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Topic: Anglo Iraqi Treaty of October 1922

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	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922
		The treaty was signed in October 1922, but not ratified until March 1924.
		While the treaty was humiliating for many Iraqis, it still had in it the seed for independence.
		The 1922 treaty was superseded by a new treaty in 1930.
	i-cias.com /e.o/angl_tr_iraq1.htm (109 words)

	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
		A re-drafted agreement based upon the 1922 treaty, and taking into consideration the change in Iraq's importance after the oil finds in 1927.
		The treaty assured independence in most areas, and Iraq's membership in the League of Nations was supported by Britain.
		Even after the official mandate was ended in October 1932, and Iraq gained formal independence, the treaty continued to be effective.
	i-cias.com /e.o/angl_tr_iraq2.htm (151 words)

	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922
		The treaty was signed in October 1922, but not ratified until March 1924.
		While the treaty was humiliating for many Iraqis, it still had in it the seed for independence.
		The 1922 treaty was superseded by a new treaty in 1930.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/angl_tr_iraq1.htm (109 words)

	Imperialism and Iraq: Lessons from the past Part Two
		The terms of the treaty were so blatantly biased in Britain’s favour—as the negotiations over the oil concessions and the TPC would show—that it was to take a year of unmitigated pressure and bullying by Britain for the King and Cabinet to agree to it.
		The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty marked the beginning of a new kind of colonial policy, the reliance on collaborators, and the end of the period of direct British rule in Iraq.
		Thirdly, the British demanded that the Iraqi government spend at least 25 percent of all its revenues on defence—a euphemism for putting down the insurgent tribesmen who were revolting against their tribal leaders and British rule.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/may2003/irq2-m30.shtml (2583 words)

	Nuri as-Said
		He was also slated to become the first prime minister of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan[?], but the proposed merger of the two countries never came into being because of the coup that toppled the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958.
		He obtained his first cabinet position in Iraq in 1922, with his appointment as defense minister, and served almost continuously in government in some key capacity until the overthrow of the monarchy.
		During his first term, he signed the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930)[?], reducing British involvement in Iraq's internal affairs and defense policies, thereby leading the way to full independence upon the completion of the Mandate in 1932.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/nu/Nuri_as-Said.html (451 words)

	Iraq and the Eastern Question
		From the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries, the course of Iraqi history was affected by the continuing conflicts between the Safavid Empire in Iran and the Ottoman Turks.
		As a result of the victory at Mosul, British authority was extended to all the Iraqi wilayat (sing., wilayah-province) with the exception of the Kurdish highlands bordering Turkey and Iran, the land alongside the Euphrates from Baghdad south to An Nasiriyah, and the Shia cities of Karbala and An Najaf.
		The twenty-year treaty, which was ratified in October 1922, stated that the king would heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and on fiscal policy as long as Iraq was in debt to Britain, and that British officials would be appointed to specified posts in eighteen departments to act as advisers and inspectors.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Iraq.html (5392 words)

	Iraq - MSN Encarta
		The treaty required that the king heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and that British officials serve in specific Iraqi government posts.
		A treaty of nonaggression, reaffirming a fundamental Arab kinship, was signed with the king of Saudi Arabia in the same year.
		Declaring this action a violation of the treaty between Britain and Iraq, Gailani mobilized the Iraqi army, and war between the two countries began in May. Later that month the government of Iraq conceded defeat.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567303_12/Iraq.html (1679 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Meanwhile, UN sanctions remained in effect, crippling the Iraqi economy; a UN study team reported in 1995 that more than 500,000 Iraqi children may have died as a result of declining standards of nutrition, sanitation, and medical care since the sanctions were imposed.
		Three days later, the Iraqi leader’s eldest son, Uday Hussein (1964–), was seriously wounded by gunmen in Baghdad; the attack triggered numerous arrests of suspected opponents of the regime.
		Iraqi efforts to limit the activities of UN weapons inspectors during 1997 and 1998 raised international concern that the nation might be stockpiling chemical and biological toxins for military use.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/iraq.html (7241 words)

	Iraqi War - Iraq the Country - Profile
		In the northeastern highlands rainfall is considerable from October to May, ranging from 305 to 559 mm (12 to 22 in), but farther south, on the central alluvial plain and near the Persian Gulf, precipitation is slight, averaging 150 mm (6 in) annually.
		Another cleavage in Iraqi society is that between the urban population and the rural population.
		Beginning in 1980 the Iraqi economy was adversely affected by four major factors: the war with Iran during the 1980s, an international oil glut in the 1980s and 1990s, the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the Persian Gulf War in 1991.
	www.iraqiwar.com /Iraq.htm (11911 words)

	1920's Timeline
		March 1922 - The British end their protectorate over Egypt, granting nominal independence subject to "four reserved points." These points are the security of imperial communications within Egypt, the defense of Egypt against foreign attack, the protection of foreign interests and personnel, and the administration of the Sudan.
		October 1923 - Under the leadership of Lt. Colonol F.G. Peake the Al Jeish al Arabi, or "Arab Army" is formed in Transjordan.
		October 1924 - King Hussein of Hejaz, despite wanting to fight to the end, is convinced to abdicate his throne and goes into exile in Cyprus.
	www.middleeasttimeline.net /1920.htm (0 words)

	Chronology 1922
		This treaty was negotiated at the Washington Conference.
		German and Russian delegates signed a treaty of alliance by which both countries renounced reparations and laid the ground work for economic and military cooperation to the dismay of the Allied powers.
		The governments of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes renewed their treaty of alliance, which was the basis of the Little Entente.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1922.htm (2036 words)

	The Iraq Crisis and War - Timeline - a chronology of events
		Iraqi National Congress established by 300 delegates in Vienna as the opposition umbrella body, on the initiative of Ahmad Chalabi.
		Iraqi defectors Hussein and Saddam Kamil are shunned by Iraqi opposition groups, and agree to return to Iraq, where they are promptly assassinated.
		Iraqi defectors claim that hijackers were trained in a mockup Boeing 707 at the Salman Pak base in Iraq.
	www.mideastweb.org /iraqtimeline.htm (4604 words)

	[No title]
		In the early 1970s, Iraqi casualties from the renewed warfare with the Kurds were such as to induce Saddam Husayn to sign an agreement with the shah of Iran in Algiers in March 1975 recognizing the thalweg, or the midpoint of the Shatt al Arab, as the boundary between the two countries.
		The majority of Iraqis were divorced from the political process, and the process itself failed to develop procedures for resolving internal conflicts other than rule by decree and the frequent use of repressive measures.
		Between the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 and the emergence of Saddam Husayn in the mid-1970s, Iraqi history was a chronicle of conspiracies, coups, countercoups, and fierce Kurdish uprisings.
	www.samizdat.com /iraq.txt (0 words)

	materiali resistenti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The terms of the treaty were so blatantly biased in Britain’s favour—as the negotiations over the oil concessions and the TPC would show—that it was to take a year of unmitigated pressure and bullying by Britain for the King and Cabinet to agree to it.
		The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty marked the beginning of a new kind of colonial policy, the reliance on collaborators, and the end of the period of direct British rule in Iraq.
		Thirdly, the British demanded that the Iraqi government spend at least 25 percent of all its revenues on defence—a euphemism for putting down the insurgent tribesmen who were revolting against their tribal leaders and British rule.
	materialiresistenti.clarence.com /permalink/11757.html (0 words)

	New Left Review - Susan Watkins: Vichy on the Tigris
		Iraqis recall him as a Baath enforcer in London student circles of the 1970s, with a bogus medical degree conferred by the regime for services rendered.
		In January 1948 popular anger at the recycling of the Treaty [15] and at the British role in Palestine set off an insurrectionary movement in the capital, mingling middle-class students and nationalists with communist railway workers and slum-dwellers.
		Iraqis are well tutored in these battles, the abc of their modern history.
	newleftreview.org /?page=article&view=2515 (4916 words)

	The Kurdish Problem and the Mosul Boundary: 1918-1925 - Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		The treaty of Sevres, which had included provision for an independent Kurdistan, was soon nullified by the revival of Turkish strength in the summer of 1920.
		We have already noticed the problems caused by the delays over the ratification of the treaty by the Constituent Assembly, and these difficulties were compounded in the North by the lack of enthusiasm of a large proportion of the population for the whole idea of the Iraq State.
		In the Chamber, the Treaty was passed unanimously on 18 January 1926; there were 58 votes in favour, and 19 abstentions, corresponding to Yasin al-Hashimi’s followers associated with his Hizb al Sha’b (People’s Party).
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/iraq/history/1976oilbound.htm (3214 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com - View topic - A History of the Iraqi Communist Party 1934-1963: Part 1
		The British administration of Iraq remained, until October 1920, the responsibility of the Commander-in-chief of the British forces exercised through the Civil Commissioner, Sir Percy Cox, who was replaced in May 1918 by Arnold Wilson.
		This culminated in the Iraqi revolt of 1920, which began as a general protest against British rule, but ended as a revolt of the tribes of the mid-Euphrates.
		This treaty was to form the basis of Britain’s relationship with a post-independent Iraq.
	www.soviet-empire.com /ussr/viewtopic.php?t=28571 (1380 words)

	History of Iraq to 1963 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Anglo Iranian was not renamed British Petroleum Company Limited until it had lost its concessions in Iran which were nationalised in 1951.
		The subsequent Treaty of Sèvres signed between the Allies and the Turks confirmed Allied oil rights as well as granting Britain 75% and France 25% of the new Turkish Petroleum Company with ratified rights of exploration in the Vilayets of Mosul and Baghdad.
		The British decision at the 1921 Cairo Conference to establish an indigenous Iraqi army was significant.
	www.eurolegal.org /neoconwars/iraq.htm (0 words)

	Lt Col Stafford
		By October 1922 the Assyrian units in the Levies consisted of two battalions of infantry, one pack battery, and two squadrons of cavalry.
		The Iraqi forces were moving through a semi-hostile countryside, and there is no doubt that the Arab troops would have found themselves in serious difficulties if they had not had Levy support.
		It might have been expected that the Iraqi Government should be grateful to the Assyrian Levies for their service in the early days, they certainly accomplished much good work, unfortunately, however, political reasons forbid any display of gratitude.
	www.assyrianlevies.com /gpage.html3.html (3207 words)

	New Left Review - Susan Watkins: Vichy on the Tigris
		Iraqis recall him as a Baath enforcer in London student circles of the 1970s, with a bogus medical degree conferred by the regime for services rendered.
		In January 1948 popular anger at the recycling of the Treaty [15] and at the British role in Palestine set off an insurrectionary movement in the capital, mingling middle-class students and nationalists with communist railway workers and slum-dwellers.
		It is the strength of the Iraqi resistanceâ”and it aloneâ”that has led to widespread uneasiness in the Western establishments.
	www.newleftreview.net /?page=article&view=2515 (4916 words)

	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
		A re-drafted agreement based upon the 1922 treaty, and taking into consideration the change in Iraq's importance after the oil finds in 1927.
		The treaty assured independence in most areas, and Iraq's membership in the League of Nations was supported by Britain.
		Even after the official mandate was ended in October 1932, and Iraq gained formal independence, the treaty continued to be effective.
	www.lexicorient.com /e.o/angl_tr_iraq2.htm (151 words)

	Iraq (mandate) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Arab emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities.
		The final major decision taken at the Cairo Conference related to the new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922.
		Faisal was under pressure from the nationalists and the anti-British mujtahids of An Najaf and Karbala to limit both British influence in Iraq and the duration of the treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Mandate_of_Iraq (0 words)

	KEO - HUMAN RIGHTS
		The Kemalist victory over the Greeks in 1922 was an important factor in the fall of the coalition government of Lloyd George in October 1922.
		Iraqi nationalists opposed the ratification on the grounds that the Treaty would strengthen the British hold on Iraq, restricting Iraq's sovereign rights and placing heavy financial obligations on the treaty.
		The Iraqi nationalists organized large demonstrations, and on 29 May 1924 the army was called in by the government to disperse the thousands of demonstrators.
	www.kurdistanica.com /english/legal/articles/legal-article-0001.html (4791 words)

	Tragedy of the Assyrians
		The Iraqi politicians were jealous of the favours - the remissions of taxation, grants of land, and other privileges - which had been shown the Assyrian refugees, while the Assyrians were apt to regard themselves as British protégés and held aloof from Iraqi officialdom.
		The Iraqi Government, be it said, behaved in a very magnanimous manner, and the nine Levy soldiers found guilty at a trial, were released after having served a comparatively short term of imprisonment, and received a free pardon.
		By October 1922 the Assyrian units in the Levies consisted of two battalions of infantry, one pack battery, and two squadrons of cavalry.
	www.aina.org /books/tota.htm (0 words)

	Iraq - The Global Relations of the Many Nations
		King Faisal requested that the mandate be exchanged for a treaty of alliance between the two nations, and the British government concurred.
		Therefore, in 1922, a 20- year treaty of alliance and protection between Great Britain and Iraq was signed.
		In April 1947 a treaty of kinship and alliance was signed by the two kingdoms, allowing mutual military and diplomatic aid.
	library.thinkquest.org /25029/iraq.back.shtml (1841 words)

	onlinefx destination guide to egypt
		Led by Saad Zaghlul Pasha, there was a resurgence of Egyptian nationalism after World War I. In February 1922 Egypt was recognised as an independent sovereign state.
		Yet Nasser was the object of popular adulation across the entire Arab world, and his death in 1970 sent shockwaves far beyond Egypt's borders.
		The latter prompted Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League and complicated Sadat's already ambivalent relations with domestic opponents: on 6 October 1981, militant Islamists assassinated him at a military parade.
	www.onlinefx.co.uk /fx/Stores/OnlineFX/destinationguide/egypt.asp (713 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This treaty agreed that Italy could keep the Dodecanese Islands, which she occupied in 1912, and also receive a sphere of influence in Adalia in the western part of Asia Minor at the end of the war.
		In October of 1915, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, agreed, with certain reservations, âto recognize and support the independence of the Arabs within the territories included in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sharif of Meccaâ.
		All of the parties were trying to defeat one another, none of the parties were living up to their promises in the treaties, and all of the parties were, despite what they said, only interested in bettering their own positions.
	www.cnfs-rcef.net /cnfs-rcef.net/cnfs.php/federalgovernance/archives/view_html.html?VCID=12 (9932 words)

	MidEast Web - Middle East Israel - Palestinian Conflict TimeLine
		In October or November he was proclaimed king of Saudi Arabia, but the British supported Saud, who had been in control of Riyadh since 1902, and who made a pact with the British in 1915.
		Anglo American Committee of Inquiry for Palestine appointed.
		Is unanimously supported in this by the Arab League (Aug), though Iraqi leaders secretly call on the British to topple Nasser; imposition of martial law in Iraq.
	www.mideastweb.org /timeline.htm (7776 words)

	Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		1922 - The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty affirmed the authority of Feisal and British officials in Iraq for the next 20 years.
		1929 - The new Labour government in Britain agreed to negotiate a treaty with Iraqi nationalists to grant independence.
		1932 - October 3, Iraq became an independent state and was admitted to the League of Nations.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/for/iraq.html (0 words)

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