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Topic: Animal testing

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	Animals Used in Testing - Doris Day Animal League
		Animal testing and research is slowly being replaced by more humane, more accurate and less expensive non-animal methods.
		Two important ways to reduce the use of animals in testing are: 1) Increase funding for research of alternative methods; and 2) Reduce the number of animals used in existing animal-based test programs.
		Changing the emphasis from new animal testing, which means harming and killing animals, to collecting pre-existing data.
	www.ddal.org /animaltesting (236 words)

	Animal Testing
		To be directly inhumane, the infliction of distress on the test animal is "an unavoidable consequence of the procedure employed".
		Whereas to be contingently inhumane is "the infliction of distress as an incidental and inadvertent by-product of the use of the procedure".
		In the past, animals were thought to be the perfect specimen to test on (especially vertebrates) because of how similar their bodies are to human and because they were not considered our equals and did not appear to have a conscientious mind.
	www.msu.edu /~hipchenm/atl/review2.html (959 words)

	Animal Testing
		Animal testing is morally wrong, but we can learn from it.
		Animal testing, whether right or wrong, good or bad, is something that we need to deal with.
		There is a choice between whether to test on animals, in the hopes of saving a human life, or whether to do computer stimulation (as an alternative) based on past animal testing, and then test on willing human test subjects.
	www.msu.edu /~hipchenm/atl/review1.html (743 words)

	NEXUS: The Human Cost of Animal Testing
		As well as animal tests allowing unsafe drugs onto the market, the flip side is that human health is also compromised when drugs which may be beneficial to humans are prevented from being released.
		Animal testing also provides pharmaceutical firms with a weapon to protect themselves from being sued by people who have been damaged by their products.
		It had been tested for six years in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys and when introduced on the market was "particularly notable for the thoroughness with which its toxicity was studied in animals, to the satisfaction of the authorities".
	www.nexusmagazine.com /articles/animaltesting.html (4975 words)

	Animal testing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animal experiments are regulated by one clause in the 2000 Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals [37] (pdf), which requires those using animals to cause minimal distress and suffering.
		Testing for chronic toxicity can last up to two years and, in the European Union, is required to utilize "two species of mammals, one of which must be non-rodent" [101] (pdf, p45).
		Groups opposed to animal testing are divided in their position on the 'three Rs'; some support the principles [127] while others accept replacement as the only valid action [128].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animal_testing (8715 words)

	NARN \| Testing
		We deliberately expose animals to the dangers and maladies that affect humans in a misguided attempt to ensure healthier lives for ourselves.
		Animals other than humans, no matter how similar, are not close enough approximations to justify using the results to find human cures.
		The use of animal tests involving monkeys is widely known to have delayed a polio vaccine for as long as twenty-five years.
	www.narn.org /testing.shtml (638 words)

	fast facts about animal testing
		Animal testing is when scientists, students or commercial firms such as cosmetic companies use animals for biological research, typically in a laboratory setting.
		Those against animal testing generally argue that it's cruel, unnecessary, scientifically unsound and expensive, and that the results are misleading.
		Ninety percent of animal research is conducted on rodents and birds, but until the fall of 2000, neither was included under the 1966 Animal Welfare Act, which requires humane care of animals used in laboratories, placed on exhibition and kept as pets.
	www.gurl.com /findout/fastfacts/pages/0,,622679,00.html (292 words)

	Campaigns and Programs - Animal Testing
		Through leadership of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, API is working with companies across the country to encourage them to end animal tests, rewarding their compassionate commitment with the "leaping bunny" symbol and promoting them to consumers nationwide.
		Testing strategies that will potentially impact millions of animals are set by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), the body which brings together representatives of Governments worldwide.
		From sitting as a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics to produce a report on animal experimentation to working with sister organizations in the European Coalition to end Animal Experiments, API is there, ensuring a global response to a global industry.
	www.api4animals.org /a2_research.php (553 words)

	Animal Testing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whether or not you agree with animal testing you must agree that 500 million animal deaths a year from animal testing is ridiculous.
		It is a fact that certain results that come from animal testing are obsolete or are done and redone with the same results.
		It is true that a large percentage of animal testing is done on rats and mice, however they are still animals.
	www.nv.cc.va.us /home/nleslie/argumentative.htm (1409 words)

	DawnWatch.com
		Most animals killed in laboratories are not dying in tests for drugs to combat life threatening illnesses.
		We could insist that a sizable chunk of the budgets of those companies that do medical testing on animals be used to continue to develop and refine in vitro and other methods of testing.
		We should be thankful that the animal tests the researchers were later required to perform on this drug, before its release, didn't include tests on guinea pigs - Penicillin kills them.
	www.dawnwatch.com /animal_testing.htm (1284 words)

	StopAnimalTests.com > Animal Testing 101
		As many as 115 million animals are experimented on and killed in laboratories in the U.S. every year.
		You can't even get an accurate count on the number of animals killed every year because experimenters and the government have decided that mice and rats and certain other animals don't even have to be counted.
		Animal experimentation is a multibillion-dollar industry fueled by massive public funding and involving a complex web of corporate, government, and university laboratories, cage and food manufacturers, and animal breeders, dealers, and transporters.
	www.stopanimaltests.com /animalTesting101.asp (262 words)

	Real Issues: Animal Testing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We should be concerned about how animals are treated in research, and we should all work to minimize--if not eliminate--the number of animals who suffer.
		There are many animals that scientists do have to report using in experiments, including dogs, cats, sheep, hamsters, guinea pigs, and primates.
		Of the animals that the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) collects numbers on, 1,438,553 were used in research in 2002.
	www.animaland.org /asp/realissues/testing.asp (289 words)

	About PETA >> FAQs >> Animals Used for Experimentation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Certainly, some medical developments were the result of cruel animal tests, but that does not mean that the developments would not have been possible without animal testing or that the primitive techniques used in the 1800s are still valid today.
		Animal tests are primitive, and modern technology and human clinical tests are much more effective and reliable.
		A painless death at an animal shelter is a far cry from a life of severe pain and deprivation and an agonizing death in a laboratory.
	www.peta.org /about/faq-viv.asp (1648 words)

	Animal Testing
		For animal rights activists, like People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the answer is no. PETA pressures labs into halting experiments because they believe that animals are not to be used by humans for food, clothing, entertainment, or to experiment on (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 1).
		The reason that animal testing is appropriate is that there are regulations in place to minimize testing and pain, the alternatives are insufficient for now, and most importantly the information obtained from experimentation is irreplaceable.
		While animal rights groups such as PETA advocate abolishing all animal testing that inflicts pain on animals, proponents of testing cite laws and regulations which minimize pain and discomfort.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/20/egn7.shtml (1696 words)

	Animal Testing Alternatives
		Research scientists who are using animals as test subjects are required by the Animal Welfare Act (7 USC 2131-2156) to consider alternatives to animal testing prior to beginning a research project.
		The Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) of the National Agriculture Library provides in-depth information, in a question and answer format, concerning why literature searches must be conducted for animal testing alternatives and provides definitions of alternatives (Kreger 1998).
		Animal testing of the effects of chemicals is a part of the chemical literature and can be found using SciFinder Scholar.
	www.istl.org /00-summer/internet.html (1830 words)

	Animal Testing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In animal testing, drug companies make every effort to use as few animals as possible and to ensure their humane and proper care.
		Generally, two or more species (one rodent, one non-rodent) are tested because a drug may affect one species differently from another.
		Animal testing is used to measure how much of a drug is absorbed into the blood, how it is broken down chemically in the body, the toxicity of the drug and its breakdown products (metabolites), and how quickly the drug and its metabolites are excreted from the body.
	www.fda.gov /cder/handbook/animal.htm (92 words)

	PETAKiDS > Save animals > Animal Testing / Dissection > Experimentation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Animals are suffering right now for things like cosmetics, shampoo and conditioner, cleaners, and other household items.
		The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is a group of laws that was put together to protect animals, but it leaves many animals out.
		The AWA doesn’t cover cold-blooded animals, birds, animals who are used for food, or rats and mice—the animals most commonly used in animal tests.
	www.petakids.com /testing2.html (351 words)

	Animal Testing: Background
		Based upon the traditional assumption that animals respond the same way that humans do when exposed to certain products, animals are continually used to test safety and/or effectiveness of human and veterinary drugs, household and personal care products, chemicals, medical devices, radiation-emitting products (e.g., microwaves, cell phones, etc.), among others.
		As a result, the animal-based research and testing methods continue to fail legitimate human needs, while new discoveries in the field of alternatives have led to new and improved techniques that do not involve live animals.
		Among the problems with the Draize test, the doctor stresses, are the biological differences between humans and rabbits, the lack of medical treatment (which would be expected with humans), and the atypical length of exposure.
	www.aavs.org /testing01.html (241 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Animal Testing
		Animal testing by manufacturers seeking to market new products may be used to establish product safety.
		Moreover, in all cases where animal testing is used, FDA advocates that research and testing derive the maximum amount of useful scientific information from the minimum number of animals and employ the most humane methods available within the limits of scientific capability.
		FDA supports the development and use of alternatives to whole-animal testing as well as adherence to the most humane methods available within the limits of scientific capability when animals are used for testing the safety of cosmetic products.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/cos-205.html (450 words)

	Home Office \| Animal testing
		The breeding and supply of animals for use in scientific procedures is regulated in the UK by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
		The Animals in Scientific Procedures (ASP) Inspectorate provides scientific advice to the Home Secretary and to officials who operate the system that approves licences for laboratories. Read more about the release of the Inspectorate's annual report.
		Animal rights extremists have conducted a sustained campaign of harassment and intimidation against the animal research industry, including targeting people at home and in their communities.
	www.homeoffice.gov.uk /science-research/animal-testing (423 words)

	Animal Testing \| The Humane Society of the United States
		The safety testing of chemicals and consumer products probably accounts for only about 10 percent to 20 percent of the use of animals in laboratories, or approximately two to four million animals in the United States.
		Yet the use of animals in safety testing figures prominently in the animal research controversy.
		The Animals in Research section is committed to promoting alternatives to the use of animals in product testing as well as in biomedical research and education.
	www.hsus.org /animals_in_research/animal_testing (549 words)

	Uncaged Campaigns: Pet food and animal testing
		Uncaged is determined to work with other animal protection groups to persuade the companion animal food industry to clean up its act.
		For companies to qualify, they have to prove that neither they nor their suppliers are engaged in animal testing that harms animals: that means no invasive laboratory experiments or keeping animals in captive laboratory or kennel conditions for lengthy periods of time - conditions that cannot fulfil their physical and psychological needs.
		Many animal food companies issue unreliable and incomplete statements regarding their testing practices and the conduct of their suppliers.
	www.uncaged.co.uk /petfood.htm (619 words)

	EU puts squeeze on animal testing \| The Register
		The EU's scientists are facing a challenge to think up ways of reducing the animal testing element in the biggest piece of legislation to pass through Brussels in a decade.
		Animal welfare groups such as the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection think the legislation will kill up to 10 million animals in tests where the chemicals will be poured into animals eyes.
		While a BUAV spokesman admit off the record that they cannot stop animal testing as part of REACH, they have tabled amendments to reduce its effects, requiring animal test data to be shared between countries - to reduce duplication of effort and unnecessary dead animals.
	www.theregister.com /2005/05/16/animal_testing (728 words)

	PETA's Get Active Center :: Learn :: Animals Used for Testing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because there are so many animals in laboratories and records are not kept for all animals, estimates of the number of animals tortured and killed annually in U.S. laboratories vary widely but are in the millions.
		The Animal Welfare Act requires laboratories to report the number of animals used in experiments, but it does not cover mice, rats, and birds (used in some 80 to 95 percent of all experiments).
		Charities such as the March of Dimes use donations from private citizens to fund experiments on animals, and the FDA requires all drugs to be tested on animals.
	www.animalactivist.com /Testing.asp (327 words)

	Animal Testing: Testing Alternatives
		However, there are many ways to test a substance’s potential harmful effects without exposing it to a living animal.
		In contrast, all of the traditional animal-based safety tests were never validated and would unlikely pass the level of proof required of new in vitro methods.
		In order to be validated, an alternative testing method must go through a rigorous process involving scientific review panels, testing laboratories, evaluation committees, and eventual publication of test data.
	www.aavs.org /testing03.html (452 words)

	CBBC Newsround \| ANIMAL TESTING
		British law says that any new drug used for medicine, must be tested on at least two different types of live mammal.
		One of these must be a large non-rodent type animal.
		Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against diseases like measles, rabies and mumps.
	news.bbc.co.uk /cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/animals/animal_testing (90 words)

	Animal Health Testing Overview (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Taconic Health Testing Laboratories' diagnostic services provide customers with detailed testing procedures that are designed to evaluate the health of small laboratory animals.
		While any test program has a diagnostics assay at its core, Taconic Health Testing Services are more than a list of tests.
		Taconic's Health Testing Laboratories customers have both telephone and e-mail access to all individuals whose expertise is required.
	www.taconic.com /healthtesting/AHSintro.htm (257 words)

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