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Topic: Animal language

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	Language - MSN Encarta
		Language, communication among human beings that is characterized by the use of arbitrary spoken or written symbols with agreed-upon meanings.
		Language use is the concern of scholars in many fields, among them linguistics (in particular sociolinguistics), literature, communications, speech and rhetoric, sociology, political science, and psychology.
		They study both the nature of the human capacity to acquire language and the language acquisition process in their quest to describe the grammar of a language or languages.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647/Language.html (770 words)

	Animal Equality: Language and Liberation. The Joan Dunayer Interview. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Speciesist language and behaviour is the antithesis of animal equality.
		As I relate in Animal Equality, my instincts as a child were to be sensitive to nonhuman suffering and to recognise nonhuman individuals as important and deserving of love and respect.
		Animal rights advocates even use such language when their intended message is one of respect.
	www.animal-lib.org.au /more_interviews/dunayer (2935 words)

	::: Animal Rights Malta.com ::: Non-speciesist language.
		Thus, killing (or making suffer) non-human animals for the taste of their flesh is unnecessary suffering, since we may live without eating flesh (actually a vegetarian diet is a healthier diet for humans).
		Plants are not non-human animals and may be regarded as another category, since plants lack a brain or nervous system that are the pre-requisite for sentience.
		Thus, torture is found in "animal farms", "abattoirs" (killing houses), circuses, zoos, marine prisons, vivisection laboratories, non-human animal races, and several other institutions, practices or places where non-human animals are denied their freedom.
	www.animalrightsmalta.com /nonspeciesistlanguage.html (937 words)

	"Animal Language Article"
		A decade and a half after the claims of animal language researchers were discredited as exaggerated self-delusions, Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh is reporting that her chimpanzees can demonstrate the rudimentary comprehension skills of 2 1/2-year-old children.
		Animal language research fell into disrepute in the late 1970's when "talking" chimps like Washoe and the provocatively named Nim Chimpsky were exposed as unintentional frauds.
		There is a suspicion among some linguists and cognitive scientists that animal language experiments are motivated as much by ideological as scientific concerns -- by the conviction that intelligent behavior is not hard-wired but learnable, by the desire to knock people off their self-appointed thrones and champion the rights of downtrodden animals.
	www.santafe.edu /~johnson/articles.chimp.html (2150 words)

	Animal Language
		It is all too convenient for rooted prejudice to say that animal feelings cannot be known because animals cannot speak, and then when they do speak in a human tongue, to claim that what they are saying cannot possibly be understood.
		Nim's language lessons (as in most such experiments) were structured to offer him the chance to earn food and other rewards, so it is not surprising that he made many such requests.
		Washoe, the first chimpanzee to be taught sign language, adopted a son, Loulis, who has learned sign language not from human tutoring, but from Washoe and the other chimps in her colony.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/4564/animal.html (1597 words)

	Animal Language Research and the Evolution of Human Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Animals taught in the lab do typically require heavy training, excepting in the case of Kanzi the chimp who learned initial symbols simply by being present while his mother was taught (Savage-Rumbaugh et al.
		Those who believe that language innnateness is uniquely human tend toward the nonadaptation side because it allows for a theory of mutation that left humans as the only animals with language capacity, or at least this seems to be Chomsky's reason.
		Darwin (1871) believed that language evolved from the vocalizations and gestures exhibited by animals, perhaps by a primate learning to imitate the sound made by a predator to indicate to its fellow apes the presence of danger.
	home.midsouth.rr.com /lizgoldstein/Papers/language.html (3682 words)

	Speak Animal Language [Abdessalami]
		It is through the use of animals that the latters tend to convey a full intellectual image of their societies: The social sphere is reflected by or rubbed on the animal spheres.
		The horse is perhaps the noblest in the kingdom of animals.
		He is a tame animal and he has got great faculties as strength, detection of his riders' emotions and intelligence, to name only a few.
	www.angelfire.com /ab6/sdi_bari/animal.html (1244 words)

	A Darwinian Perspective on Animal Language Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Evidence for such a tendency lies in the observations that children don’t require exhaustive teaching to learn the language of their parents and that syntax is too complicated for a general-purpose learner to pick up without correction (as is the case with children most of the time).
		Knowing that these language-trained animals possess at least the ability to use a symbolic system with some basic form of syntax to relate and respond to their surroundings, it is unreasonable to think that only humans possess language capability.
		He believed that language had evolved from the vocalizations and gestures exhibited by animals, perhaps by a primate learning to imitate the sound made by a predator to indicate to its fellow apes the presence of danger.
	home.midsouth.rr.com /lizgoldstein/Papers/darwin.html (2293 words)

	Language as a Neural Process
		Language is obviously one of the most sophisticated cognitive skills that humans possess, and one of the most apparent differences between the human species and other animal species.
		Language is actually quite widespread in Nature in its primitive form of communication (all animals communicate and even plants have some rudimentary form of interaction), although it is certainly unique to humans in its human form (but just like, say, chirping is unique to birds in its "birdy" form).
		If language is such an efficient tool for learning that shapes an entire system of thought in a few years, then it must certainly be useful to survival and evolution.
	www.thymos.com /science/language.html (1491 words)

	Animal Planet :: Cat Guide -- Behavior -- Body
		When cats, wild and domestic, are fearful or nervous and defensive, their ears flatten or twitch and their eyes dilate fully to take in as much of their surroundings as possible.
		The body language of confident, aggressive cats is exhibited in response to direct confrontations, with intruders on their territory or run-ins with smaller cats.
		Since most of a cat's body language is not intentional but a reflexive response to stimulus, anger and fear may elicit the same physical response.
	animal.discovery.com /guides/cats/behavior/bodylanguageintro.html (425 words)

	Wikinfo \| Language
		While the term "animal languages," is widely used, some researchers (and especially many linguists) argue that communication among non-human animals is not complex or expressive enough to be "true" language.
		They argue that there are significant differences separating human language from animal communication even at its most complex, and that the underlying principles are not related.
		Koko's achievements were with a human language that she was taught, so her example only shows that animals are capable of using language, but not that they are necessarily of inventing one on their own.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Language (781 words)

	The Animal Law Office - Bookshelf
		Animal Equality's compelling evidence of nonhuman thought and emotion debunks language that characterizes other animals as unreasoning or insensitive.
		Animal Liberation is the revised and updated edition of the definitive animal liberation text, that reports that many of the abuses of the past have decreased, serious new offenses have taken their place.
		This national bestseller exploring the complex emotional lives of animals was hailed as "a masterpiece" by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas and as "marvelous" by Jane Goodall.
	www.animalattorney.com /books.html (1216 words)

	Animal language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some researchers argue that there are significant differences separating human language from animal communication even at its most complex, and that the underlying principles are not related.
		Also, his animals failed to show generalization of the concept of reference between the modalities of comprehension and production; this generalization is one of many fundamental ones that are trivial for human language use.
		The simpler explanation according to Terrace was that the animals had learned a sophisticated series of context-based behavioral strategies to obtain either primary (food) or social reinforcement, behaviors that could be over-interpreted as language use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animal_language (2091 words)

	Be hep to your pet - understanding an animal's body language Saturday Evening Post - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		As you approach, the animal avoids eye contact with you and appears to be "grinning" with its lips retracted.
		The animal may also tuck its tail between its legs and avoid you.
		Restrain your animals at all times by leash or within the boundaries of a fenced yard.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1189/is_v259/ai_5096134 (911 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Inside the Minds of Animals - Page 1
		He had reason to believe that this particular animal, whose name was Hans, was capable of amazing, human-like powers of intellect.
		Hans was able to answer questions posed in foreign languages, questions whispered to him, even questions not asked at all, but merely thought.
		The topic raises questions concerning the nature of language, the link between language and mind, and the role language plays in what it is to be human.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=fa/minds-animals (704 words)

	Amazon.ca: Animal Talk : Breaking the Codes of Animal Language: Books: Tim Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Current understanding of human language says that we all have portions of our brains directly assigned to language processing, and that every human language is at foundation the same, with nouns, verbs, and so on all doing the same job in each.
		Tim Friend, a science journalist, in _Animal Talk: Breaking the Codes of Animal Language_, reviews all the many ways that animals have of talking to each other (not just by sound), to find that there is a far broader understanding between animals of different species (including humans) than we may have guessed before.
		But insects and animals use yellow or red colors as a universal signal for "stay away," and everyone knows what a rattlesnake's noise means.
	www.amazon.ca /Animal-Talk-Breaking-Codes-Language/dp/0743201574 (1413 words)

	Mason Hulis, Animal Communication, Animal Communicator: Animal Communicator, Author - Animals Can Speak, Workshops, ...
		My purpose as an animal communicator is to find the answers to these types of questions and to pass on the information to the pet’s owner.
		I have found that many of the wild animals want to know if you have anything for them to eat, who are you, and what you are doing in their surroundings.
		Most pet owners want their animals to be happy and content and when I can interpret their pets’ feelings and desires and communicate them to their owners, the result is usually a happier situation for the animal and the person.
	www.animalscanspeak.com (690 words)

	Animal Language Group Activities
		The American sign language research has also been criticized as it is argued that chimps don't have to show an understanding of the words, only the ability to copy the shapes and forms.
		Patterson (1970s) and her Gorilla Koko were able to produce similar results, this time taking the use of language a step further being able to talk about an incident which occurred days earlier when Koko had bitten Patterson, when asked why Koko signed 'Sorry, bit scratch wrong'.
		In conclusion it would seem that animals do possess the ability to use human language human but the question arises whether it would be more profitable to concentrate on understanding animals own language.
	www.le.ac.uk /education/resources/SocSci/animlang.html (991 words)

	Animal Mind, Language, Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Similarly, I have found (having been Chomskyan trained then abandoning it to study Native American languages, which just don't fit Chomskyan illusions of universality) that no matter how good synchronic species-centric definitions of language are, they are all simply impediments when considering the evolution of language over time.
		Human language means the human KIND of "language"; same for culture.
		My model, with its bodily, emotional, social, and formal levels, with each level being a different kind of language, each with its own unique kind of grammar, shows how humans are unique in having the formal level, but share the other three levels in an evolutionary/developmental way.
	www.enformy.com /dma-ls04.htm (636 words)

	Language in child and chimp? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		What are the descriptive facts of human language acquisition by humans.
		One of the remarkable facts of human language acquisition, is that it is very uniform across a wide range of children and experiences.
		Finally what we can begin to speculate on what kind of genetic changes might have occurred to evolve language in concert with evolving culture.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~jel/apelang.html (245 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Inside the Minds of Animals - Page 3
		Much language research has involved teaching primates to use variations of sign language including famous studies of three gorillas -- Washoe, Koko, and Nim Chimpsky.
		However, when he began scrutinizing video tapes of Nim interacting with the volunteers, he discovered that every time Nim seemed to be expressing thoughts, he was actually just responding to prompts by the volunteers.
		He describes animals not as lessor versions of humans, but as practitioners of evolved skills.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=fa/minds-animals3 (763 words)

	Animal Consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Third, the question of whether animals are conscious beings or “mere automata”, as Cartesians would have it, is of considerable moral significance given the dependence of modern societies on mass farming and the use of animals for biomedical research.
		Any theory of animal consciousness must be understood, however, in the context of a larger investigation of animal cognition that (among philosophers) will also be concerned with issues such as intentionality (in the sense described by the 19th C. German psychologist Franz Brentano) and mental content (Dennett 1983, 1987; Allen 1992a,b, 1995, 1997).
		Upon waking, marked animals who were allowed to see themselves in a mirror touched their own foreheads in the region of the mark significantly more frequently than controls who were either unmarked or not allowed to look into a mirror.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/consciousness-animal (6769 words)

	NewsHour Online: Can Chimps Talk
		PAUL HOFFMAN, Discover Magazine: Scientists have long thought that language is unique to the human brain and that our ability to use it is what separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom.
		But then scientists observed the sea otter using rocks to break open mollusks, so anthropologists raised the bar, claiming that we were the only animal that makes tools, until in 1960, chimpanzees were observed stripping leaves and twigs off a branch and using it to fish termites out of a nest.
		But her conclusions about apes and language continue to generate controversy in the scientific community and to challenge mainstream thinking about what really distinguishes humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/science/chimp_5-6.html (1693 words)

	Amazon.com: Animal Talk: Breaking the Codes of Animal Language: Books: Tim Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior by Temple Grandin
		Specially Trained Animals for any Event — Rent affection trained animals and their trainers for feature films, motion pictures, television and talk shows, commercials, promotions, conventions, trade shows and charity events.
		Likewise, in the wild, animals of different species often interact thru sounds and smells as part of living in a shared environment.
	www.amazon.com /Animal-Talk-Breaking-Codes-Language/dp/0743201574 (1897 words)

	Animal language controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A philosopher of language might say no, but the case against animal language is getting weaker.
		Different linguists have somewhat different definitions of language, but everyone agrees that language has to have meaning, productivity (you can use the same words to make an infinite number of now communications), and displacement (you can use language to talk about things that aren't present).
		Prairie dogs use their language to refer to real dangers in the real world, so it definitely has meaning.
	www.grandin.com /inc/animals.in.translation.ch6.html (552 words)

	Animal Track Stencils, tools for learning the language of animal tracks.
		Animal Track Stencils, tools for learning the language of animal tracks.
		Animal Track Stencils are meticulous stencils of wild animals found, studied, and cast in the wild on four continents by master naturalist Steve Engel.
		Animal Track Stencils™ stimulate curiosity, creativity, and a better understanding of the animals with whom we share the planet.
	www.animaltracksbysteve.com /products.html (384 words)

	The Language of Animal Learning Theories
		She suggests that the best language for treating behaviors as actions is a language based on a basic vocabulary of action verbs.
		For Lee, beginning as she does with the language of action verbs, any sort of conduct describable using an action verb is to be considered an action until shown otherwise.
		The claim was made that the appropriate position along the richness-thinness continuum could always be distinguished in terms of the precise degree of equifinality just broad enough to encompass all the bodily movements of interest and to exclude all those not of interest.
	www.unc.edu /~skemp/documents/situate/LangLern/smkLangLern.html (9738 words)

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