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Topic: Anhedral

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	Dihedral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dihedral is the upward angle of an aircraft's (or bird's) wings from root to tip, as viewed from directly in front of or behind the aircraft.
		Pronounced anhedral is also often seen on aircraft with a high mounted wing, such as the BAe 146, Lockheed Galaxy and others.
		This is another reason for anhedral configuration on military aircraft with high sweep angle, as well as on some airliners, even the low-wing ones such as Tu-134 and Tu-154.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anhedral (588 words)

	Modal Classification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Most quartz is anhedral in shape and is found in the interstices between crystals of feldspar (Figures 38A and B) or crystals of feldspar and pyroxene (Figures 38C-F).
		Epidote is found as partial pseudomorphic replacements of plagioclase feldspar, as an infilling mineral in veinlets (Figure 43A and B), and as disseminated anhedral to subhedral crystals that may have originated by the replacement of earlier-formed minerals or by the filling of void spaces (Figure 43C and D).
		Anhedral clusters of magnetite crystals were observed in one specimen from an area of strong potassium feldspar metasomatism (JDD-94-07; Figure 46).
	www.fortunecity.co.uk /safaripark/lamprey/108/pnlith3.htm (4756 words)

	::Aero-Experiments::
		Anhedral and dihedral effects are relatively independent of the angle-of-attack of the aircraft as a whole.
		Anhedral has a destabilizing effect, and makes the aircraft more responsive to the pilot's roll inputs (except in cases where adverse yaw is not an issue because the roll inputs are in accomplished via spoilerons).
		This anhedral is created in large part not by the droop in the leading edges relative to the keel, but rather by the washout built into the wing.
	aeroexperiments.org /theory.shtml (9482 words)

	Project Joss
		I have found that a smaller amount of anhedral works equally as well as the gull wing.
		It was a much better flying plane, but it didn’t have enough anhedral to completely cancel the roll due to yaw.
		Yet another anhedral plane of mine, the SK/50, a Kangke Super Kraft ARF sport plane, It's sort of a "Stick" type plane, shoulder wing & box fuselage, with a cowl, wheel pants and a wing-fuselage joint covering "canopy." It came with a slight amount of dihedral.
	members.cox.net /moorman1/ProjectJoss.htm (2320 words)

	Why use Anhedral? (sp?) - RC Groups
		Anhedral in the tail is often used to get the tail control surfaces out of the effect of the wing.
		Anhedral reduces an airplane's Cl/beta, rolling moment due to sideslip where Cl is rolling moment and beta is the airplane's sideslip angle.
		But just briefly the reason the full size F-104 had anhedral was because the fin/rudder was so big compared to the tiny wings that the anhedral off set the adverse roll force of the vertical tail.
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/showthread.php?t=41426 (1634 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anhedral tip sections increase hover performance and lift capabilities of a rotary wing aircraft on which the blades are fitted without increasing the structural features of the main rotor hub and spindle.
		For example, current anhedral tip sections require numerous structural components to carry the loads induced by the anhedral form.
		Current anhedral tip sections each require two structural anhedral tip skins and two structural honecomb core pieces along with non-structural pieces and redundant fasteners.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=05/10354.050203&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2271 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The anhedral surfaces have a different angle of attack that the dihedral surfaces.
		Incidently; the word "anhedral" is a manufactured word to be used for descriptive purposes.
		All sloped surfaces, inclined upward or downward, are actually "dihedral." I started using the word "anhedral" about 7 year ago when it seemed to make it easier for the attendees of the syminars to understand.
	www.kites.tug.com /Reich/02532.txt (334 words)

	0740 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A 10-deg anhedral, from 95% radius is selected which is expected to yield a 2.5% improvement in the Figure of Merit.
		If the anhedral is relatively small then it might serve a positive purpose in reducing the longitudinal flapping angle.
		A small amount of anhedral along the complete span of the blade combined with a small reduction in the hub's pre-cone angle may reduce the cross-coupling.
	www.synchrolite.com /0740.html (1774 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Wing Twist and Dihedral
		The opposite of dihedral is called anhedral, and, of course, refers to a wing that is angled down.
		All this talk of anhedral and dihedral leads to the question of why one would want use either of these on an aircraft.
		The observant aerophile will also notice that most large transports, such as the C-5 Galaxy and Antonov An-225, have noticeable anhedral, but are far from what anyone would consider "maneuverable" (nor do they need to be).
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/dynamics/q0055.shtml (975 words)

	AV-8B Harrier
		With 12° anhedral (negative dihedral), the 34° sweptback wing is mounted on top of the fuselage; like the wing, the all-moving horizontal tail has a large anhedral angle (15°).
		The anhedral angles of the wing and horizontal tail are intended to minimize the aircraft rolling moments due to sideslip.
		The wing anhedral angle minimizes the length of the outrigger landing-gear struts.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/aircraft/av-8-design.htm (635 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pyrrhotite 8 0.2-1.0 "Anhedral, skeletal to" "Inclusions of sphalerite, magnetite and" chlorite.
		Magnetite 5 0.02-0.15 "Scattered anhedral to subhedral grains, partially" diamond "shaped, poikiloblastic with inclusions of pyrrhotite," sphalerite inclusions.
		Isocubanite 3 0.004-0.2 Scattered anhedral grains in sphalerite.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/169_IR/TS/TS1035.TXT (2134 words)

	Anhedral vrs. sweepback - RC Groups
		I'm considering a design with significant anhedral, and I'm wondering if sweeping the wing LE will let me reduce the lack of stability induced by the anhedral so that I can reach a neutral point (right-side up, at least - I assume that anhedral + wing sweepback will make for very stable flight inverted!).
		I don't know if this is indicative of all anhedrals, my guess it was the tail that was providing the stability, but give it a try without the sweep and see what happens.
		Whether a high wing with anhedral is stable, neutral or unstable depends on the amount of anhedral.
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/showthread.php?t=14553 (573 words)

	SME--VIRTUAL ATLAS OF OPAQUE AND ORE MINERALS
		Anhedral chalcopyrite (yellow, top right) is intergrown with quartz (light grey, right centre).
		Subhedral to anhedral pyrite (pale yellow-white, left) carries silicate inclusions (left centre) and is surrounded by chalcopyrite (yellow, centre), which is extensively altered to fine-grained covelline (blues, centre right).
		Anhedral chalcopyrite (yellow) has been replaced by covelline (dark blue) along crystal boundaries and cleavage.
	www.smenet.org /opaque-ore/plate20.htm (382 words)

	ASTRAL XX
		0, -5 or -8 degrees of anhedral on the stabiliser.
		Anhedral stabs were introduced in models by Hans Prettner, Hanno's father and designer/mechanic of those great models, in 76.
		What the feature does in terms of design is at least the following: anhedral essentially has two area components, the horizontal which is the main intended reason for the stab, and vertical which adds to the fin area below.
	www.rcuniverse.com /forum/m_2601973/mpage_1/key_/tm.htm (2007 words)

	Payne Report
		Sphene forms a few anhedral patches that are altered in part to Ti-oxide, calcite, and chlorite.
		Leucoxene is concentrated strongly in patches up to 0.2 mm in size in which anhedral leucoxene grains are intergrown with sericite, calcite, and chlorite.
		Dolomite grains are anhedral and slightly interlocking and commonly contain abundant dusty inclusions of iron oxide(?), giving it a turbid appearance.
	www.vanpetro.com /payne_rep.htm (1248 words)

	Rocks & Minerals: Beryllium And Scandium Mineralization From Iron Mountain, Bartlett, New Hampshire - Brief Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phenakite is abundant as colorless anhedral masses and as translucent to transparent hexagonal prisms, to 3 mm in maximum dimension, associated with hematite, fluorite, and helvite-series minerals.
		Fluorite is found as purple or green crystals to 5 mm on edge and as anhedral masses in magnetite/hematite.
		Magnetite occurs mainly as anhedral masses and rarely as sharp fl octahedra to 1 mm.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GDX/is_4_76/ai_76549863 (539 words)

	[No title]
		Anhedral crystals of potassium feldspar and interstitial quartz.
		Several anhedral crystals of hydrothermal biotite (orange) are visible.
		Anhedral potassium feldspar (frosted surface) and interstitial quartz (smooth surface).
	www.fortunecity.co.uk /safaripark/lamprey/108/fig021.htm (266 words)

	dihedral or anhedral ? ~ at runboard.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Basically anhedral on a straight wing model is a no-no, unless you want to fly inverted.
		With enough sweep back it is possible to have some anhedral and still retain positive stability.
		This is the reason why swept wing fighters usually have anhedral, otherwise they would be too stable.
	com2.runboard.com /bjetexuk.fmainchat.t7 (401 words)

	Flapping Wings Forum - Aerobatic Ornithopters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I've come up with 3 possible solutions to the problem and here they are (the first being the easiest and the 3rd being the most difficult / possibly a combination of all three will be needed to accomplish the task).
		Of course, some kind of a wing warp device will be needed for this maneuver, such as the one pictured here, that and alot of trial and error will be needed for this maneuver to happen.
		I don't see why full time anhedral would result in any loss of thrust since the total flapping angle would be the same.
	www.ornithopter.org /forum/showthread.php?t=87 (1029 words)

	The Record Hound
		Generous polyhedral in the wings and slight anhedral in the tail work for spiral stability: After watching many a juicy spiral, it seems that the tail swings outward, increasing the angle of attack on that portion, helping to rotate the rear of the fuselage.
		Anhedral in such a situation creates just the opposite effect, producing a righting tendency.
		The wing area has been kept as small as possible without skimping weight on the motor unit, or exceeding the minimum N. weight rule of 8 ounces per square foot, to attain the fastest climb and lowest sinking speed possible.
	www.theplanpage.com /months/2303/rh.htm (1865 words)

	Laboratory felsic
		Texture: Hypidiomorphic, with subhedral Kfsp, Plag and mafic minerals, and anhedral Qz 40% Plagioclase, subhedral, strongly zoned from An 38 in the core to An 20 in the rim.
		25% Quartz in large subhedral phenocrysts and in anhedral grains in the groundmass.
		Texture: Hipidiomorphic, with euhedral Plag and Aug and anhedral Kfsp and Qz 48% Plagioclase, subhedral, with polysynthetic twins, zoned with An55 in cores and An37-43 in rims, altered to sericite
	www.eos.ubc.ca /courses/eosc321/lab_felsic.htm (1700 words)

	[No title]
		Texture is anhedral granular, locally subhedral, granular, coarse-grained (2-17 mm) pyroxene and plagioclase.
		Anhedral to locally N/D 29-31 cm: Coarse olivine patch (6 x 15 mm) is partly (wholely?) replaced by rust-stained talc.
		Opaques are probably ilmenite, are anhedral, 2-5 mm in size, See comments Veins and fractures are common.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/geology/odp/data/118/735B/charvi.txt (3005 words)

	[No title]
		Carbonate 4 Vein Anhedral to fibrous aggregates; both calcite and aragonite are present.
		Clinopyroxene 2.2 2.2 <=0.1-0.5 Euhedral-anhedral Solitary euhedral microphenocrysts; anhedral glomerophyric clots intergrown with plagioclase and olivine.
		Opaques Tr Tr <=0.04 Anhedral to skeletal Disseminated throughout mesostasis at margins of micro- to cryptocrystalline bundles.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/168_IR/TS1027.TXT (3516 words)

	SOKO G-4 Super Galeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first of two prototypes was flown on 17 July 1978 and the first of six pre-production aircraft on 17 December 1980.
		These and the first prototype were designated G-4 PPP, and had fixed tailplanes with inset elevators and no anhedral.
		Production examples (and the second prototype) were designated G-4 and featured an all-moving anhedral tailplane and comprehensive avionics improvements.
	www.aeronautics.ru /supergaleb2.htm (320 words)

	The Oz Report hang gliding news - 7.228 Aug.26 '03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since the sidewire length is fixed, anhedral (the reverse of dihedral) is increased.
		Ideally, you should reduce anhedral (increase dihedral) for high speed flight (especially with tailless aircraft).
		Since the crossbar geometry is unchanged, the anhedral is fixed for all VG settings.
	ozreport.com /7.228 (1689 words)

	TEXTURES REFERRING TO THE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		refers to a texture in which all the component mineral grains are anhedral.
		refers to a texture in which the grains of some mineral species are anhedral, those of others subhedral, and those of some may even be euhedral.
		This texture is typical of granitic rocks in many of which quartz and orthoclase tend to be anhedral and plagioclase and biotite are subhedral to euhedral.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/www64/geoweb/igneous-crystalshape.htm (422 words)

	Mineral Identification tips (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Typically anhedral in plutonic rocks and euhedral to anhedral in volcanic rocks.
		K-feldspar (sanidine, orthoclase, microcline) - sub to euhedral, white to pink, stubby grains with 2 cleavages at 90 degrees.
		Distinguish from K-feldspar by presence of striations (caused by albite twinning) on cleavage surfaces.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~debari/406/mineralid.html (268 words)

	::Aero-Experiments::
		This is a crude way to demonstrate that the glider has more "net geometric anhedral" with the VG loose, despite the fact that the glider has a standard pulley VG system and the leading edges actually have more droop in relation to the keel when the VG is tight.
		In fact the mid-span area is the place where billow creates the most dramatic change in the chord line, so at first glance we might conclude that these photos exaggerate to some extent the way that de-tensioning the VG increases anhedral and tensioning the VG reduces anhedral.
		For notes on some in-flight observations that support the idea that the glider has more anhedral when the VG is loose and less anhedral when the VG is tight, see the rudder experiments described here and elsewhere on the Aeroexperiments website.
	www.aeroexperiments.org /top.shtml (540 words)

	Flying the Saqqara Bird
		Last, but not least, there is reasonable agreement between drawing and photograph over the amount and curvature of the wing's anhedral, though the thickness taper in the drawing is much too fine and gradual.
		Paula Mercado's drawings are the best I've seen so I built the model from the CAD files I had made to compare her drawings with the photographs.
		Both changes are expected; the scale wing section is rather inefficient and the anhedral built into it makes the model laterally unstable.
	www.catchpenny.org /birdtest.html (1472 words)

	Rocks & Minerals: The -hedrals: euhedral, subhedral, and anhedral - Let's Get It Right (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Euhedral, subhedral, and anhedral are essentially petrographic or rock descriptive terms, meaning that they owe their origin to petrographers who wanted to be able to unambiguously describe rock textures in thin sections of rocks as they examined them under a microscope.
		Subhedral ones followed, and the anhedral crystals were last, filling in what space was still available among the earlier ones.
		The terms are quite commonly misused in the gemological literature, but that is to be expected because many mineralogical terms, such as transparent, translucent, and opaque, are mistreated by the gemological community, but that is another issue.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GDX/is_5_77/ai_90983553 (1236 words)

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