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| | A complex relationship: |
 | | One consequence of the threat of Malagasy raids was the regular exchange of intelligence through Muslim emissaries in the first decade of the new century between the Portuguese authorities at Mozambique Island, the Sultan of Nzwani, and the Queen of Bombetoka, the important trading entrepôt that was the predecessor of modern Mahajanga3. |
 | | The islands supplied Mozambique with rice, sorghum, finger millet, some oats, beans, mung or green gram, coconuts, coconut oil, ghee, honey, goats, cattle, and sambo (from ntsambu in Shingazidja; Cyclas circinalis), a form of sago that was used only for feeding slaves7. |
 | | Similarly, the Portuguese were entangled diplomatically in the political restructuring precipitated in north-western Madagascar and the Comoro Islands following the death of Radama I, the Merina defeat of the Sakalava kingdom of Boina, and the Malagasy invasions of Mwali and Mayotte (J. Martin 1983, I: 124-131)11. |
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