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	Animal model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animal model refers to a non-human animal with a disease that is similar to a human condition.
		Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery as an animal model of ischemic stroke
		Animal models observed in the sciences of psychology and sociology are often termed animal models of behavior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animal_model (333 words)

	Model organism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
		Rice (Oryza sativa) is used as a model for cereal biology.
		Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Model_organism (1026 words)

	Selection of Animal Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When using models, for instance to assess the carcinogenicity of a substance, it is of the essence that at least one of the model species chosen responds in a manner that is predictive of the human response to this substance.
		Models of infectious diseases are often restricted to a limited number of susceptible species, and the remaining unresponsive species may be regarded as negative models for this particular human pathogenic organism.
		Model selection is very much the prerogative of the individual scientist, who therefore is responsible for convincing the rest of the scientific community that her or his choice is valid.
	www.ahsc.arizona.edu /uac/notes/classes/animalmodels/animalmodels03.html (5736 words)

	Animal Models
		Sometimes an animal model is too complex and a cell culture system or computer model allows study of a single aspect of the disease.
		The remaining animals only experience discomfort if the experiment is approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and is determined to be of enough importance to the advancement of medicine to justify that type of use.
		Based on the concern of scientists, veterinarians and the public, in the 1950's and 1960's it was recognized that animal modeling had the potential for causing suffering to the animals being used.
	www.ahc.umn.edu /rar/MNAALAS/Models.html (1419 words)

	The animal model and the precautionary principle
		Second example: the rodent model and the treatment of cancer in man. Thousands of compounds have been identified as efficient anticancer chemotherapeutic agents in mice, but most of the 39 agents which are efficient in man have no anticancer activity in mice, including in animals bearing xenografted human tumors (Science, 1997, 278, 1041).
		The assessment of long term effects using the animal model is generally limited to 90 days in toxicology laboratories, and seldom longer in the few laboratories interested in the time-evolution of biological response.
		Even assuming that an animal model would behave identically to man (which never holds), it is simply impossible to assess risks or pathology which would take say 3 or 5 years before they could be diagnosed.
	www.dlrm.org /resources/reiss.htm (3756 words)

	Type Evaluations for Five Breeds
		Animal model estimates for heritability of final score tended to be the same or lower than sire model estimates for all breeds.
		Figures 1 to 9 are plots of the genetic trends for the former sire model and the animal model, expressed on the same base (cows born in 1990, reported are the matching subsets of cows having both evaluations), for final score, rump angle, and udder depth of Brown Swiss, Guernseys, and Jerseys.
		The same animal model was used for all traits, but a single-trait animal model was applied for final score, and a multitrait animal model was used for all linear type traits within breed.
	www.adsa.org /manuscripts/jds8311 (3436 words)

	[No title]
		Major benefits of the animal model are use of all relatives rather than just certain classes of relatives and use of exact statistical procedures (best linear unbiased prediction) rather than approximations.
		The USDA-DHIA animal model describes a cow's lactation record as the sum of the effects of her management group (m), genetic merit (animal effect, a), permanent environment (p), interaction of her herd and sire (c), and unexplained residual (e).
		The primary difference is that the animal model uses additional information and employs many rounds of iteration to improve accuracy and to insure that information from each animal is included in evaluations of all its relatives.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /DairyKnowledge/dairy/ANIMAL_MODEL_GENETIC_EVALUATIONS.html (3008 words)

	[No title]
		Animals affected by porphyria exhibit brownish pigmentation of teeth and bones, dark brown to red discoloration of the urine, and varying degrees of anemia.
		We have shown that lysosomal -galactosidase is expressed in preimplantation sheep embryos, and the model should therefore be useful in the development of preimplantation diagnostic methods for lysosomal storage diseases.11 The model should also be useful in the development of therapeutic modalities for lysosomal storage diseases, e.g., both somatic cell and gene therapy methods.
		These animals exhibit progressive wasting and die by three months of age.4 Long-term observations by Green et al revealed that about 70% of the tax mice develop adrenal tumors in addition to the peripheral soft tissue tumors.5 Adrenal tumors may be inapparent grossly, or sometimes result in adrenomegaly.
	www.afip.org /vetpath/POLA/POLA95/oneill (10446 words)

	Animal Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In vivo models of myocardial metabolism during ischemia.
		Animal models of cancer pain may reveal novel approaches to palliative care
		A rat model of liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices
	cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn /cmbidata/animal/animal.htm (176 words)

	The Animal Model
		The animal model is a system for genetic evaluations that estimates breeding values of bulls and cows at the same time.
		Since animal model calculations are repeated several times (a process called iteration), those close relativesÌ evaluations influence more remote ancestors and descendants in the next round of calculations.
		Animals with only one progeny and no records are considered to be ÏunknownÓ because they do not contribute to new information or to relationships between animals with records or progeny.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/dairy/404-086/404-086.html (1713 words)

	A Spatial Model for Predicting Animal Responses to Ecological Changes
		As explained in the section on model validation, we are assessing the ability of the EAM to come closer than the null model to estimating relative animal distributions found in the field.
		The "natural" or ecological variation in animal density not captured by the regression equations used in our model is due to variables extraneous to distance to edge, some of which may best be modeled as random variables.
		Preliminary model outputs confirm that the responses of animal species to habitat edges may exert profound influence on their distribution in heterogeneous landscapes, and they suggest that the EAM may be a useful tool for guiding habitat management.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap737/p737.htm (4370 words)

	Model & other Organisms for pharmaceutical rsearch Glossary
		Now, beyond simply testing drugs in animals to ascertain their safety, researchers are increasingly seeking animal models not only of specific diseases, but also of the particular pathways being targeted.
		Knockout mice are used as animal models for various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and are helping to clarify the functions of the genes studied within the fields of immunology, cancer genetics, and developmental biology.
		Model organisms are of key importance in both creating databases of gene sequences for homology searching, and as platforms for investigating the biology of genes of interest.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/model_organisms_glossary.asp (2546 words)

	Animal Cell Model
		Model: A model of an animal or plant cell will be made...
		Animal cell structure This web page displays a large colorful three-dimensional diagram of a typical animal cell with all the major parts labeled.
		that this is a model of an animal cell and that it doesn't...
	www.animalsnpets.com /pets/animal-cell-model.html (425 words)

	Model National Animal Law
		(f) “Companion animal” means animals kept in or near the household for the primary purpose of companionship for the member(s) of the household.
		Animals covered include, but may not be limited to, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and goats.
		Because of this, the use of animals in shows and sports characterized by cruelty and/or pain, including but not limited to fights between or among bulls, dogs, and cocks, is strictly forbidden.
	www.animallaw.info /statutes/stmodelanimalact.htm (3136 words)

	"Information resources on ferrets"
		A ferret model of electrical-induction of arterial thrombosis that is sensitive to aspirin.
		Efficacy of adenovirus-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in a new ferret model.
		The ferret as a model for evaluation of the bioavailabilities of all-trans-beta-carotene and its isomers.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/ferrets/models.htm (888 words)

	Satya March 00: Animal Models of AIDS by Ray Greek and Jean Swingle Greek
		For decades scientists have known that animal models of human viral diseases simply are not predictive for humans.
		For example, the mouse model of influenza is a poor replica of the human illness.
		In light of this evidence it is clear that animal models of human disease have never been predictive or effective.
	www.satyamag.com /march00/greek.html (1261 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Economists model animal survival
		While the idea of figuring out how much it costs to allow animals to live on the land they occupy is not new, other models have tended to concentrate only single species.
		The new model developed by the Massey economists allows for multiple species to be included and also the relationships between species, such as that between predator and prey.
		Dr Alexander is about to use the model in a South African programme to try and restore the populations of the African wild dog on private land.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1975000/1975191.stm (727 words)

	Project 2-Animal Model
		The primary goal of this proposal is to investigate the effects of dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies on pain behavior in various animal models of chronic pain due to breast and prostate cancer.
		The primary role of this project in the Center is to develop a powerful animal model for examining multiple kinds of cancer pain associated with breast and prostate cancer where a variety of CAM interventions can be used.
		We also plan to use these animal models of chronic pain to investigate the potential analgesic effects of certain promising Indian, Chinese and Japanese herbal medicines.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /cam/studies/animal_model.html (281 words)

	USGS Technology Transfer: Factsheet FS-056-97
		It has been said that spatially explicit, individual based models of animal movement and foraging behavior may be useful in understanding how landscape patterns affect ecological processes.
		With it the user can create simulation models of medium and small sized mammal movement in regions where the interaction of terrestrial animals and landscape are important.
		An animal is placed on a map which shows different kinds of food and habitat.
	www.usgs.gov /tech-transfer/factsheets/FS-056-97.html (451 words)

	animal model
		An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans.
		Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans.
		Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models.
	www.cancer-help.org /topics/animal_model.html (175 words)

	Psoriasis Animal Model Update \| Psoriasis Animal Model Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Psoriasis affects 1 to for psoriasis, to evaluate skin coating formulations with encapsulated steroids in vivo in an animal model, and to.
		Arrivenet, co a pre clinical study to amevive and raptiva in an animal model of psoriasis.
		Research news in science, health, medicine, space, physics and more that lead to psoriasis in their mouse model with a topical model recapitulated all of the major epidermal and immunological features of human psoriasis, something that other animal.
	www.myskincareguru.com /psoriasis-animal-model.html (906 words)

	Genetic Evaluations for Type
		In the summer of 1989, the animal model became the basis for genetic evaluations for Jersey bulls and cows in the United States.
		The YD is expressed as a deviation from the U.S. Jersey population (in contrast to the herd).
		This is done so that the genetic level of the herd can also be adjusted for in the animal model when it is calculating the M, P and C. Thus, the YDs are not the same as herdmate deviations that are calculated by the DHI processing centers.
	www.usjersey.com /Reference/AnimalModel.htm (753 words)

	New animal model for Alzheimer vaccine
		This may enable scientists to study the vaccine in an animal model of Alzheimer's that is very similar to humans.
		The goal is to discover the cause of serious side effects that halted an earlier study of the vaccine in people, according to the Alzheimer's Association.
		According to Gandy, because of Rhesus monkey's genetic similarity to humans, this study was initiated to determine whether the brain changes associated with vaccination of humans could be modeled in aged nonhuman primates.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/aa-nam030404.php (892 words)

	Boids (Flocks, Herds, and Schools: a Distributed Behavioral Model)
		The neighborhood could be considered a model of limited perception (as by fish in murky water) but it is probably more correct to think of it as defining the region in which flockmates influence a boids steering.
		The boids model is an example of an individual-based model, a class of simulation used to capture the global behavior of a large number of interacting autonomous agents.
		Xiaoyuan Tu implemented a realistic, physically-based model of fish schooling as part of her dissertation research on artificial animals.
	www.red3d.com /cwr/boids (5331 words)

	CIDRAP >> Monkeys serve as first animal model of smallpox
		Under the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) "animal efficacy rule," treatments and vaccines can be approved on the basis of animal data alone if human trials are impractical or unethical, as in the case of smallpox.
		The authors say that the ideal animal model of smallpox would more closely resemble ordinary smallpox in humans, with a longer clinical course and without hemorrhagic manifestations, but would still cause high mortality.
		Exploring the potential of variola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques as a model for human smallpox.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/news/oct1404smallpox.html (785 words)

	The Animal Model
		However, the Animal Model attempts to rank sires and cows simultaneously for genetic merit by adjusting equations for management -- environmental factors (like herds, rounds of classification and classifier), and solving for the genetic merit of each animal classified or milk-recorded.
		For type, the correlations between sire ratings (by the Sire Model) and February 1989 official Animal Model ratings on the same bulls (using the same data) were +.97.
		They are based on all relatives' information, appropriately weighted for heritability of the trait, how high the relationship is between the animal in question and the animal being indexes, and finally, the amount of information available.
	cgil.uoguelph.ca /pub/articles/animalmodel.html (1103 words)

	Cat Genome Project: Animal Model
		Reuser, A.J.J. Molecular Biology, Therapeutic Trials and Animal Models of Lysosomal Storage Diseases - Type-II Glycogenosis as an Example.
		Niemann-Pick disease: a genetic model in Siamese cats.
		Valentine, B.A., Kaplan, F.S. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in cats - a potentially important animal model of the human disease (reprinted from feline health topics for veterinarians, vol 9, pg 4, 1994).
	home.ncifcrf.gov /ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/animod_n.asp (657 words)

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