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Topic: Animals in space

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Monkeys in space

Space exploration

Russian space dogs

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Laika

Sputnik program

Hubble Space Telescope

Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

Sputnik II

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Rhesus monkey

	Animals in space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight before manned space missions were attempted.
		Later animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them.
		The first animal in orbit was the Soviet dog Laika onboard Sputnik 2 on November 3, 1957.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animals_in_space (1389 words)

	FamilyFun: Stargazer: Animals in Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Scientists have learned much from their animal helpers, but there is plenty of opposition from other scientists as well as animal rights activists to sending animals into space.
		Animals would also be subject to the same space sickness problems encountered by astronauts.
		In the distant future, space colonies may be developed with some form of artificial gravity and enough freedom to allow animals to breathe, eat, and exercise healthily.
	familyfun.go.com /parenting/learn/activities/feature/animalsinspace_sg/animalsinspace_sg.html (623 words)

	Animals in Space
		Before humans actually went into space, one of the prevailing theories of the perils of space flight was that humans might not be able to survive long periods of weightlessness.
		The flight was an evaluation of prolonged effects during space travel of radiation from the Van Allen Belts on animals.
		After the manned lunar landing of Apollo 11, the role of animals was limited to the status of "biological payload." The range of species broadened to include rabbits, turtles, insects, spiders, fish, jellyfish, amoebae, and algae.
	history.nasa.gov /animals.html (3604 words)

	Final Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Animals have been used in space travel since the beginning stages of the new space era and have led to great advancements in space technology.
		Animals other than humans were first used in the late 1940s, after World War II had ended and the Cold War and space race between the United States and Russia began.
		Other animals that have flown on V-2 rockets are primates since they are the most similar animals to humans and scientists thought that humans and primates would react the same way to the space environment.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalGall.cfm?id=1072 (1736 words)

	Space Today Online - Animals - Dogs in Space
		Preparations for human space activities depended on the ability of animals that flew during and after the 1940s to survive and thrive.
		Whichever, it was the first cat in space as the capsule in the rocket's nose cone separated at 120 miles altitude and descended by parachute.
		It is lofted to space by a Soyuz rocket from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia.
	www.spacetoday.org /Astronauts/Animals/Dogs.html (3769 words)

	Monkeys in space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Before humans were launched into space, several animals, including numerous monkeys, were used to investigate the biological effects of space travel.
		Baker died November 29, 1984 at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
		Monkeys Krosh and Ivasha flew on Bion 10 from December 29, 1992 to January 7, 1993.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monkeys_in_space (800 words)

	Primate Space Flight Research
		Before man could be sent into space it had to be proven that they could survive the trip and be able to function in the space environment.
		These animals that were used in the testing of spacecraft that would launch the first humans into space became some of the best-known animals in history.
		When the time came to test the space capsule’s life support systems and task performance ability in space, NASA needed a special animal couch to both house the chimpanzees and the device that would be used to test performance.
	www.angelfire.com /space2/sp425/9.html (2893 words)

	ODFW Naturscaping: Create Habitat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Habitat is both the landscape and the biological conditions that affect an animal within a geographic range.
		Space provides a buffer from human activities, which is especially important during nesting season.
		Animals use it for use it for drinking, bathing and foraging.
	www.dfw.state.or.us /test/ns/testsite/create_habitat.html (201 words)

	MASSASSI STAR WARS, ANIMALS & CREATURES, SPACE SLUG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		pace slugs are silicone-based organisms capable of surviving in the vacuum of space.
		Space slugs are blessed with a highly advanced spatial awareness, allowing them to sens the trajectory and speed of every moving object in the immediate area.
		espite its fearsom reputation, the space slug is ofthe sought by space hunters for its flesh and organs, which have a number of commercial and industrial uses.
	massassi.yavin4.com /sw/f_slug.htm (206 words)

	Giant robot animals invading Space Center Houston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The meticulous illustrations substitute shock absorbers for a giraffe's horns, filters for a mussel's gills, a food processor for a seagull's stomach, a microchip for a fly's nerve center and pistons for a grasshopper's legs.
		Unlike the mechanical dinosaurs in the touring Dinamation show, the insides of these animals had to be constructed out of easily recognized parts, adhering as faithfully as possible to the book's drawings.
		Space Center Houston, the visitor's center for the NASA/Johnson Space Center, is located in Clear Lake at 1601 NASA Road 1.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/features/special/robot (611 words)

	NASA - Animals in Space
		Animals that travel in space are cared for ethically and humanely, Lewis says.
		Animal housing rules are more extensive than the requirements for human children day care centers.
		NASA facilities that house animals for research are accredited by an organization that requires proof that animals are cared for in a facility that meets those standards." The United States Department of Agriculture Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Services Policy Act protect research animals and set minimum standards.
	www.nasa.gov /audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_Animals_in_Space_9-12.html (880 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The main goal of OFO program was to study the vestibular organ function in space and enable researchers to collect neurophysiological data on the response of the otolith to prolonged expose periods of microgravity.
		Factors determining the severity of space motion sickness symptoms, as well as potential predictive indicators and prophylactic countermeasures were studied.
		The Space Shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft and the first US vehicle having a standard sea-level atmospheric pressure and composition.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /ustime.htm (1525 words)

	Goals in Space
		The idea of "food production" in "farms in space" or "in space stations" was not well developed, and undoubtedly it represents an attempt by respondents relatively unfamiliar with the space program to enlist it in the service of pressing human needs.
		Six students wanted a space colony built at the L-5 point in the Moon's orbit, and two would be happy with a different Lagrange point, a concept pioneered by physicist Gerard K. O'Neill (1977) and publicized by the L-5 Society.
		And, as evidenced by its paucity of publications, the sociology of space is still in its infancy (Cheston, Chafer, and Chafer 1984).
	home1.gte.net /wsbainbridge/dl/goals.htm (7786 words)

	Message from the First Dog in Space Received 40 Years Too Late
		Laika was the only one Russian scientists knowingly sent into space to die; the time frame under which Soviet technicians had to work did not allow for the development of a space craft that could sustain life during a long flight or survive a re-entry without burning up.
		Soviet space dogs were stray mutts gathered from the streets of Moscow and adapted in centrifuges that simulated the extreme G-forces of take-off.
		While in space, she transmitted a continual "beep-beep-beep" on a radio frequency that served as a tracking signal.
	www.dogsinthenews.com /issues/0211/articles/021103a.htm (1576 words)

	animals in space
		The menagerie of animals (not to mention plants, fungi, and microorganisms) that have made orbital and suborbital trips includes rats, mice, frogs, turtles, crickets, swordtail fish, rabbits, dogs, cats, and chimpanzees.
		Spaceflights involving animals began just after World War II and continue today with biological experiments on the International Space Station.
		On May 28, 1959, monkeys Able and Baker reached the edge of space and came back unharmed, and in 1959-61 a number of primates, including Ham, went on test flights of the Mercury capsule.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/animals_in_space.html (318 words)

	American Humane: FAQS: Shelter Space Requirements
		It is difficult to determine, as the length of time animals are sheltered directly impacts their space requirements.
		Animals kept in short-term facilities do not require as much space as those kept in long-term or sanctuary care facilities.
		Animals in isolation or in treatment areas may not need as much space as animals in adoption areas.
	www.americanhumane.org /site/PageServer?pagename=faqs_shelterspace (159 words)

	Nasaexplores
		Animals have also been used in space research.
		This launch proved that living animals could survive in outer-space, and further hastened the race between the United States and the Soviet Union to send manned craft into orbit around the Earth, and ultimately to the Moon.
		The experiments are used to test the effects of microgravity and other conditions in space on how animals behave, grow, and reproduce in this altered environment.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_teacher_st.php?id=03010395408 (335 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The use of animals as experimental subjects is an essential and invaluable component of space biomedical research.
		Classroom discussion of care and use of animals on Earth, then discussion and design of what is needed to house animals in space.
		Remember that the shuttle and space station environments are microgravity environments; the Moon has 1/6 gravity and Mars has 1/3 gravity.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /neuron/events/habitat/intro.html (912 words)

	sffworld.com - Animals in Space?
		I have noticed that in Fantasy, there are many book where there are animals as characters in the books (Tailchaser's Song, Oz, Narnia chronicles to name a few) but I was wondering if anyone has come across a Sci-Fi novel where the main characters (or even supporting characters for that matter) are animals.
		The animals are: Raccoon, Cat, Porcupine, Bird and Tapir.
		Certain individual animals are also important in The Clan of the Cave Bear by Auel.
	www.sffworld.com /forums/printthread.php?t=7205 (432 words)

	Animals In Distress
		Animals in Distress is a 501c3, all volunteer, non-profit organization that has serviced the Mercer County area for more than 30 years.
		Animals in Distress maintains an adoption room at the hospital where the animals have space to run and play or sit at a window and watch birds and squirrels and enjoy the sunlight.
		Animals in Distress is a member of the Animal Rescue Coalition of NJ
	www.animals-in-distress.org (356 words)

	Scholastic News: Our Future In Space
		Many animal astronauts have died in space or during their re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.
		For example, Laika, the Russian dog that went into space in 1957, ran out of oxygen and died at the end of her journey.
		Space shuttles allowed people to ride along with animals and study them while in space; 5.
	teacher.scholastic.com /scholasticnews/indepth/space/teacher/index.asp?article=guide (1169 words)

	SPACE.com -- 'Meet Me In the Airlock ... ' Will Sex In Space Fly?
		The Russian Space Agency, on the other hand, is the world leader in studying the effects of crew isolation; their astronauts hold world records for time in space and their scientists have been studying the effects of group isolation on the ground for decades.
		Still, while the Russians have studied the impact of weightlessness on animals in space, including the animals' sex drives, romance and sex for procreation hasn't figured prominently in their work.
		The only space agency that seems to be paying any attention to sexual issues in space is the European Space Agency, which published a study in 1998 that showed spaceflight causes a reduction in testosterone levels in male astronauts.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/generalscience/sex_space_000313.html (1204 words)

	Animals in Space - Animal Life
		Many animals were sacrificed to assure space flight was safe for humans.
		Today, animals are seldom taken into space, since computer models can do the same job without the risk of injury or death.
		However, some conditions warrant animal research, and the safety of the animal is top priority (claims NASA).
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art24476.asp (733 words)

	Shuttle Mission's "Neurolab" To Study Nervous System
		The snails and fish will travel aboard NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia, as part of a research project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to study the development of gravity sensors in space by animals in the early stages of life.
		Wiederhold hopes to learn what physiological changes occur in the components of the gravity sensors of animals in space, whether signals sent from the inner ear to the brain are altered, and if alterations do occur, whether behavior of the animal changes.
		Upon return from their flight in space in Neurolab, the freshwater snails and swordtail fish will be compared to a control group on Earth to determine whether the size of their statoliths and otoliths increased while they were in "microgravity." On Earth, the pull of gravity eventually signals developing statoliths and otoliths to stop growing.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-04/NSF-SMTS-070498.php (564 words)

	ScienceDaily: Space & Time News
		Summer solstice -- The summer solstice is an astronomical term regarding the position of the sun in relation to the celestial equator.
		Outer space -- Outer space, also called just space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the atmospheres of celestial...
		On February 1, 1978, the first group of space shuttle astronauts, twenty-nine men and six women, were introduced to the world.
	www.sciencedaily.com /news/space_time.htm (1307 words)

	Giant robot animals invading Space Center Houston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A techno-primordial scene -- think Mad Max does National Geographic -- is unfolding at Space Center Houston.
		Under a space shuttle's nose, giant robot animals crouch with their innards exposed, ready to take on energetic hordes of young visitors heading their way this summer.
		In fact, each animal is fronted by its original illustration so young critics can compare.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/features/97/05/22/robotzoo.0-3.html (562 words)

	Keeping Animals
		Proper disposal of manure is important for animal health, odor control, and good relations with neighbors.
		Continued application of animal manure to land may cause changes in pH and soil fertility.
		Zoning regulations may require animal manure to be incorporated during land application.
	acreageguide.unl.edu /animals.html (590 words)

	Cape Cod Institute: Salman Akhtar: Besides Human Beings: Animals, Things, Space, Time, and God! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parents and, to a lesser extent, grandparents and siblings, form the nexus of early relationships from which a coherent and functioning self is seen to evolve.
		These factors include animals, inanimate objects, the topography and climate of the physical environment, passage of time, and belief in God's existence.
		The essential kinship between children and animals as well as its civilization-induced rupture will be the focus of this talk.
	www.cape.org /2006/akhtar.html (526 words)

	IPL Kidspace
		Pictures of some of the many animals that are in danger of extinction are also available.
		Play a match game with African safari animals, guess what time periods different organisms lived in, help African frogs find their homes, guess facts about sharks and stingrays, and learn about California wildlife.
		Track the real time movements of migratory animals such as polar bears and leatherback turtles, monitor climate and habitat conditions, evaluate threats to wildlife along migration routes, download a tracking journal for observations, and much more.
	www.ipl.org /div/kidspace/browse/mas4500 (1350 words)

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