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	Animal traction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animal traction refers to the use of draft animals (also draught animals) to provide motive power for vehicles or machinery.
		The earliest uses of domestic animals were for meat and direct personal transportation (that is, they were ridden).
		Animal traction is still widely used in the world today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animal_traction (370 words)

	Traction - LoveToKnow 1911
		When men and animals carry burdens, or draw or propel loads in certain vehicles, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to determine the duty performed in foot-pounds of work, because of the uncertainty of the amount in pounds of the resistance overcome.
		Before the advent of electric traction, the tramways using cable propulsion were numerous and of great size, as at San Francisco, Chicago, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York in America, at Highgate Hill (London) and Edinburgh in the United Kingdom, and at Melbourne in Australia.
		Electric traction, as treated here, will refer to the operation of vehicles for the transportation of passengers and goods upon tracks, as distinguished from what are known as telpherage systems on the one hand (see Conveyors), and automobiles intended to run on common roads on the other (see Motor Vehicles).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Traction (10024 words)

	Animal powered transport - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(Non-human) animal-powered transport is a broad category of the human use of non-human working animals (also known as "beasts of burden") for the movement of people and goods.
		Humans may ride some of the larger of these animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, singly or in teams, to pull (or haul) sleds or wheeled vehicles.
		Not common outside mythology, but note the use of dolphins to carry markers to attach to detected mines.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Animal-powered_transport (129 words)

	Sustainable Agriculture and Bee Keeping
		"Animal traction was an alternative we had to utilize," said a representative of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
		Many animals were staked on the side of the road, and it was obvious to me, as one who is trained to select and breed cattle for high production a lot of progress could be made with the right inputs.
		The animals wore a head yoke, which weree not well fitted to the animals, as evidenced by the wounds on their heads, the ropes which held the yoke in place around the horns, and the torn noses of some of the animals.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/cuba/reports/sustainableagricultureandbeekeeping.html (2823 words)

	THE USE OF DRAFT ANIMALS IN THE SOUTHERN HILLS
		The feeding of draught animals in the area is closely associated with natural resources and environmental conditions which affect the availability of feeds during the annual cycle.
		The presence of traditional agriculture employing draught animals in the terrace systems of Xochimilco is noticeable in terms of the proximity of the area to high input systems where machinery is often made available via governmental plans (Sánchez 1984) or rented to poor farmers to increase their efficiency.
		Given this situation, animal power in Xochimilco may be placed within the concept of sustainable agriculture, thus it is appropriate to propose their continued use at a high scale in substitution for machinery based on the use of non-renewable resources (Edens 1976; Villalobos and Mendoza 1994).
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd7/1/5.htm (2901 words)

	Untitled Document
		Animal draught power is useful for small- and medium-scale farmers with limited income: those who cannot afford to buy or hire tractors.
		Using animal traction to prepare the land, and for weeding and other field work helps to avoid the compaction and physical destruction of the soil that can be caused by tractors.
		Once the animal has reached the age of 5, the work can be gradually increased: for example, ploughing for 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the afternoon.
	www.iirr.org /saem/page200-203.htm (1093 words)

	DHP
		Household decision-making and control of animal traction have been dominated by men, although women are increasingly responsible for these.
		Participatory methods should also be used in animal traction extension as extensionists work closely with male and female farmers to identify problems and help control, identify and rank their actual needs.
		There is a need for research on the impact of animal traction on the environment in different regions.
	www.ossrea.net /dhp/dhp02-04.htm (4388 words)

	Libro tracción animal en Cuba
		Animal traction in Havana and Matanzas Provinces of Cuba
		Animal traction in the Central Region of Cuba
		Animal traction in the Eastern Provinces of Cuba
	www.recta.org /bookAT.html (359 words)

	Socio-economic issues in animal traction research and development in Nigeria
		The paper investigates the possible impact of draught animals at farm level as far as labour- and cost-saving, increase in output and higher financial returns are concerned.
		The influence of farm size, cropping patterns and institutional support on the economic viability of animal traction is highlighted.
		Animals which are potentially adaptable for traction in Nigeria include oxen (male cattle), horses, donkeys and camels.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5483B/x5483b1f.htm (3660 words)

	General News of Tuesday, 27 October 1998
		He said animal traction has many benefits and pointing out that it assist in soil and water conservation and also helps to check soil erosion.
		Mr Philip D. Laryea, project co-ordinator of the National Animal Traction Expertise Centre said the objectives of the workshop was to upgrade the knowledge and skills of farmers to adequately manage and conserve soil and water.
		He said it is envisaged that with the use of animal traction, soil erosion will minimise while its fertility would be enhanced.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=4171 (199 words)

	Minnesota Hooved Animal Rescue Foundation
		Outside exercise paddocks for equines do not require separate constructed shelter where a shelter is accessible to the equine on adjacent or other accessible areas of the property provided that equines are not kept in outdoor exercise paddocks during adverse weather conditions.
		Stalls must be cleaned and kept dry to the extent the animal is not required to lie or stand in fluids.
		Floors must be of nonskid construction or of nonskid material sufficient to provide the animal with traction while in transport.
	www.mnhoovedanimalrescue.org /news.html (471 words)

	Conservation tillage with animal traction for soil
		This paper is based on the outcome of a national workshop on conservation tillage with animal traction for soil-water management and environmental sustainability held 16-18 June 1998, Okashana, Namibia.
		Management of draft animals is normally a major concern by farmers, financing institutions and promoters of draft animal power technologies.
		The productivity of draft animals is normally questioned in some areas where grazing land is poor and usually the animals in these areas are weak at the beginning of the land preparation season when they are needed most.
	www.fao.org /ag/ags/agse/agse_s/3ero/Namibia1/c2.htm (3408 words)

	0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Today in South Africa, the use of animal traction by large-scale commercial farmers in uncommon, but it is on the increase.
		A leading extension officer with the Department of Agriculture, Lunga Mdledle who is attached to the animal traction section at the University of Fort Hare, said both professionals and academics saw this process as primitive.
		Mdledle said animal traction is the use of animals such as cattle, donkeys and mules to assist farmers in carrying out the tasks of agriculture, transport, irrigation, and building in industry.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2005/04/08/Farming/f5.html (343 words)

	Some publications of Paul Starkey
		Animal traction: constraints and impact among African households.
		Animal power for transport in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: implications for the evolving roles of governments and civil society.
		Animal powered transport in Latin America and the work of regional animal traction programmes.
	www.animaltraction.com /Starkey-Chapters-Papers.htm (3099 words)

	Draught Animal Power
		Draught animal power is a critical input to increased productivity of land and labour and therefore to sustainable agricultural production in low input systems in West Africa humid and subhumid zones.
		ITC's work on the animal traction system (farmers, implement, harness, animal, soils) focuses mainly on the animal component with the view to design innovative packages and new avenues for the adequate supply of draught animal power for cropping and transport in West Africa subhumid zones.
		Longitidunal studies and cross-sectional surveys are currently being conducted in The Gambia to asses constrains of utilisation of equines that form 74% of the draught animal population in The Gambia.
	www.itc.gm /html/draught_animal_power.html (536 words)

	Animal Traction
		The animal cart is the most powerful and accessible innovation which could be introduced into many rural situations.
		Animal carts represent a considerable increase in transport power or effectiveness over head-loading.
		A number of innovations in the design and production of animal and human-powered carts have been made by the DTU in the last few years and promise to change the cost effectiveness of such transport significantly.
	www.eng.warwick.ac.uk /dtu/animals (928 words)

	UNIDO - Feature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Other factors were: the (relative) accessibility of each area during the wet season; animal traction (the Nuba hoe) is not an entirely new concept in the chosen areas; project implementation can be secured and brought to a conclusive end; and there is no duplication (but instead complimentarity) with other development programmes in the area.
		A two-week training of trainers on animal traction was conducted in March 2005 for 30 participants and 30 oxen from Dilling locality.
		The second training of trainers on animal traction was conducted at Julud during May 2005 for 12 participants and 12 oxen from SPLM Western jebels area of Dilling county.
	www.unido.org /doc/4107 (2261 words)

	ENERGIA News 2.2 article Starkey and Fernando Women Transport Energy and Donkeys
		However, men may not want their animals to be tired by unpaid transport operations for women, even if they are family members.
		Interventions may involve credit (e.g., for animals or carts), training (e.g., in use of donkeys for crop cultivation) or on-farm action-research (e.g., potential for animal energy and innovative technologies to assist crops grown by women).
		Most animal traction implements and operations have been developed assuming the users would be men.
	www.energia.org /resources/newsletter/en_051998_artpspf.html (2493 words)

	Tillers Draft Animal classes
		Animal Power classes are the heart of the Tillers' experience.
		Maurice is recovering from a stroke that occurred in the Fall of 1999.
		It is always a thrill to watch his measured, considerate, and effective training of young animals.
	tillersinternational.org /classes/animalpower.html (1287 words)

	2. Animal Production and Livestock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) was formed in 1990 to improve information exchange and regional cooperation relating to animal draft power.
		This list is intended not only to cover purely technical aspects of animal traction topics such as design of implements and harnessing, but is also open for topics such as animal traction management, and sociocultural, political and economic questions which are steadily gaining importance.
		It is intended to build up an address list of scientists, research institutes and animal traction farmers who are interested and engaged in animal traction and are willing to participate in the solution and development of the future animal traction scene.
	www.inasp.info /pubs/rd/book/ch02.htm (4008 words)

	Meeting the Challenges of Animal Traction - Edited by Paul Starkey and Pascal Kaumbutho. - 1853394831 - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This publication has been developed from the ATNESA workshop held in Kenya on 'meeting the challenges of animal traction' and draws together key papers and contributions from professionals in 27 different countries.
		The papers address a number of important challenges to animal traction that relate to participation, environment, gender, extension, transport, equipment and animal husbandry.
		It will be of great value to all those concerned with the development of animal power, tropical agricultural development and rural transport, especially those involved in participative research, training, extension, development, planning, gender issues and project implementation.
	www.developmentbookshop.com /detail.aspx?ID=608 (183 words)

	Draught animal power: Tilling and timing
		Animal traction is increasing in most African countries, and in Tanzania, for example, the number of draught animals has nearly doubled in the last twenty years.
		Naturally the animals' owners select the optimum time for their own land work which means, of course, that the hirers must wait, often until the rains are well established.
		This makes better use of draught animals and is particularly useful for people dependent on hiring or indeed those who wish to hire out their animals.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /03-4/focuson/focuson6.html (1032 words)

	Research for Development Animal Traction West Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The overall theme of the workshop was a broad one: "Research for Development of Animal Traction in West Africa".
		"Animal traction for agricultural development" (held in Senegal in 1988).
		Appropriate animal traction technology for rural women in Nigeria I O Oguejiofo 244 Promoting the adoption of animal traction technology in Nigeria: some relevant issues A Omotayo and P P Idisi 248 Expérience de Transfert
	www.animaltraction.net /researchforDevofATinWestAfrica.htm (721 words)

	Agricultural Tools
		The audience for this book is limited to readers who are already heavily involved with animal traction projects as these proceedings suffer from the usual limitations of the genre (unrelated, overlapping articles).
		Improved harnesses could mean that a single animal could accomplish the job now performed by two animals, in certain situations, or that a single animal or team of animals could cover a larger area, travel a longer distance, or pull a heavier load than was previously possible.
		It is pulled by a draft animal, with the driver seated on the unit.
	villageearth.org /atnetwork/atsourcebook/chapters/agtools.htm (12252 words)

	Animal traction books, find the lowest prices
		Research for Development of Animal Traction in West Africa : Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network, Kano, Nigeria, 9-13 July 1990
		Animal Traction for Agricultural Development : Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network, Held 7-12 July 1988, Saly, Senegal
		Animal Power in Farming Systems : The Proceedings of the Second West Africa Animal Traction Networkshop, Held September 19-25, 1986, Freetown, Sierra Leone
	www.allbookstores.com /Animal_Traction.html (376 words)

	New Vision Online : Farmers embrace animal traction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Animal power is costfriendly and provides economic benefits, at the same time making the burden of head loading on women and children less.
		As A result, there are fewer cases of chest and back pain and school enrolment has gone up because children no longer have to carry luggage uphill,” she said.
		David Wekesa, an animal traction trainer in Kyenjojo, says because it is not easy to change people’s attitude, it been difficult to introduce animal traction in the Rwenzori region.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/9/37/423516 (588 words)

	Publications Animal Health
		Being at ease in the mathematics of fluids, aerosols and animal physiology, Dr...
		and entertainment has been the backdrop for her career in animal welfare.
		- A series of animal health manuals and on-line resources written by veterinarians for dog, cat, and horse owners, as well as beef and cattle ranchers, and dairy producers.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Health/Animal/Publications (336 words)

	References and bibliography
		Transfer of animal traction technology to farmers in the North Western Province of Zambia.
		The revival of animal traction in Kindia Region of Guinea Conakry.
		The introduction of animal traction in the Tanga Region, Tanzania.
	www.animaltraction.com /1_eng_references.htm (2130 words)

	About Northland Sheep Dairy
		Features of our system now becoming more widely adopted include seasonal grass-based dairying, intensive grazing management, animal breeding for hardy, 100% grass diet efficiency, the use of animal traction power where appropriate, and a shift in perspective to see the primary function of animals as soil builders.
		As such, grazing animals have come to represent for us the driving engine of a sustainable agriculture; consequently we pay close attention to every step of their carbon and other soil nutrient cycling function, from maximizing manure production per acre, to efficient aerobic composting.
		A third emphasis from the outset has been to maximize independence from a wholesale agricultural marketplace that is generally predatory toward family farmers and destructive of local foodsheds that are essential to food security and community prosperity.
	www.geocities.com /northsheep/about.html (309 words)

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