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Topic: Anglo-Irish Treaty

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Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called. The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is the authoritative treaty on the international law of treaties, establishing the procedures by which treaties are adopted, interpreted, and invalidated. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979) that the President has the power to unilaterally abrogate a treaty without the consent of Congress or the Senate. www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Treaty

Anglo-Irish Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Anglo-Irish Treaty was a treaty between the British government and representatives of the (extra-judicial) Irish Republic which concluded the Anglo-Irish War. The treaty was signed in London by representatives of the British government and envoys plenipotentiary of the Irish Republic (i.e., negotiators empowered to sign a treaty without reference back to their superiors) on December 6, 1921. The Treaty's provisions relating to the monarch, governor-general and the treaty's own superiority in law were all deleted from the Constitution of the Irish Free State in 1932, following enactment of the Statute of Westminster by the British Parliament. www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Anglo-Irish_Treaty

Anglo-Irish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The war ended in a Truce on the 11th of July 1921, which led to the negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) and the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. To purist Irish Republicans, the Anglo-Irish war had begun with the Proclamation of the Irish Republic during the Easter Rising of 1916. The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army. www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Anglo-Irish_War

Constitution of the Irish Free State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Constitution was shaped by the requirements of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed between representatives of the British Government and the Irish Republic in December 1922. The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the constitution of the southern Irish state established in December 1922. In 1936, then President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State Eamon de Valera had a replacement constitution drafted by John Hearne, called Bunreacht na hÉireann, for which he gave formal notice to King Edward VIII of Ireland in July 1936. www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State

Irish Parliamentary Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The 1916 Easter Rising and the British reaction to it, and the clumsy attempt at conscription radicalised Irish politics to such an extent that the IPP lost almost all of their seats in the 1918 general election to the more militant Sinn Féin, and was dissolved. The greatest achievement of the IPP was the introduction to Irish society of parliamentary tradition and all that went with it -- a fully up and running local government administration with its diverse institutions, which had rooted itself more deeply than anyone could have imagined into the life of the country. This is perhaps the highest tribute that can deservedly be bestowed upon the old Irish Parliamentary Party, which during fifty years of hard and exacting as well as frustrating parliamentary labours, established and fostered the development of representative institutions which gave stimulus to democratic action and discussion at every level of political involvement. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party

Republic of Ireland - FreeEncyclopedia In December 1921, the British Government and Irish Republican plenipotentiaries[?] negotiated a peace treaty, known as the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain against the violent conflict between paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles. The Irish Free State/Éire remained a member of the British Commonwealth until the declaration of a republic in April 1949. openproxy.ath.cx /re/Republic_of_Ireland.html

angloirishtreaty.html But the terms of the treaty had been accepted by the Irish signatories only because Lloyd George had threatened war on Ireland if they were rejected. The Treaty was signed on behalf of Great Britain by Lloyd George and leading members of his cabinet and on behalf of Ireland by Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins, and other members of the Republican cabinet. This slightly enlarged the sovereignty of the new Irish state, but it also confirmed the right of the six counties of Northern Ireland to opt out of the arrangement, which they did. www.bampfa.berkeley.edu /exhibits/irish/angloirishtreaty.html

The Anglo-Irish Treaty: Seed of 'The Troubles' -- The Wild Geese Today The authority of the Irish delegation to sign the treaty at all was certainly in question: Irish history is full of men and women who put their lifes on the line for Irish freedom. Rightly or wrongly, Collins believed that the Irish forces could not sustain the all-out war the British were likely to initiate; certainly Collins would have been one of the finest judges of this. www.thewildgeese.com /pages/treaty.html

Articles - Irish Civil War The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Anglo-Irish War (or "Irish War of Independence"), fought between Irish separatists (organised as the extra-legal Irish Republic) and the British government, from 1919-1921. The treaty also stipulated that members of the new Irish Oireachtas (parliament) would have to take an "Oath of Allegiance" to the Free State constitution and an oath of fidelity to the British king. Under the treaty the state was not to be called a republic but a "free state" and it was only to include twenty-six southern and western counties of Ireland. www.gaple.com /articles/Irish_Civil_War

The Anglo-Irish Treaty Failure to do this would result in "an immediate and terrible war." The Anglo-Irish Treaty, the first ever treaty between England and Ireland, was signed by both sides around 2 a.m. Above, Collins defending the Anglo-Irish Treaty to crowds of Irish voters. The British side proposed partioning the country into two parts: a section in the north to be governed by Protestants and in the south, the Irish Free State governed predominately by Nationalists. www.geocities.com /heathcliffiam/mctreaty.htm

The Irish Civil War, 1922-1923 by Paul V. Walsh - A NYMAS Fulltext Resource Under pressure from his own party, Lloyd George presented the Irish delegates with an ultimatum; sign the Treaty as it existed or face the renewal of 'immediate and terrible war'. Ironically, the most publicly outspoken critic of the Treaty, De Valera, was in reality the least important (all the more so when, at the head of the opponents of the Treaty, he left the Dail in protest three days after its ratification). Rather, it was the rejection of the Treaty by the majority of the I.R.A. that threatened the outbreak of civil war. www.libraryautomation.com /nymas/irishcivilwar.html

Triskelle - Irish History - War of Independence Because the division of Ireland was not retracted in this treaty it causes discord in Sinn Féin and in the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The Irish Republic was proclaimed and the Dáil Éireann was in fact the Government and Eamonn de Valera the President. Ambushes carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), such as the Soloheadbeg Ambush or the Kilmichael Ambush, alternated with retaliations from the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) or British army. www.vincentpeters.nl /triskelle/history/warofindependence.php?index=060.150

Three Monkeys The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Civil War Tellingly, while upholding the Treaty terms as a government minister and later running the Free State army, Collins was also secretly arming IRA units in the North who were attacking police barracks in a flagrant violation of the Treaty. Either the Irish accepted an oath of allegiance to the British crown or not, and all the adjectives in the world wouldn’t be able to hide it. Collins spoke publicly of the Treaty as a stepping stone to achieve further freedom for Ireland; privately in IRB circles he hinted that the Treaty was a device for Ireland to build up its own army and eventually force Britain to hand over Northern Ireland. www.threemonkeysonline.com /threemon_printable.php?id=70

Triskelle - Irish History - Civil War The division of Ireland, as agreed with in the Anglo-Irish Treaty, has caused a rift in the Dáil Éireann, the parliament of south Ireland. Summary: Discord has divided the Irish Republican Army in those against the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irregulars, and those in favour, the Free State Army. These anti-Treaty members doubted the authority of Richard Mulcahy, then Minister for Defence and Head of the Irish Republican Army, and refused to recognise the Dáil Éireann, because they accepted the division of Ireland. www.vincentpeters.nl /triskelle/history/civilwar.php?index=060.160

Travel and Historic Sites -- West Cork Ambush Sites -- The Wild Geese Today After Eamon de Valera's refusal to accept the Anglo-Irish Treaty, even though ratified by a majority in the Dáil, civil war loomed, and became inevitable after the Army Convention of March 26, 1922, when the bulk of the IRA in attendance affirmed their opposition to the treaty. The resulting treaty with Britain secured independence for 26 counties of Ireland, but also led to a tragic civil war in which Collins himself was killed in August 1922, at Béal na mBláth, County Cork, less than 20 miles from his birthplace. Collins -- military tactician, economist, statesman, co-founder of the Irish State, and son of a farmer -- was born at Woodfield, near Clonakilty, County Cork, in October 1890. www.thewildgeese.com /pages/westcork.html

Ireland - becoming a free state By the terms of the treaty, all of Ireland except the six counties constituting Northern Ireland was to receive dominion status identical with that of Canada. Irish liberation from British rule was achieved as the result of a struggle extending over several centuries and marked by numerous rebellions. With the question of the treaty the chief issue, an election for a provisional Dáil was held in June 1922. www.iol.ie /~dluby/history.htm

The Anglo-Irish Treaty Although the terms of the draft Treaty were supposed to be presented to the Irish Cabinet before it was signed, there was little time for this. The English were adamantly opposed to an Irish republic and wanted the Irish to agree to Dominion status, signing an oath of allegiance and the exclusion of six counties of Ulster. The Irish delegation consisted of Michael Collins, the famous Irish fighter, Arthur Griffith, Robert Barton, Duffy and Duggan. www.suite101.com /article.cfm/british_social_history/66331

The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Anglo-Irish Treaty@ HighBeam Research In Irish history, articles of agreement between Britain and southern Ireland signed in London in December 1921, which confirmed the end of the Anglo-Irish War (1919-21) but then precipitated the Irish Civil War (1922-23). The settlement created the Irish Free State within the British Commonwealth and endorsed the creation of Northern Ireland. www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:100113687&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf

Dáil Éireann - Volume 257 - 09 December, 1971 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Anglo-Irish Treaty Commemoration. Begley asked the Taoiseach why no ceremonies were organised at Government level to mark the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Taoiseach: It was decided by the Government that the event for which there should be a special State commemoration in relation to the year 1921 was the Anglo-Irish Truce of that year, and the 50th anniversary of the Truce was duly commemorated in July, 1971. You are jealous of them and have never given them their place in Irish history. www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0257/D.0257.197112090007.html

O'Mahony and Mules (1987) The new Anglo-Irish treaty O'Mahony and Mules (1987) The new Anglo-Irish treaty www.getcited.org /pub/102916361

The Anglo In 1933 De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and stopped paying land annuities to Britain these were paid by the Irish farmer who had borrowed money from the British government before 1922 to buy their farmers. Britain retaliated by putting heavy duties on the imports from the fee state and a trade war began as the Irish done the same with the British goods. He had always been against the treaty and began to dismantle it. www.ashfieldgirls.org /4thyear/website23/ANGLO_IRISH_TREATY.htm

BBC - History - Civil war 1922 - 1923 Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson was murdered by the IRA in London on 22 June: Lloyd George's government insisted that the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State take action or it would consider the Treaty to have been broken. The issue that divided nationalists was not so much partition as the fact that the Treaty kept the Free State within the Empire. The Dáil president, Eamon de Valera, opposed the Treaty and when deputies voted in its favour in January 1922 he resigned. www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/ni/civil_war.shtml

national youth groups : Ireland Na Fianna Éireann Anglo Irish Treaty The IRA played a major role is bringing the British to offer the Anglo Irish Treaty which offered a withdrawl of British troops and establishment of the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State (IFS) was a compromise by which the Irish secured the withdrawl of the British. The public at large strongly supported the Treaty, but the IRA was a more radical element of the population. histclo.com /youth/youth/org/nat/ire/nfe-ait.htm

Archives Dept, University College, Dublin Attorney General, Irish Free State: correspondence on a wide range of issues and concerns with the Cabinet Office (1923), Colonial Office (1923ñ4), Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (1923), Office of the Irish High Commissioner, London (1923ñ4), Governor General, Irish Free State (1922ñ4) and related memoranda from Irish Free State government offices. Dáil Éireann funds: correspondence between George McGrath (Accountant General) and James O’Connor (Counsel for the Irish Free State) (1922ñ4); transcripts of related proceedings in the New York Supreme Court (1922ñ[1927]) and of the Dublin Commission (1923ñ4) including details of plaintiffs’ exhibits ([1919]ñ1923) and reference material for counsel and for the plaintiffs ([1919]ñ1924). International Commission under the Treaty of Conciliation between Romania and the United States of America (1930ñ1) and Second House Commission (1936). www.ucd.ie /archives/html/homepage/collections/kennedy-hugh.htm

Cyndi's List - Ireland & Northern Ireland Many records were created before Ireland was partitioned and after the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, some, such as the Tithe Applotment Books and National School records were split on a county basis. For those who are researching Irish ancestry and history to discuss ways of improving their skills in searching for their Irish ancestors. For anyone with a genealogical interest in the history of the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish revolutionary movement that was formed in 1857 and continued on until the 1870s. www.cyndislist.com /ireland.htm

MSN Encarta - Irish Free State Irish Free State (1922-1937), Irish dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Founding of the Free State Become a subscriber today and gain access to: encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577629/Irish_Free_State.html

CAIN: Events: Anglo-Irish Agreement - Background Information The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922 established the Irish Free State. Overall, the British and Irish governments attitudes to the Stormont years in Northern Ireland (1922 to 1972) was one of benign indifference. The hunger strikes were a major propaganda coup for Sinn Féin (SF) and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and heralded the entry of Sinn Féin into electoral politics. cain.ulst.ac.uk /events/aia/bac.htm

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