus/ space rocket complex is to be completed in 2003 on the Plesetsk cosmodrome in northern Russia, Colonel-General Anatoly Perminov, commander of Russia's Space Forces, told a meeting of the forces' Military Council on Tuesday.
		In its turn the Svobodny cosmodrome in the Far East is building a light-class Strela rocket complex, with work also to be continued on the upgrading of space and rocket defence facilities.
		The session also discussed flight safety of the military transport aviation of the space forces to support launches of carrier rockets and spacecraft, and also the work of the command and measuring system and space and rocket defence formations.
	newsfromrussia.com /region/2003/04/08/45775_.html (237 words)

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