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Topic: Animation in the United States during the silent era

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	Cartoons
		At the same time that sound and color film technologies were popularized, studios also found ways to streamline the animation process by using storyboards (small drawings of frames that represented different shots in the cartoon) to plan the cartoon and departmentalizing the steps of the process.
		During the silent era, cartoons had been created by small studios with limited access to cinema theaters.
		The late 1930s to 1950s were a "golden era" for the cartoon and it is from this era that most theatrical cartoons on television are drawn.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/C/htmlC/cartoons/cartoons.htm (1911 words)

	Animation Literature Review
		Beginning with a look at the silent era, Solomon's book then proceeds to cover Disney, 1928-1941; the studio cartoon, 1929-1941; wartime animation, 1941-1945; various studios of the period 1946-1960; the "silver age" of Disney, 1945-1960; UPA and the graphic revolution, 1943-1959; television animation; and changes within the industry, 1960-1994.
		Live-action and animation director Frank Tashlin is the subject of Tashlin, an anthology edited by Roger Garcia with the assistance of Bernard Eisenschitz and published in 1994 by Éditions du Festival international du film de Locarno in collaboration with the British Film Institute.
		A special animation issue published by The Hollywood Reporter every year in winter (for example, in 1999 it was the January 26 issue) presents articles on the current state of the animation industry in terms of economics, business practices, works in progress, studio personnel, and so forth.
	www.animationjournal.com /abstracts/litrev.html (10261 words)

	A Capsule History of Anime
		The earliest Japanese animation was by individual film hobbyists inspired by American and European pioneer animators.
		During the late 1970s and early 80s, the hottest cartoonist in anime was Yamato's creator Leiji Matsumoto, with TV cartoon series and theatrical features based upon his other space-adventure manga, such as Space Pirate Captain Harlock, Galaxy Express 999 and The Queen of 1,000 Years.
		Beginning in 1984, animation began to be produced especially for this market (resulting in a Japanese-created English term, OVA or OAV--for Original Anime Video--which has been adopted by American anime fandom as well).
	www.awn.com /mag/issue1.5/articles/patten1.5.html (1852 words)

	Animation in the United States during the silent era - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animation in the United States during the silent era
		During the beginnings of the silent film era, the central location of the U.S. motion picture industry had not yet relocated to Hollywood.
		Also, Charles Bowers was a comedian and animator who made many bizarre films in the 1920s combining stop-motion animation and comedy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Animation_Before_Hollywood:_The_Silent_Period (251 words)

	Cinemation: Different Styles
		Japanese animation, or commonly known as anime, is a wide and unique field with its own distinct characteristics that deserves attention as a subject on its own.
		Another distinct characteristic, which separates Japanese Animation with its counterparts(cartoons) in the United States is that it implements studio directing in the development of anime.
		A large portions of the most hilarious animations that had entertained us for nearly a century are the cartoons from Warner Bros. It depicted the funniest cartoons and all too surely represented the American style in its cartoons.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110532/Styles.htm (1480 words)

	The Animation World in the Library of Congress by Patrick Loughney, Ph.D.
		During the first half of the 20th century the Library of Congress was largely content with collecting documentation about motion pictures in place of the actual films.
		As one might imagine in a collection of this scope and size, the number of silent and sound era animated films in the Library of Congress is unsurpassed, largely because of its efforts to recover and conserve what remains of America's motion picture heritage.
		Sound era animation is strongly represented in the Library's collection of original 35mm camera negatives by many Warner Bros.' animated shorts produced during the 1930s and `40s, and by the projection prints and/or research copies of a majority of the theatrical animated features and short subjects distributed in America since WWII.
	www.awn.com /mag/issue3.3/3.3pages/3.3loughneycongress.html (1110 words)

	What's the last movie you watched, and what did you think of it? - Page 5 - Animation Insider
		This is a true classic 50s era comedy from starring the two biggest television stars of the time.
		The last movie I had time to watch was The Phantom of the Opera (1925), which is the original movie with Lon Chaney.
		It's silent, but it's really fun to watch.
	www.animationinsider.net /forums/showthread.php?p=336851 (1872 words)

	Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor (1783)
		The Belgic [Belgian] states, in their federal capacity, are united by a perfect system, constituted by that great prince, William of Nassau, and the compatriots of that age; but they left the interior government of the jural tribunals, cities, and provinces, as despotic and arbitrary as they found them.
		There is a district within the United States upon which the state of European trade at the commencement of hostilities was thus; being chiefly carried on by foreign factorages--a mode of commerce which the British merchants intended to have been universal.
		It was not so much their design to establish religion for the benefit of the state, as civil government for the benefit of religion, and as subservient and even necessary towards the peaceable enjoyment and unmolested exercise of religion--of that religion for which they fled to these ends of the earth.
	www.belcherfoundation.org /united_states_elevated.htm (14952 words)

	Silent Film Sources Monthly News
		While there are several individuals who collect silent films on 16mm in the United States, most of us are forced by cost, accessibility (or sheer lack of storage space) to choose from the titles available on video or laserdisc.
		All of the silent films released on DVD to date were originally prepared for video or laser, and are in the genre of horror, science fiction or fantasy, with the happy exception of the Chaplin Mutuals.
		This is one of the finest introductory books on the silent era, and has something to offer both neophytes and those who have been watching silent films for years.
	www.cinemaweb.com /silentfilm/98_2_mon.htm (11709 words)

	Cross-Influence in Abstract German Animation
		Cross-Influence in Abstract German Animation of the Silent Era
		The earliest extant specimens, by their basic nature, were replete with abstraction, and by the mid-1920s, the visuals had coalesced into a screen language that had a distinct Germanic flavor.
		In the United States, early films by J. Stuart Blackton at Edison also toyed with abstract imagery, but only as a method of film illusion.
	www.animatingapothecary.com /geranim.html (945 words)

	The Boob Weekly (1916) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rube Goldberg's first attempt at an animated cartoon, 'The Boob Weekly', is a parody of newsreels in general and the Pathe Company's newsreels in particular.
		But in 1916 newsreels were still silent, and 'The Boob Weekly' suffers from the same problem as the art-form which it parodies.
		During the scene in which Roger and Eddie visit a cinema in 1940s Los Angeles, Roger Rabbit (who is only interested in funny stuff) protests that he hates newsreels.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0365009 (906 words)

	ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive Project Blog: 01/01/2006 - 02/01/2006
		He was one of the earliest pioneers of the animation business, and his studio remained intact well into the TV era.
		The ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive is fortunate enough to have received a donation which included many of these rare films from film collector Mark Kausler and animation historian Jerry Beck.
		Animation has become a serious topic of study at Universities all over the world, and the history of animation is being documented at facilities like the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive.
	www.animationarchive.org /2006_01_01_archive.html (5990 words)

	History of animation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first examples of trying to capture motion into a drawing can already be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to depict a sense of motion.
		The first animated film was created by Charles-Émile Reynaud, inventor of the praxinoscope, an animation system using loops of 12 pictures.
		Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, often considered to be the first animated feature when in fact at least eight were previously released, was the nevertheless first to use Technicolor and the first to become successful within the English-speaking world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_animation (1112 words)

	Anime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Notable silent-era animators include Oten Shimokawa, Junichi Kouchi, Seitaro Kitayama, Sanae Yamamoto (whose 1924 The Mountain Where Old Women Are Abandoned seems to the earliest anime title still extant).
		Among the most influential was Toei's adaptation of comic-book artist Go Nagai's Mazinger Z, the first of the sagas about a gigantic flying mechanical warrior controlled by an (invariably teen) human pilot to defend Earth against invading space monsters.
		These OAV titles are the main source for the anime being released in America today, since their licenses are more affordable than those of expensive theatrical features or of multi-episode TV series.
	schoolweb.missouri.edu /ashland.k12.mo.us/amacla/prac1.htm (1466 words)

	Cartoon Brew: April 2006 Archives
		I don't think it is mere conjecture to state that this newest move by the network is a grim sign of the state of affairs there.
		The animator at top of page 6 is, of course, Bill Tytla, and the woman painting the model of Pinocchio on page 7 is Helen Nerbovig (who also happened to be the wife of background painter Bob McIntosh).
		Two young Dutch animators, Joost van den Bosch and Erik Verkerk (Ka-Ching Cartoons), have posted a test section of their new film, a clever, well designed CG piece produced to look like paper cut-outs in stop-motion animation.
	www.cartoonbrew.com /archives/2006_04.html (8378 words)

	What's the last movie you watched, and what did you think of it? [Archive] - Animation Insider
		The movie really showed me how life was like in a U-Boat during world war two, what the conditions were like and how the crew reacted when the depth charges sank towards their vessel.
		I almost cried during the scene where the doctors were trying to operate on E.T. while Elliott was shrieking for them to stop.
		Jay and Silent Bob are funny as hell in pretty much all the movies I've seen 'em in and this is no exception.
	www.animationinsider.net /forums/archive/index.php?t-15765.html (17473 words)

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