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	Angular momentum quantum number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Usually boldface is used to represent the angular momentum vectors, and italics for the associated quantum numbers.
		The orbital angular momentum is parametrized by the azimuthal quantum number l and its z-projection by the magnetic quantum number m
		are the associated quantum numbers for the corresponding angular momenta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Angular_momentum_quantum_number (420 words)

	Spin quantum number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In atomic physics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number that parametrizes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of a given particle.
		The spin quantum number is the fourth of a set of quantum numbers which describe the unique quantum state of an electron and is designated by the letter s.
		There needed to be a fourth quantum number that could properly predict spectra that matched the complexity found in nature so that this new quantum number had to behave as if it were also derived from the algebra of angular momentum vectors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spin_quantum_number (980 words)

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of theoretical physics that supersedes classical mechanics at the atomic and subatomic levels.
		Quantum mechanics is a more fundamental theory than Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism, in the sense that it provides accurate and precise descriptions for many phenomena that these "classical" theories simply cannot explain on the atomic and subatomic level.
		In the formalism of quantum mechanics, the state of a system at a given time is described by a complex number wave functions (sometimes referred to as orbitals in the case of atomic electrons), and more generally, elements of a complex vector space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_Mechanics (5447 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Angular momentum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In physics the angular momentum of an object with respect to a reference point is a measure for the extent to which, and the direction in which, the object rotates about the reference point.
		Angular momentum can also be calculated by multiplying the square of the displacement 'r',the mass of the particle and the angular velocity.
		Under this formalism, angular momentum is the 2-form Noether charge associated with rotational invariance (As a result, angular momentum isn't conserved for general curved spacetimes, unless it happens to be asymptotically rotationally invariant).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Angular_momentum (1013 words)

	Duran: Chapter Nine Quantum Numbers and the Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The orbital quantum number, l, (or angular momentum quantum number) cannot be larger than n-1, but can be zero or a positive integer.
		The quantum number l determines the geometric shape of the orbital.
		Spin is an intrinsic quantum number, which causes electrons to behave as if they are spinning on their axis, generating a magnetic field.
	www.chem.ufl.edu /~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_9/quantum.html (407 words)

	Quantized Angular Momentum
		It is a characteristic of angular momenta in quantum mechanics that the magnitude of the angular momentum in terms of the orbital quantum number is of the form
		This kind of coupling gives an even number of angular momentum levels, which is consistent with the multiplets seen in anomalous Zeeman effects such as that of sodium.
		This quantum number is used to characterize the splitting of atomic energy levels, such as the spin-orbit splitting which leads to the sodium doublet.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/qangm.html (343 words)

	Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
		The Bohr model was a one-dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the distribution of electrons in the atom.
		It forces the number of subshells in a shell to be equal to the principal quantum number for the shell.
		The number of orbitals in a shell is the square of the principal quantum number: 1
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/quantum.html (2581 words)

	Orbital Angular Momentum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Note that this quantum number differs from the energy quantum number for the particle in the box in that zero and negative values are allowed.
		Angular momentum is actually a vector oriented perpendicular to the wire loop in the example we are discussing.
		Figure 9.6 illustrates the angular momentum vector associated with a bead moving on a wire loop which is tilted from the horizontal.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node99.html (523 words)

	Electron spin
		Quantization of angular momentum had already arisen for orbital angular momentum, and if this electron spin behaved the same way, an angular momentum quantum number s = 1/2 was required to give just two states.
		An angular momentum and a magnetic moment could indeed arise from a spinning sphere of charge, but this classical picture cannot fit the size or quantized nature of the electron spin.
		The precise value of g was predicted by relativistic quantum mechanics in the Dirac equation and was measured in the Lamb shift experiment.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/spin.html (1020 words)

	ACTIVITY LEARNING QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quantum numbers are identified as principal, orbital, magnetic, and spin.
		Each orbital is described by a number symbolizing the principal quantum number and a letter symbolizing the orbital quantum number.
		In your journal, write a summary that describes how all three quantum numbers are used to identify the electronic structure of an atom.
	www.unco.edu /chemquest/3con11w.htm (626 words)

	HydrogenicQNs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In particular, you may have learned that the quantum mechanical states, or energy levels, of the electron in the hydrogen atom depend on quantum numbers which result from the solution of the Schrödinger equation, as discussed in the previous lecture.
		The quantum numbers associated with the electronic states in the hydrogen atom are each given a special name, however, due to the importance of this fundamental atom (more on this later).
		The next quantum number is called the orbital angular momentum quantum number and is denoted l (this is the small letter “L”, not the number 1!).
	physics.mtsu.edu /~phys2020/Lectures/L6-L11/L9/HydrogenicQNs/hydrogenicqns.html (586 words)

	Quantum Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		model was a one-dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the electrons in the atom.
		Quantum Chemistry: Describes the way atoms combine to form molecules and the way molecules interact with one another, using the rules of quantum physics.
		One of the key insights in quantum chemistry is that, because an electron is not a classical particle located at a definite point in space, even a single electron can "surround" the nucleus of an atom, filling a volume roughly as big as the whole atom.
	www.howe.k12.ok.us /~jimaskew/cquantum.htm (955 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 3 : Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For each quantum number there is a set of possible values and each quantum number describes some aspect of the electron and its orbital.
		The first quantum number is called the principal quantum number and is represented by n.
		The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number.
	www.wwnorton.com /chemistry/overview/ch3.htm (2305 words)

	6-42-99
		n principal quantum number -- characterizes the energy of the electron configuration and it characterizes the size of the region of space where the model predicts the electron should most probably be found.
		The difference between atomic number of any adjacent pair of elements in a group of the periodic table will be 8, 18, or 32 because the change between members of a group corresponds to a change in principal quantum number.
		The number of orbitals in a subshell is derived from the allowed values of the magnetic quantum number, m.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/development/homework/6-42-99.html (1129 words)

	SparkNotes: Atomic Structure: Atoms and Atomic Orbitals
		Each of the elements in the periodic table is classified according to its atomic number, which is the number of protons in that element's nucleus.
		The angular momentum quantum number describes the shape of the orbital.
		The angular momentum number (or subshell) can be represented either by a number (any integer from 0 up to n-1) or by a letter (s, p, d, f, g, and then up the alphabet), with 0 corresponding to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, and so on.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/fundamentals/atomicstructure/section1.html (1201 words)

	[No title]
		The principal quantum number (n) is a counter and describes which shell of electrons is being considered.
		(It is called the magnetic quantum number because the effect of different orientations of orbitals was first observed in the presence of a magnetic field.) Rules Governing the Allowed Combinations of Quantum Numbers The three quantum numbers (n, l, and m) that describe an orbital are integers: 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
		The number of orbitals in a shell is the square of the principal quantum number: 12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9.
	home.millsaps.edu /pursejm/quantum.doc (1079 words)

	Quantum Mechanics in Three dimension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The motion of an electron in a central field is one of the principal problems in the quantum mechanics of the atom.
		Orbitals within a shell are divided into subshells that have the same value of the angular quantum number.
		Considering the angular momentum conservation (atom + photon for optical transition), the change of the angular momentum of the electron in the initial and the final states must differ by exactly one unit, i.e.
	physics.berea.edu /~king/Teaching/ModPhys/QM/Quantum3d.htm (1770 words)

	The Fourth Quantum Number
		Clearly, the appearance of half-odd-integral (effective) quantum numbers and the thereby formally caused value g = 2 of the splitting factor of the s-term of the alkalis is closely connected with the twofoldness of the energy level.
		In the present quantum theoretical classification of the electrons the term multiplicity required by the branching rule is simply a consequence of the "Auf bauprinzip".
		It is well known that the appearance of several equivalent electrons, that is, electrons which are fully equivalent both with respect to their quantum numbers and with respect to their binding energies, in an atom is possible only under special circumstances which are closely connected with the regularities of the complex structure of spectra.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Pauli-1925/Pauli-1925.html (5195 words)

	Many-Electron Atoms - Problems
		Suppose you lived in a universe where all of the laws of quantum mechanics applied as they do in ours, but where the spin angular momentum quantum number of the electron had increased from ½ to some larger value.
		The number of quantized components of angular momentum is related to the angular momentum quantum number by the expression (2l + 1) for orbital momentum or (2s + 1) for spin momentum.
		Recall that the magnetic quantum number m governing the components of angular momentum assumes values from l to — l in steps of unity or from s to — s in the case of spin angular momentum.
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /esam/Chapter_4/problems.html (883 words)

	esm_walker_physics_2\|Atomic Physics\|Reference Tools & Resources
		atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
		The magnitude of the orbital angular momentum from the associated quantum number.
		The magnetic quantum number specifies one component of the orbital angular momentum.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_walker_physics_2/0,7966,804967-,00.html (449 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 3 : Quantum Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are four things you need to know about each quantum number: (1) its name and symbol, (2) the acceptable/possible values of the number, (3) what the number says about the energy of the electron, and (4) what the number says about what the electron is doing.
		That is electrons D and E. The distance from the nucleus is determined by the n quantum number.
		The larger the number, the further from the nucleus.
	www.wwnorton.com /chemistry/concepts/chapter3/ch3_2.htm (1044 words)

	NIST: Hydrocarcons - List of Symbols
		In most cases, a uniform set of quantum state and molecular parameter symbols is employed.
		Rotational angular momentum quantum number, excluding electron and nuclear spins, in the case where electron spin is present.
		Angular momentum quantum number of nuclear spin for one (or i
	physics.nist.gov /PhysRefData/MolSpec/Hydro/Html/sec4.html (536 words)

	Radial Prob (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(r) vs. r for various quantum states (that is, for various values of the quantum numbers n and l).
		Also recall that a quantum state with l = 0 is called an s-state, one with l = 1 is called a p-state, and one with l = 2 is called a d-state.
		Look at the graphs associated with the quantum states for which l = n — 1—that is, those quantum states for which the orbital angular momentum quantum number is just one less than the value of the principal quantum number (this is the largest possible value for l given that value of n).
	physics.mtsu.edu /~phys2020/Lectures/L6-L11/L9/Radial_Prob/radial_prob.html (674 words)

	The Zeeman Effect in Atomic Mercury
		In a helium-like system, the total angular momentum J of the atom is determined solely by the total angular momentum of the two valence electrons, since the orbital and intrinsic spin angular momenta of the electrons in the closed-shell, inert core are coupled to zero.
		The angular momentum addition theorem restricts the possible values of an angular momentum quantum number L resulting from the sum of two individual angular momenta
		The most important technique for determining the angular momentum structure of atomic energy levels is the observation of the Zeeman effect on spectral lines.
	www.breadnet.middlebury.edu /~PHManual/zeeman.html (2135 words)

	[No title]
		The superscript of the term symbol is the value of the quantity 2S+1, where S is the total spin angular momentum quantum number of all the electrons in the atom.
		Simply adding the individual quantum numbers is too simplistic since the angular momenta they represent are vectors, not scalars.
		The angular momentum quantum number l of the single electron involved in the transition must change by (1.
	classweb.gmu.edu /sdavis/chem332/terms.doc (1251 words)

	Formulas for Angular Momentum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since this is quantum mechanics, of course, only certain discrete amounts of angular momentum are allowed; that's why l has to be an integer.
		The quantum number m refers to the projection of the angular momentum in a direction of your choice, conventionally called the z direction.
		The solid blue and red arrows are its horizontal and vertical components; the length of the vertical red arrow is L
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/elements_as_atoms/angmom_formulas.html (123 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Early quantum theory predicted that an electron in an orbital had angular momentum due to its orbital motion and that this angular momentum was quantized and governed by the orbital angular momentum quantum number (or azimuthal quantum number) l.
		They showed that the electron's spin angular momentum had to have spin orbital angular momentum quantum number, s, equal to 1/2.
		The spin of the nuclei gives rise to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and there is a corresponding technique, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, arising from electron spin.
	orac.sunderland.ac.uk /~hs0bcl/gg/spin.htm (231 words)

	College Physics for Students of Biology and Chemistry - Atomic Structure
		the angular momentum of the electron relative to the nucleus is quantized.
		Each plot is labeled by the quantum numbers n, l and m; the spin quantum number does not affect the appearance of the wave function.
		A basic tenet of the quantum theory is that as n approaches infinity, the equations (ie., for energy) should become equivalent to their classical (macroscopic) counterparts.
	www.rwc.uc.edu /koehler/biophys.2ed/atoms.html (1270 words)

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