
	Where results make sense

Topic: Angle strain

Related Topics

repetitive strain injuries

strain gauge

Strain tensor

stress strain curve

flu strain

Strain manga

Lunar Strain

In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	CYCLOPROPANE RING STRAIN
		ANGLE STRAIN arises when the C-C-C bonds of the ring depart (because of geometric necessity) from the ideal tetrahedral angle preferred for sp3 carbon.
		Angle strain in cyclopropane arises from the circumstance that the C-C-C angle is forced to be 60 degrees (that of an equilateral triangle), about 49 degrees less than the ideal angle for the strongest C-C bond (the strain angle is ca.
		The cause of the bent overlap is that the internuclear angle (the angle between the bond lines connecting the nuclei) is forced to be much smaller (60 degrees) than the interorbital angle (the angle between the axis of the two AO's on a given carbon), which is 109.5 degrees.
	research.cm.utexas.edu /nbauld/teach/cycloprop.html (534 words)

	Heel Wedges: Their effects on Tendon and Ligament Strains
		Strain measured in the superficial flexor tendon was not affected by an increase in toe angle.
		Strain in the suspensory ligament had a small numerical increase in strain as the toe angle was increased, but the change was not significant.
		Strains on the surface of the hoof wall remained in compression during loading and the magnitude of compression increased on the medial and lateral walls with increases in toe angle, and decreased on the dorsal hoof wall.
	www.anvilmag.com /farrier/heelwedg.htm (1444 words)

	caesar: Development of sensor for strain and angle
		The wave-guide modes are sensitive to deviations of the period of the nanostructure and sensitive to the change of the angle of the incident beam.
		As a consequence, the period of the nanostructure is a quantity for the strain and therefore for the force applied to the sensor.
		The wave-guide mode is sensitive to the period of the nanostructure and sensitive to the angle of the incident beam.
	www.caesar.de /2253.0.html (690 words)

	Angle strain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The presence of angle strain in a molecule indicates that in a specific chemical conformation there exist bond angles that deviate from the ideal bond angles required to achieve maximum bond strength.
		Angle strain typically affects cyclic molecules because non-cyclic molecules will thermodynamically conform to the most favorable stable state.
		As an example of angle strain, take cyclic alkanes, in which each carbon is equally bonded two carbons and two hydrogens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Angle_strain (265 words)

	Starquakes
		The critical strain angle of neutron star material is not accurately known.
		The strain field that develops in magnetized material could be obtained by solving the elasticity equations and Maxwell's equations self-consistently, subject to boundary conditions at the star's surface.
		[6], we obtain an estimate of the corrections to the strain angle on the star's equator; the result is shown in Fig.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/lucia/research/papers/torque/node3.html (712 words)

	Strain rate imaging
		From the formula, it is evident that positive strain is lengthening or stretching, in accordance with the everyday usage of the term, negative strain is shortening or compression, in relation to the original length.
		As all strain components are interrelated, one component may be representative of all of the regional function (7), but the 3-dimensional nature of the strain tensor is important to understand the specific problems of insonation angle in strain rate imaging compared to velocity imaging.
		As strain rate is equal to velocity gradient, in fact deformation can be described as motion gradient, strain rate being the velocity gradient (spatial derivative of of velocity), and strain the displacement gradient (spatial derivative of displacement) c fr.
	folk.ntnu.no /stoylen/strainrate (9386 words)

	bk6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Nonetheless, the "eclipsing strain", and (somewhat reduced) "angle strain", plus the effect of "bent bonds", makes cyclopropane exceedingly high in energy and unstable.
		One reason the reaction occurs readily is that "strain is released" in the chemical reaction.
		In the puckered forms, 17a and 17b, "eclipsing strain" is considerably improved at the expense of somewhat increased "angle strain", since the bond angles are 87
	www.chem.unl.edu /cak/bk6.htm (2957 words)

	Adaptive bending: Achieving accurate first-piece bending results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Many think that a bend angle's inconsistency is due to the amount of springback attributed to the variations in material type and thickness.
		A 10 percent increase in strain hardening results in a bend angle that is 1.5 degrees smaller.
		As soon as the strain is removed, the material springs back elastically and evolves toward a new state of equilibrium, resulting in the actual bend angle.
	www.thefabricator.com /Bending/Bending_Article.cfm?ID=1225 (1563 words)

	Functional Morphology & Biomechanics Laboratory -> Presentations -> Brainerd, E.L., SICB, 2003
		We have developed a mathematical model of segmented muscle in which the relationships between muscle fiber angle, muscle fiber strain, segment strain and segment force are determined.
		In both the H constant and H increases cases, strain amplification increases with increasing muscle fiber angle.
		Increased fiber angle is also associated with decreased segment force, but force does not decrease in direct proportion to strain amplification as would be the case in mechanical gear or lever systems.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/EEB/brainerd_lab/brainerd-sicb-2003.php (292 words)

	geologic strain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Geologic vs. engineering perspective with respect to stress and strain: the engineer is often concerned with predicting the strain from expected forces and internal stresses in order to prevent certain types of strain (those causing system failure).
		The natural strain is the sum of all the increments.
		ij is approximately tan of shear strain angle, i.e.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Maher/GEOL3300/week6/strain.html (1007 words)

	Fundamentals of Structural Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The coefficient E is the ratio of stress to strain, known as the modulus of elasticity.
		The angle of deformation of the particle is the shear strain due to torsion, measured in units of radians.
		The shear strain is a function of shear stress and the modulus of rigidity, G. In a pure shear situation, the stresses acting on a plane of arbitrary angle
	feaservices.com /fund_struct/fund_struct.html (5676 words)

	Stereoisomers
		The 60º bond angles are much smaller than the optimum 109.5º angles of a normal tetrahedral carbon atom, and the resulting angle strain dramatically influences the chemical behavior of this cycloalkane.
		Cyclobutane reduces some bond-eclipsing strain by folding (the out-of-plane dihedral angle is about 25º), but the total eclipsing and angle strain remains high.
		However, this strain, together with the eclipsing strain inherent in a planar structure, can be relieved by puckering the ring.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm (3796 words)

	Organic Chemistry 341 Notes
		the strain introduced by the electron repulsion of bonds on adjacent carbons - torsional strain results in the eclipsed conformer being higher in energy than the staggered conformer.
		is due to a combination of angle strain, torsional strain, and steric strain - experimentally determined from the heat of combustion of cycloalkanes.
		the strain due to bond angles being forced to expand or contract from their ideal.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/grcook/chem341_98/lectures/lecture09.shtml (246 words)

	Iverson's CH610A/ Fall 97 - POTD: 9/25/97 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The bond angles between the carbon atoms would prefer to be 109.5 degrees but because of geometrical constraints of the 3 carbon ring, this is not possible.
		There is no steric strain in cyclopropane because no atoms crash into one another but torsional strain exists because the bonds are eclipsed.
		Its bond angles are 109.5 degrees, eliminating angle strain.
	www.chem.tamu.edu /organic/Fall98/cyclic-1.html (369 words)

	SparkNotes: Carbocycles: Introduction to Cycloalkanes
		For instance, the large amount of ring strain in cyclopropane can be explain by the large deviance of the required 60 degree bond angle from 109.5.
		While this simple model of angle strain explains some of the trends in ring strain, it fails to address others.
		For instance, the 90 degree bond angles of cyclobutane are much closer to 109.5 than the 60 degree bond angles of cyclopropane, yet its ring strain is smaller by a mere 1 kcal/mol.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic2/carbocycles/section1.html (745 words)

	Phosphorylation-induced torsion-angle strain in the active center of HPr, detected by NMR and restrained molecular ...
		Phosphorylation-induced torsion-angle strain in the active center of HPr, detected by NMR and restrained molecular dynamics refinement -- VAN-NULAND et al.
		Phosphorylation-induced torsion-angle strain in the active center of HPr, detected by NMR and restrained molecular dynamics refinement
		361:94-97), it was proposed that the observed torsion-angle strain at
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/abstract/5/3/442 (303 words)

	A
		Strain due to a departure in bond angle from "normal" values.
		The term is often used in the context of non-aromatic cyclic compounds in which the internal angles differ from the regular tetrahedral angle of 109
		In the chair form of cyclohexane ring bonds to ring atoms (and molecular entities attached to such bonds) are termed axial or equatorial according to whether the bonds make a relatively large or small angle, respectively, with the plane containing or passing closest to a majority of the ring atoms.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/stereo/A.html (1119 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		However, it does have torsional strain because the conformation is eclipsed at each of the green bonds.
		Some of the strain in the boat conformation can be relieved by twisting it slightly.
		This introduces some angle strain, but relieves some of the torsional strain and some of the steric strain.
	www.du.edu /~jhornbac/organic/cycloc6.html (185 words)

	Remodeling of the zero-stress state of femoral arteries in response to flow overload -- Lu et al. 280 (4): 1547 -- AJP ...
		RESIDUAL STRAIN IS as the strain in the no-load state (where external forces are zero) in reference to the zero-stress
		an increase in the residual strain (9, 20).
		Experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that geometric remodeling alters the residual strain in the vessel wall (22).
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/4/H1547 (5733 words)

	GIS/EM4 - The use of GIS in subsidence hazard mapping in Korea
		Thus it is clear that a new standard database for GIS should include the angle of draw as a main input.
		Thus the angle of break should be included in a new standard database for the zonation of subsidence hazard.
		Thus this is automatically found when the location of cavity, dimension of cavity, and angle of draw are recorded in a database.
	www.colorado.edu /research/cires/banff/pubpapers/181/index.html (799 words)

	Alkane Reactivity
		The chief source of ring strain in smaller rings is angle strain and eclipsing strain.
		As noted elsewhere, cyclopropane and cyclobutane have large contributions of both strains, with angle strain being especially severe.
		Changes in chemical reactivity as a consequence of angle strain are dramatic in the case of cyclopropane, and are also evident for cyclobutane.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/funcrx1.htm (1653 words)

	Chem 3010
		The angle between a front bond and a rear bond is the dihedral angle
		Angle strain for tightened or widened bond C-C-C angles
		Torsional strain for H atoms attached to the C atoms
	science.csustan.edu /almy/3010/McM5Chapters/5mcm04.htm (2709 words)

	Ch3 - Conformational Terminology
		Destabilisation due to distortion of a bond angle from it's optimum value caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the electrons in the bonds.
		Destabilisation due to the repulsion between pairs of bonds caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the electrons in the bonds.
		The destabilisation of a cyclic structure compared to a related non-cyclic structure, mainly due to angle and torsional strain.
	library.tedankara.k12.tr /carey/ch3-terminology.html (335 words)

	Experimental Validation of a New Ultrasound Method for the Simultaneous Assessment of Radial and Longitudinal ...
		The position where the highest similarity is found (illustrated as a solid rectangle in "solution" image) determines the in-plane frame to frame displacement relative to its initial position (illustrated as a dashed rectangle in the "solution" image).
		Doppler tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate imaging with transesophageal echocardiography in the operating room: a feasibility study.
		Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/112/14/2157 (3275 words)

	Toolkit
		In benzene, this is not a problem because the angles in a regular hexagon are also 120û.
		Recall that in a rectangle all of the angles are 90û.
		Angle strain is usually one component of ring strain.
	server1.fandm.edu /departments/chemistry/Organic/Toolkit.html (862 words)

	Chapter 3
		This too is almost free of angle strain, but in contrast has torsional strain associated with eclipsed bonds at four of the C atoms.
		The twist relieves some of the torsional strain of the boat and moves the flagpole H further apart reducing the steric strain.
		In order to be able to compare the strain in each member of the cycloalkane series, the heat of combustion per methylene (i.e.
	library.tedankara.k12.tr /carey/ch3-cycloalkanes.html (410 words)

	Models Tutorial -- Page 13
		Unsubstituted cycloalkanes, if planar, would not only have significant angle strain (caused by abnormal bond angles in the ring) but also considerable torsional strain (from eclipsing of adjacent hydrogens).
		Cyclopropane and cyclobutane cannot avoid having large amounts of strain in their structures, but cyclopentane and cyclohexane can easily adopt conformations in which not only the angles have normal values but eclipsing (thus torsional strain) is minimized.
		Nevertheless, to avoid torsional strain the molecule bends into the so-called envelope conformation, in which one of the carbon atoms is bent out-of-plane.
	www.bluffton.edu /~bergerd/models/CS/newman2.html (240 words)

	Strain energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a molecule, strain energy is released when the constituent atoms are allowed to rearrange themselves in a chemical reaction or a change of chemical conformation in a way that:
		For example, the heat of combustion of cyclopropane (696 kJ/mole) is higher than that of propane (657 kJ/mole) per methylene unit.
		Compounds with unusually large strain energy include tetrahedranes, propellanes, cubanes, fenestranes and cyclophanes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strain_energy (140 words)

	[No title]
		This "optimum" bond angle is sometimes impossible due to the strains in a molecular structure.
		For example, the C-C-C bond angle in cyclopropane ("live" structure is shown below) is only 60°, with a 49° deviation from the normal tetrahedral angle of 109°.
		The most stable conformation of cyclohexane is the chair conformation, in which all bond angles are close to the tetrahedral 109°.
	www.uwosh.edu /faculty_staff/xie/tutorial/cycloalkane_conf.htm (481 words)

	Old Quizzes and Exams for Unit One
		(4 pts) Indicate which type(s) of strain (torsional strain, steric strain, and/or bond angle strain) are responsible for the following observations.
		The eclipsed conformation of ethane is 3 kcal higher energy than the staggered one.
		(4 pts) The total ring strain in a cycloalkane is a combination of angle strain, torsional strain, steric strain.
	web.uccs.edu /bgaddis/chem331/OldQuizUnitOne.htm (417 words)

	06sep22
		cyclopropane, cyclobutane are highly strained because of angle strain.
		Cycloalkanes adopt their minimum-energy conformations for a combination of two strains.
		Torsinal strain is one kind of steric strain, which due to eclipsing of bond.
	www2.latech.edu /~hji/Course250/06Oct01/06sep25.htm (618 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)