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	Animal Breeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Without written records, there is no certain knowledge of the evolution of animal breeding practices, but written documents dating back more than 4000 years indicate that humans appreciated the significance of family resemblance in mating systems, recognized the dangers of intense inbreeding, and used castration to prevent the reproduction of undesirable males.
		Robert Bakewell, an English animal breeder of the 18th century, is considered the founder of systematized animal breeding.
		Animal breeding as a modern SCIENCE belongs to the 20th century.
	thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000220 (432 words)

	AllRefer.com - breeding (Genetics And Genetic Engineering) - Encyclopedia
		breeding, in agriculture and animal husbandry, propagation of plants and animals by sexual reproduction; usually based on selection of parents with desirable traits to produce improved progeny.
		In naturally cross-pollinated or open-pollinated plants, and in animals, loss of vigor in inbred lines can be restored by outbreeding to unrelated or distantly related lines; a first-generation hybrid is more vigorous than either of its purebred parents.
		Knowledge of genomes and the techniques of genetics also enhance conventional breeding: In marker-assisted breeding, genetic markers are used to identify the desired characteristics in a plant while it is a seedling, reducing the time needed to select individuals with those traits.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/breeding.html (571 words)

	animal breeding: selected articles from the WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW
		The science of animal breeding is concerned with the application of the principles of population genetics to the improvement of domestic animals.
		Animal breeding research has been conducted mainly in the structure of land-grant universities under the leadership of professors with responsibilities in research, teaching and, to some extent, extension.
		Animal breeding, as an applied field of population genetics, is endowed with a mathematically sound theory developed early in its history.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/X6500E/X6500E05.htm (3545 words)

	NCSU: Animal Science - BREEDING AND KIDDING MANAGEMENT IN THE GOAT HERD
		Animals used to detect estrus can be fitted with a harness containing a crayon that will mark the females in heat when they are mounted.
		Breeding females should be vaccinated 4 to 6 weeks before kidding, so that some immunity will be passed to their offsprings.
		Only first milking from healthy animals should be frozen for later feeding, and the colostrum from older animals that have been on the premises for several years is typically higher in antibody content against endemic pathogens than is colostrum from first fresheners.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /an_sci/extension/animal/meatgoat/MGBrdKidd.htm (2401 words)

	Breeding Minis
		I feel one of the best breeding programs a person can have is to breed for exceptional offspring that they will want to retain for their breeding program.
		Since the breeder is breeding for themselves, there is no motive to breed "just to sell the babies." Not every foal a breeder breeds will sell instantly, and a responsible breeder must be prepared to care for every animal they breed for the rest of it's life.
		Do be careful when breeding for color, as it becomes easier to ignore structural faults in favor of color, which is one of the least important qualities.
	www.blackdraft.com /breedingminis.htm (1282 words)

	AWIC Newsletter: The Wolf-Dog Hybrid
		These animals came to be known in local lore as the "beasts of Gevaudan." After being hunted and killed, it was found that the male weighed about 140 pounds and the female about 110 pounds; these weights were unusually high for the local wolf population.
		Their marked aggressiveness and other described physical attributes have led to speculation that these two animals may have been wolf hybrids, perhaps siblings born from the breeding of a wolf with one of the large dog breeds commonly kept by farmers in the region.
		Animal control agencies often must rely solely on the word of the owner in determining whether or not an animal is a wolf hybrid.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm (4543 words)

	Amazon.com: Animal Breeding and Infertility (Veterinary Health Series): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The opening chapter, which is entitled "Genetic considerations in animal breeding", summarises quantitative genetic considerations and their application in genetic improvement.
		The next 5 chapters cover breeding and infertility in cattle, goats, horses, pigs and sheep, and the final chapter, on biotechnology in animal breeding, deals mainly with embryo technologies, embryo stem cell manipulation, gene transfer and the use of transgenic livestock.
		Domesticated farm animals are bred with the aim of improving the quality and quantity of marketable products including replacement breeding stock, milk and its components and carcasses for the meat trade.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0632040386?v=glance (807 words)

	Career Information
		Animal Science is concerned with the science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine.
		In addition, animal science is concerned with aspects of companion animals, including their nutrition, care, and welfare.
		This foundation is essential for understanding the principles of animal breeding, reproductive physiology, nutrition, meats and muscle biology, growth and mammary physiology, genetic engineering, molecular biology, and management of livestock and companion animals.
	www.asas.org /career.htm (1840 words)

	Public Plant and Animal Breeding System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Increase funding for research into implications of utility patenting on public sector plant and animal breeding as well as the implications of the increase in private expenditures and university “self-financing” on the pursuit of public domain plant and animal breeding.
		The face of public plant and animal breeding is quickly changing and in order to reinvigorate public commitment to the discipline an effective campaign to change public policy we must develop a vision and act swiftly and strategically.
		Decline in public funding of plant breeding and a rise in private funding has left a hole in education of the next generation of breeders as well as a gap in minor crops and longer term and systems research.
	www.cfra.org /resources/seed_breed_paper.htm (4287 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Valuating animal genetic resources: sources of value and comparisons with plant genetic resources The values of unimproved genetic resources can be classified into direct use values, indirect use values, and non-use (or “existence”) values, as shown in Table 2.
		For animal genetic resources, it would be reasonable to imagine that the same situation would pertain: there is little incentive for any private firm to engage in extensive pre-breeding, unless there is a way for them to recover the costs of this activity subsequently.
		Although animal genetic resources are perhaps more costly to collect and store, and although they appear to be used less directly in breeding, the economics are still striking.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /research/proj4/angr/article5.doc (4133 words)

	Animal Breeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Improvement of the economic traits of farm animals by utilizing the principles of heritability and selection.
		Genetic influences affecting animal performance and the application of selection principles, breeding systems, and methods of improvement to farm animals, including beef and dairy cattle, sheep, swine and horses.
		To understand the principles of animal breeding and genetics and how to apply them to increase the efficiency of farm animal production.
	www.tarleton.edu /~harp/animal_breeding.htm (873 words)

	Untitled Document
		An important part of the idea is that the animal (genotype) can be described in a way that is sufficient for the accurate prediction of its outputs over time.
		Feeding behaviour is seen as being the means that the animal uses to attain its intake rather than being the means by which that intake can be predicted.
		This review describes the breeding approaches that could be used to improve disease resistance and focuses especially on their application to pigs.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/swinehousing/breeding.htm (2578 words)

	CSU Animal Sciences \| Departmental Programs - Breeding & Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Animal Breeding and Genetics Program at Colorado State University is located in the Department of Animal Sciences in the College of Agricultural Sciences.
		The mission of the National Animal Germplasm Program is to coordinate the availability, conservation and utilization of animal and aquatic genetic resources in order to provide optimum access to desirable genes and gene complexes that will contribute to the future food and safety supply.
		The Animal Sciences department is a division of the College of Agricultural Sciences at Colorado State University.
	ansci.colostate.edu /dp/Breeding/graduate.html (1170 words)

	CSREES - USDA - Animal Reproduction
		CSREES-supported research on reproduction in female animals includes systems, cellular, and molecular studies to control fertility in breeding populations.
		CSREES-supported research on reproduction in male animals includes systems, cellular, and molecular studies to enhance fertility of genetically superior males.
		Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology, University of Wisconsin.
	www.csrees.usda.gov /animalreproduction.html (343 words)

	Animal Breeding Mimeograph Series (1992)
		Animal Breeding Mimeo Series, No. 15, Animal Science Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, pp 1-17.
		Animals that were ranked highest in earlier stages of growth had similar rankings at weaning, which is the usual age were selection or culling decisions are made.
		Prediction of additive and nonadditive genetic effects at earlier stages of growth were similar to predictions of genetic effects at weaning, the age at which producers usually make selection or culling decisions.
	www.animal.ufl.edu /elzo/Publications/Mimeographs/mimeo015a.htm (1830 words)

	G2910 Heritability and Its Use in Animal Breeding, MU Extension
		For example, if you are evaluating resemblance between weaning hip heights of cows and their calves, you might make adjustments for differences in age at the time of measurement, age of dam, sex of calf, season of birth, and so forth.
		Second, the amount of genetic progress is also dependent on how highly heritable a trait is. Though the parents had an advantage over the herd average of 0.60 pounds per day in gain, they would not have transmitted any of this advantage to their offspring if the trait had a herd heritability.
		The general conclusion, then, is that the greater the superiority of the individuals selected for breeding purposes and the higher the heritability of the trait, the more progress will be made in selection.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/ansci/g02910.htm (1694 words)

	Career: Animal Breeders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Breeders usually keep records of which animals were bred and what their offspring were like.
		Animals may be branded, tagged, or tattooed to show ownership or identify animals.
		Animal breeders who are self-employed must provide their own insurance and benefits.
	www.iseek.org /sv/13000.jsp?id=100237 (978 words)

	CSREES - USDA - Animal Breeding, Genetics & Genomics
		Dramatic improvements in yields of animal protein are crucial in meeting the ever-increasing food needs in the United States and around the world.
		Selecting animals for breeding that excel in growth, egg, meat, milk, wool, or mohair production; are leaner; exhibit increased disease resistance; or have other desirable traits has revolutionized poultry, livestock, and fish production.
		CSREES leads and funds the National Animal Genome Research Program (NAGRP), which is mapping cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, horse, and aquaculture species.
	www.csrees.usda.gov /animalbreedinggeneticsgenomics.html (357 words)

	Growth in animal breeding spurs economy
		Director of the ministry’s Animal Health Department, Dr Bui Quang Anh, said MARD has paid special attention to raising the quality of home-made veterinary medications and preventing outbreaks of animal epidemics.
		The breeding institute Vang also admitted that cattle and poultry meat were consumed mainly by urban residents despite a much higher rural population.
		He said the Government should encourage all sectors of the economy, especially farmers, to invest in livestock breeding with specific policies and measures in support.
	vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn /2004-03/22/Stories/04.htm (593 words)

	Alpaca and Llama Health Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Breeding matches and the selection of new breeding stock should be done to continuously upgrade the quality of the herd's conformation, fiber, disposition, and reproductive performance.
		Breeding is a group activity, and the most successful breeding farms keep this in mind at all times.
		Your goal is to make each breeding a successful one, producing a healthy cria, which has the opportunity to grow to become a breeding animal itself.
	www.purdyvet.com /conform.html (1385 words)

	Olesen et al., March 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hence, a procedure for defining animal breeding goals with ethical priorities and weighing of market and non-market values is suggested.
		Examples of breeding goals in salmon, cattle, and pigs are given, and the resulting genetic responses are evaluated with respect to economic profit (or costs) and other criteria of sustainability.
		Animal breeding for sustainable production systems requires that environmental and social concerns are taken into account, and, hence, ethical priority of values other than short-term and market economic are necessary.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/2000/mar570.htm (455 words)

	Animal Breeding Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Animal Breeding Abstracts is a fully searchable abstracts database of internationally published research into animal production.
		Animal Breeding Abstracts is updated weekly online, delivering all the new highly-targeted, searchable summaries covering key English and foreign language journal articles, reports, conferences and books on these topics.
		Over 12,000 records are added each year, bringing a wealth of current and seminal research in animal genetics, reproduction and husbandry to your fingertips.
	www.cabi-publishing.org /JOURNALS/Abstract/ABA/Index.asp (230 words)

	Animal Breeding Mimeograph Series (1992)
		Animal Breeding Mimeo Series, No. 13, Animal Science Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, pp 1-30.
		Macrominerals participate in the growth and development of animals (Littledike and Goff, 1987) and contribute to increments in weight of growing animals.
		The BLUE of the additive and nonadditive genetic effects, relative to the average amount of macrominerals in serum at each age, are presented in Tables 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10.
	www.animal.ufl.edu /elzo/Publications/Mimeographs/mimeo013a.htm (4433 words)

	Breeding
		Because of this, it is no longer a wild animal that can reproduce with no help from man. Some breeds, such as the bulldog, can rarely even breed naturally and must be artificially inseminated.
		It does not mean that the animal is not intelligent, can't live a long and productive life or be the most wonderful companion in the world.
		The owner should also be prepared to exhibit that animal in show and/or working trials and tests to make sure it is the quality to be bred.
	barynuk.com /breeding.htm (2903 words)

	Animal Help: Daily Features: Breeding Your Cat
		Whether you are breeding cats commercially or simply because you want a litter of kittens from your favorite cat, you'll find that breeding cats can be a fun and rewarding experience.
		The act of mating stimulates or induces ovulation; release of the eggs (ova) from the ovaries.
		(In other species, ovulation occurs at a set time during estrus, and is stimulated by hormone levels.) For this reason it is not important to time the breeding as long as she is in heat.
	animalhelp.com /library/articledetail.cfm?artid=60 (469 words)

	Animal Breeding Program Design Assignment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This report, submitted sequentially to the separate board of consultants and to the board of directors of FLIP Inc. detailing the genetic change(s) and the expected phenotypic change(s) your plan will create, is due on the dates indicated in the schedule of laboratories, lecture topics, and exams.
		Furthermore all Lions in the colony are inbred and the litter size and livability of the cubs is poor.
		Your budget does not allow the purchase of outside breeding stock, but you know of other zoos which are willing to trade on a one-for-one basis for the same sex.
	www.ag.iastate.edu /grants/BRA96/bra196.a1.html (1559 words)

	ABQjournal: Animal Breeding Targeted
		As described in the newly approved language of the animal control ordinance, "the (pet) owner who breeds dogs or cats and does not have a current hobby breeder's permit shall pay a litter fee of $25.00 for each litter.
		The $25 litter fee is refundable, say the ordinance revisions, once the animal control officer receives proof that the female animal that gave birth to the litter has been sterilized.
		The animal control officer is given authority to "enter the vehicle by whatever means is necessary and legal, without being liable to the owner of the vehicle, and take the animal into protective custody."
	www.emtelegraph.com /257559mtnview11-11-04.htm (745 words)

	Home > Livestock > General > Breeding and animal young
		These are the Proceedings of the Workshop "Animal recording for improved breeding and management strategies for Buffaloes" held in Bled, Slovenia, 16-17 May 2000.
		The Federation established an Animal Evaluation Unit, and information is provided on the work of the Unit, covering its procedures and methodology for routine evaluations, schedule of activities and summary results of the latest evaluation.
		It suggests criteria to "assess the suitability of breeding and propagation techniques for use in organic breeding systems", and looks at methods by which organic plants can be bred in a sustainable way, without using the genetic engineering methods that conventional plant breeders now rely heavily on.
	agrifor.ac.uk /hb/93297733f7009dd0186e5c12262f1065.html (736 words)

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