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	Animal intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term Animal intelligence is currently used in three distinct but overlapping ways: as a synonym for animal cognition, to pose the question “are animals intelligent?”, or to denote a discussion of relative levels of intelligence in different animal species.
		But in any case, different animals (including humans) seem to have different kinds of cognitive processes, which are better understood in terms of the ways in which they are cognitively adapted to their different ecological niches, than by positing any kind of hierarchy.
		Despite ambitious claims, evidence of unusually high human-like intelligence among cetaceans is patchy, partly because the cost and difficulty of carrying out research with marine mammals mean that experiments frequently suffer from small sample sizes and inadequate controls and replication.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animal_intelligence (714 words)

	Animal intelligence: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The main purpose of animal intelligence (additional info and facts about animal intelligence) study is to learn about the origins of humans' intelligence by studying the mental processes of species perceived as lower.
		The level of intelligence in animals is commonly represented as a ladder with each species occupying a different rung.
		Of all the animals painted, humans, chimpanzee (Intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests) s, and orangutan (Large long-armed ape of Borneo and Sumatra having arboreal habits) s were the only animals that were aware that the image being presented through a mirror was them.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/animal_intelligence.htm (1551 words)

	Encyclopedia: Animal intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Animals and plants are extremely closely related organisms, alike in their fundamental characters, and each grading into organisms which possess some of the characters of both classes or kingdoms (see Protista).
		The distinctions between animals and plants are in fact obviously secondary and adaptive, and point clearly towards the conception of a common origin for the two forms of life, a conception which is made still more probable by the existence of many low forms in which the primary differences between animals and plants fade out.
		An animal may be defined as a living organism, the protoplasm of which does not secrete a cellulose cell-wall, and which requires for its existence proteid material obtained from the living or dead bodies of existing plants or animals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Animal-intelligence (325 words)

	Intelligence (trait) article - Intelligence (trait) reason plan solve problems language learn animal intelligence - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn.
		When considering animal intelligence, a more general definition of intelligence might be applied: the "ability to adapt effectively to the environment, either by making a change in oneself or by changing the environment or finding a new one" (Encyclopædia Britannica).
		Intelligence tests are often used to quantify human intelligence.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Intelligence_(trait) (825 words)

	Clever Beasts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One measure of intelligence is speed of learning, and despite the difficulties of devising a test applicable to animals with different sensory equipment, psychologists have made valid distinctions between the learning speed of different species.
		Since chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives, sharing 99 per cent of our genes, it's not surprising that much of their behaviour resembles our own.
		In the Descent of Man, he argued that "animals possess some power of reasoning" and that "the difference in mind between man and higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not kind" Darwin's concept of instinct was similar to Descartes', with evolution replacing the work of God.
	www.geocities.com /Omegaman_UK/beasts.html (2261 words)

	Shakespearian Drama and Animal Intelligence
		Animals occur everywhere, though: the Bible has its own "To be or not to be animals." The "to be" are the ant, dove, lamb, or lion and the "not to be" are the snake and swine.
		Animal befriendment is especially common to the child, the elderly, and the lonely with their dog and cat pets, though the horse is also commonly figured as closest friend as in the old Greek flying horse, Pegasus, to National Velvet and the tv series, My Friend Flicka and Mr.
		Secondly, man is the fruit of the animal: from watery roots, to the trunk of early reptilian life, to the branches of early mammalian life, to the twigs of late-early ape-like life, to the flower of human genesis, man is by inheritance an animal.
	www.mightymall.com /1st3seconds/shakespr.html (13315 words)

	Animal Intelligence and Emotion
		Animal intelligence and emotion has long been a bone of contention between animal rights activists and the scientific community.
		If animals are intelligent and have feelings, is it ethical to appropriate the environment for our own uses, confine animals in zoos and labs for study, and perform unconscionable experiments on them to further our own scientific knowledge.
		They argue that captive animals are in unnatural situations and that domestic animals are irrelevant to what animals are really like, as if this means they are not really animals.
	harmony0strs.topcities.com /Essays/Animals.html (3297 words)

	Animal Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We assume that animals are not as intelligent as we, but we forget that there are many forms of intelligence.
		Intelligence has many branches, and believe it or not, they are all equally important.
		Animals own nothing besides their own lives, and that is what they have to worry about.
	www.robshawk.com /Jana/animalintelligence.html (1748 words)

	Metaphysics and the Question of Animal Intelligence in the Thought of Descartes
		Descartes believes that his other arguments for animal automatism are so powerful that a person can defend the intelligence of higher animals against his attacks no more cogently than he could defend the intelligence of sponges.
		Gassendi, however, points out that animals too acquire skills for which they have no genetic predisposition (he claims to have seen "a dog matching his barks to the sound of a trumpet, so as to imitate all the changes in the notes, whether sharp or flat, or slow or fast").
		What he claims is that animals display such vivid indicators of mindlessness that in order to attribute intelligence to them, one would have to be ignorant of their behavior, to rely on prejudice, or to waive the empirical evidence altogether.
	www.friesian.com /jowers.htm (2762 words)

	Animal Intelligence : Experience the Ease of Innovation
		She found Animal Intelligence to be the only software on the market that is able to pull all the necessary numbers into customized reports required by her shareholders.
		Since Animal Intelligence pulls most of the information for the referral letter directly out of the medical record, letters are generated in only a few keystrokes.
		Animal Intelligence (AI) allows them to enter information into patient and client records from any of their 20 workstations, ensuring that clients are always given up-to-date information regarding their pets.
	www.animalintelligence.com /spotlights.html (3074 words)

	Animal Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When our goal is to put the "simplest" animal at one end of a continuum and humans at the other, we may be limiting our discoveries by asking the wrong question.
		The answer, for those who believe animals communicate among themselves and, like humans, learn to communicate with other species, seems to be that animals do have their own language and can learn other languages.
		For those who believe that animals are only capable of responding to a stimulus for a tangible reward, the answer is that these experiments are nothing more than elaborate survival skills.
	www.pethelp.net /cognit.html (816 words)

	Information Headquarters: Animal intelligence
		Animal intelligence has been a controversial subject for a long time.
		Some intelligence quotient tests have been used to estimate Great Ape intelligence as comparable to that of a human child.
		However, these and other specific claims regarding the intelligence of horses, dogs, cats, dolphins and whales in constant contact with human beings are generally discredited as being biased: in general the testers are also handlers, and care for the animals they test.
	www.informationheadquarters.com /Animals/Animal_intelligence.shtml (554 words)

	ipedia.com: Animal intelligence Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Definitions Cognition in animals " Animal ] intelligence " may simply denote the study of cognition in animals.
		A common image is the scala naturae, the ladder of nature on which animals of different species occupy successively higher rungs, with humans of course at the top.
		The main purpose of animal intelligence study is to learn about the origins of human's unique intelligence by studying the mental processes of lower species.
	www.ipedia.com /animal_intelligence.html (1830 words)

	Darwin on Mental Continuity
		Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind
		We have seen that the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals.
		That such evolution is at least possible, ought not to be denied, for we daily see these faculties developing in every infant; and we may trace a perfect gradation from the mind of an utter idiot, lower than that of an animal low in the scale, to the mind of a Newton.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /psych26/darwin1.htm (408 words)

	Animal Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Now some will be quick to point out that memory is not the only important aspect of intelligence; attributes such as creativity, problem-solving, and intuition were unaffected by this new procedure.
		Thorny issues would be certainly raised if genetic engineering allowed dogs and horses to be born with human mental abilities, but even more interesting to me would be the possibility of taking a regular, un-altered animal and increasing its intelligence part-way through its life (perhaps through electronic brain implants or some other means).
		Assuming that the creature were taught to write or in some other way use a human language, we could ask the creature what it had been like to be a regular animal.
	www.angelfire.com /ca4/sring/animal.htm (401 words)

	C. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and Intelligence", by Alfred Russel Wallace
		In the earlier chapters we have excellent accounts of the nature of animal life and its relation to the environment; of the processes of life; of reproduction and development; of variation and natural selection; of heredity and the origin of variations; and of organic evolution.
		The chapter on the senses of animals is an admirable summary of the most recent observations and researches on this subject, and the explanation of the probable mode of vision of insects by means of their compound eyes is especially clear and very instructive.
		The numerous woodcuts and diagrams are all illustrative of the text, and are fully explained, and the author is particularly happy in his use of diagrams and formulæ to illustrate the more obscure or difficult conceptions.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S432.htm (2831 words)

	OK PetGazette - Animal Intelligence
		Thus implying animal automatism, the theory of the body as a machine whose functions are not controlled by consciousness.
		He found his reality in animals that reveal intelligence and emotions through their natural reactions to the people and creatures around them: proof of animal humor, game playing, deception, scheming and subterfuge, as well as tales of compassion, heroism and love.
		A person or an animal has a tremendous advantage if he's able to reason about unobservable mental states in a rival–to know what he thinks, and then to judge how that rival might be manipulated or encouraged to think something that works to one's own benefit.
	www.okpetgazette.com /think.html (2518 words)

	Classics in Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In addition to offering a conception of animal intelligence couched solely in terms of the organism's ability to form new associations, it described ingenious apparatus for the observation of animal learning and demonstrated the use of such apparatus in systematic laboratory research.
		In this work, Thorndike was also a methodological innovator, developing a general experimental technique that was to revolutionize the psychological study of animal behavior.
		Finally, the new sections of Animal Intelligence -Thorndike's introductory apology for the study of behavior and his chapter on 'laws and hypotheses of behavior'-were also innovative.
	www.thoemmes.com /psych/thorndike1.htm (713 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Introduction to Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak
		As he himself put it, this work marked a 'change from books of general argumentation on the basis of common experience interpreted in terms of the faculty psychology, to monographs reporting detailed and often highly technical experiments interpreted in terms of original and acquired connections between situation and response.'[2]
		This dissertation, also entitled Animal Intelligence, but subtitled, An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals,[3] is widely considered to be one of the most influential publications of the first half century of psychological science.
		Finally, the new sections of Animal Intelligence -- Thorndike's introductory apology for the study of behavior and his chapter on 'laws and hypotheses of behavior' -- were also innovative.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Thorndike/Animal/wozniak.htm (631 words)

	Animal Planet :: Cat Guide -- Behavior -- Smarts
		The solitary cat answers to no one and is motivated by the need to survive.
		Dog and cat lovers, in particular, seem to relish unending debates over which animal is "smarter." Dog owners often cap their arguments with the fact that dogs have the ability to perform tricks, while cat people counter with the claim that their pets are too intelligent to perform on command.
		Dogs are pack animals, motivated by a strong need to follow and please the pack's "top" dog (or a human master) in order to receive praise.
	animal.discovery.com /guides/cats/behavior/intelligenceintro.html (205 words)

	Amazon.com: IF A LION COULD TALK : ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Using a neo-Darwinian perspective bolstered by animal cognition, neurophysiological and computer-simulation studies, Budiansky explains such processes as chimpanzees' and rats' mental map-making, wasps' "tool"-using skills and birds' songs as evolutionary adaptations for survival.
		Still, the author concludes that recognizing other animals as unique beings should increase our respect for them as being "worthy in their own right," an outlook that provides common ground between this cautionary synthesis and a more expansive view of animals as exemplified in the work of Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and others.
		I may not be able to perceive the pain of an animal, or even know that it exists, but I hear the squeal of my dog when I accidentally step on her paw.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684837102?v=glance (2656 words)

	Search Tuna Report for intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		1 Early investigations into intelligence assumed that there was one underlying general factor at its base the g-factor, but later psychologists maintained that intelligence could not be determined by such a simplistic method.
		We encourage scholars to discuss not only their current research interests but also new theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of intelligence; Intelligence Forum seeks to facilitate research on intelligence by updating scholars on new archival sources, evolving declassification policies, and recent publications.
		Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence AAAI is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/946.html (1179 words)

	Is There Animal Intelligence?
		Ever since I was a little kid, I had the opportunity to be around quite a number of animals, especially dogs.
		The third was the most remarkable animal I have ever had the honor of being near.
		I have collected some of the anecdotes about her in a separate page, at Animal Insights.
	mb-soft.com /public/animalin.html (814 words)

	NATURE. Inside the Animal Mind \| PBS
		We all believe that our pets are both intelligent and sensitive.
		But are these truly examples of intelligence, or simply the results of trial and error derived from millennia of contact with humans?
		NATURE explores the intriguing subjects of animal intelligence, emotions, and self-awareness, when it takes viewers INSIDE THE ANIMAL MIND.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/animalmind (186 words)

	Found this about intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		85 Cambrian Intelligence The Early History of the New AI Rodney A. Brooks (Author) intelligence
		128 The Architecture of Intelligence The It Revolution in Architecture Derrick De Kerckhove, Antonino Saggio (Preface) intelligence
		175 Riding the Windhorse Spiritual Intelligence and the Growth of the Self Kathleen Diane Noble intelligence
	india.depilzman.de /intelligence_ccc.html (2912 words)

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