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Topic: Annealing

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simulated annealing

simulated annealing algorithms

Rapid thermal anneal

Annealing point

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	Encyclopedia: Annealing
		Annealing (metallurgy), a heat treatment wherein the microstructure of a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness.
		Annealing, in glassblowing and lampworking, is heating a piece of glass until its temperature reaches a stress-relief point, that is, a temperature at which the glass is still too hard to deform, but is soft enough for internal stresses to ease.
		The term is often used to describe the binding of a DNA probe, or the binding of a primer to a DNA strand during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Annealing (649 words)

	ANNEALING - LoveToKnow Article on ANNEALING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Numerous examples of annealing due to molecular rearrangement might be selected from the extensive range of workshop operations.
		The plate has been annealed, and is as safe as it was before it was flanged.
		Annealing is, where practicable, resorted to in order to restore the original strength.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AN/ANNEALING.htm (2427 words)

	Simulated annealing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Simulated annealing (SA) is a generic probabilistic meta-algorithm for the global optimization problem, namely locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a given function in a large search space.
		In this way, the system is expected to wander initially towards a broad region of the search space containing good solutions, ignoring small features of the energy function; then drift towards low-energy regions that become narrower and narrower; and finally move downhill according to the steepest descent heuristic.
		This theoretical result is, however, not particularly helpful, since the annealing time required to ensure a significant probability of success will usually exceed the time required for a complete search of the solution space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Simulated_annealing (1883 words)

	Arrow Springs' Tips & Tricks - Annealing
		Annealing is the process of making the entire glass item uniformly hot and holding that temperature steady long enough to remove all stress caused from the manufacturing process.
		The annealing temperature we recommend for Effetre (Moretti), Bullseye and Lauscha glasses, is around 940º F. Use around 1050º F for borosilicate glass.
		The process to anneal glass once it is at the annealing temperature is as follows: First soak it for a period long enough to remove its stress.
	www.arrowsprings.com /html/annealing.html (1268 words)

	Introduction to Annealing and Simulated Annealing
		Physical annealing is a three stage process that has been known and used for shaping metals since about 5000 B.C. Enc00b].
		Sequences of times and temperatures, called `annealing' or `cooling' schedules, are critical in two ways: If the rate of the temperature change between the outside and inside of the piece is too great, temperature gradients and internal stresses may be induced that may lead to warping or cracking.
		Annealing was also used to optimize the design of complex integrated circuits by arranging hundreds of thousands of circuit elements to minimize chip space requirements and to reduce interference among their connecting wires [
	esa.ackleyshack.com /thesis/esthesis7/node15.html (911 words)

	Annealing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Annealing is the critical step in glass production that relieves the inherit stress that forms within the glass itself.
		Annealing, in its most basic form, refers to the process of cooling a given piece of glass at a calculated rate and temperature gradient through the transition range.
		Generally speaking, annealing begins (at the high end) by holding the piece 5°C above the calculated annealing point for 5-15 then gradually cooling it through the transition range to the strain point (on the lower end) and finally to room temperature.
	www.studiooriginals.com /annealing.htm (401 words)

	Annealing with Induction Heating
		Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time and then slowly cooled.
		Annealing heat treatments are largely characterized by induced microstructural changes which are ultimately responsible for altering the material's mechanical properties.
		Annealing will eliminate these stresses when the part is heated to the recommended temperature, held there long enough, and slowly cooled to room temperature.
	www.ameritherm.com /overview_annealing.html (674 words)

	The Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Structure and Properties of Polypropylene Fibers (MPB archive, Nov 97)
		Annealing of cold-drawn PP fibers at 140°C has been shown to reestablish their monoclinic structure, the formation of which had been disrupted during cold drawing.
		Finally, annealing of the fully oriented fibers was conducted at both 110° and 130°C with the fibers wound on a rack with either full or partial constraint—corresponding to 0 or 10% relaxation, respectively.
		During partial-constraint annealing, the decrease of both tensile modulus and strength after annealing is caused mainly by relaxation and molecular reorientation in both the amorphous and the crystalline phase.
	www.devicelink.com /mpb/archive/97/11/005.html (2470 words)

	Knowledge Annealing
		Annealing may be applied formally using a formula or set of rules or informally, ad hoc (just in time).
		Storytelling is a useful way to anneal values and messages: as the story is internalized and repeated it gathers meaning for the listeners and for the teller.
		Annealing is a way to bring tacit knowledge to the surface of consciousness and therefore make it explicit and transferable.
	www.smithweaversmith.com /knowledg1.htm (948 words)

	annealing. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Annealing consists of heating the material and then cooling it very slowly and uniformly; the time and temperatures required in the process are set according to the properties desired.
		Annealing increases ductility and lessens the possibility of a failure by relieving internal strains.
		The process, also called hot working, was known to the ancients.
	www.bartleby.com /65/an/annealin.html (127 words)

	Annealing
		Prolonged annealing induces greater ductility at the expense of strength, owing to the tendency of the cementite in the strained pearlite to "ball-up" or spheroidise, as illustrated in Fig.
		The modern tendency is to use batch or continuous annealing furnaces with an inert purging gas.
		This treatment is known as full annealing, and is used for removing strains from forgings and castings, improving machinability and also when softening and refinement of structure are both required.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art15.htm (1414 words)

	Annealing
		Annealing is the process by which you remove the stress created when making your beads.
		The last two options are reported to anneal beads although the last option is debatable, as it may not anneal your beads effectively.
		Annealing only reduces any stress in a bead that is the result of uneven cooling or heating.
	www.chockadoo.com /Newsletter/Annealingarticle.html (900 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Annealing [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In biology (genetics) to anneal means for DNA or RNA to pair by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded polynucleotide.
		The term is often used to describe the binding of a DNA probe, or the binding of a primer to a DNA strand during polymerase chain reaction.
		In computer science, simulated annealing is a technique for searching for a solution in a space otherwise too large for "ordinary" search methods to yield results.
	encyclozine.com /Annealing (466 words)

	Abstract for ``Annealed importance sampling'' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Simulated annealing - moving from a tractable distribution to a distribution of interest via a sequence of intermediate distributions - has traditionally been used as an inexact method of handling isolated modes in Markov chain samplers.
		This annealed importance sampling procedure resembles the second half of the previously-studied tempered transitions, and can be seen as a generalization of a recently-proposed variant of sequential importance sampling.
		Annealed importance sampling is most attractive when isolated modes are present, or when estimates of normalizing constants are required, but it may also be more generally useful, since its independent sampling allows one to bypass some of the problems of assessing convergence and autocorrelation in Markov chain samplers.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /%7Eradford/ais.abstract.html (297 words)

	Heat Treatments: Softening: Annealing
		This process is considerably cheaper than full annealing since there is not the added cost of controlled furnace cooling.
		The main difference between full annealing and normalizing is that fully annealed parts are uniform in softness (and machinablilty) throughout the entire part; since the entire part is exposed to the controlled furnace cooling.
		This process is cheaper than either full annealing or normalizing since the material is not heated to a very high temperature or cooled in a furnace.
	www.efunda.com /processes/heat_treat/softening/annealing.cfm (681 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		This slow cooling process is known as annealing, and so their method is known as Simulated Annealing.
		A Simulated Annealing optimization starts with a Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation at a high temperature.
		While a pure Metropolis Monet Carlo simulation attempts to reproduce the correct Boltzmann distribution at a given temperature, the inner-loop of a Simulated Annealing optimization only needs to be run long enough to explore the regions of search space that should be reasonably populated.
	members.aol.com /btluke/simann1.htm (1092 words)

	glass.org - Industry Resources
		Heat-strengthened glass is made by heating annealed glass uniformly, then cooling it at a slower rate than tempered glass.
		A lite of tempered glass is about four times stronger than a lite of annealed glass of the same size and thickness.
		The annealed glass is then cooled rapidly by blowing air uniformly onto both surfaces at the same time.
	www.glass.org /indres/info.htm (4161 words)

	Annealing 30/06 Rifle Cases
		Note that the left hand case is a new Lapua case which is annealed at the factory and is placed there for comparison.
		I have annealed a few times in the past but it was nowhere near as precise as what you did.
		By doing so the exact height of the annealed area is precisely controlled and also the time to heat the cases is equally well known as the temp of the lead bath is easily measurable.
	journals.aol.com /johnstranahanb/RebarrelingandHome-ShopMachining/entries/434 (1822 words)

	Annealing time and temperature
		An annealing time of 30-45 seconds is commonly used in PCR reactions.
		Increase in annealing time up o 2-3 minutes did not appreciably influence the outcome of the PCR reactions.
		Annealing temperature is one of the most important parameters that need adjustment in the PCR reaction.
	info.med.yale.edu /genetics/ward/tavi/p09.html (642 words)

	Simulated Annealing Algorithm
		Simulated annealing is a Monte Carlo approach for minimizing such multivariate functions.
		The term simulated annealing derives from the roughly analogous physical process of heating and then slowly cooling a substance to obtain a strong crystalline structure.
		A configuration space that is mostly smooth, with gradually flowing hills and valleys is relatively easy to anneal: once we find a good global downhill track, we can proceed on it climbing over the occasional hill or bump as we approach a good solution.
	www.bridgeport.edu /sed/projects/449/Fall_2000/fangmin/chapter2.htm (673 words)

	Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics: Image Restoration Using Modifications of Simulated Annealing.@ ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This article uses a modified version of the simulated annealing algorithm to restore degraded spatial patterns.
		Standard simulated annealing is used to find an image that is a posterior mode when the number of images under consideration precludes sequential search for a maximum.
		The same idea is also implemented to improve the performance of other modifications of simulated annealing.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:71187936&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (214 words)

	Simulated Annealing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Simulated annealing is a generalization of a Monte Carlo method for examining the equations of state and frozen states of n-body systems [Metropolis et al.
		The concept is based on the manner in which liquids freeze or metals recrystalize in the process of annealing.
		In an annealing process a melt, initially at high temperature and disordered, is slowly cooled so that the system at any time is approximately in thermodynamic equilibrium.
	www.cs.sandia.gov /opt/survey/sa.html (491 words)

	Heat Treatment of Steel
		It is essential, when annealing, to exclude the air as completely as possible while the steel is hot, to prevent the outside of the steel from becoming oxidized.
		Low-carbon steel should be annealed at about 1650 degrees F., and high-carbon steel at between 1400 degrees and 1500 degrees F. This temperature should be maintained just long enough to heat the entire piece evenly throughout.
		If only a small piece of steel or a single tool is to be annealed, this can be done by building up a firebrick box in an ordinary flsmith's fire, placing the tool in it, covering over the top, then heating the whole, covering with coke and leaving it to cool over night.
	www.zianet.com /ebear/metal/heattreat5.html (586 words)

	Computational Complexity: Research Annealing
		Simulated Annealing is a heuristic technique for optimization problems.
		Simulated annealing doesn't solve NP-complete problems quickly in general, but it some cases it does reasonably well in practice.
		I used an analogy of simulated annealing to describe to a student how one chooses a research area.
	weblog.fortnow.com /2005/08/research-annealing.html (432 words)

	annealingstages
		Most of the energy used to cold work the metal is dissipated in heat, and a finite amount of energy is stored in the crystal structure as internal energy associated with the lattice defects created by the deformation.
		Full annealing is the process by which the distorted cold worked lattice structure is changed back to one which is strain free through the application of heat.
		Since the mechanical properties of the metal are essentially unchanged, the main purpose of heating in the recovery range is stress relieving cold worked alloys to prevent stress corrosion cracking or to minimize the distortion produced by residual stresses.
	info.lu.farmingdale.edu /depts/met/met205/annealingstages.html (607 words)

	Franklin Brazing & Metal Treating
		Our annealing furnaces are able to process parts as large as 8" high x 20' long x 20" wide.
		Brite Anneal: The process of softening steel by heating and cooling cycle, so that it may be subsequently bent or cut with minimal force.
		Below are several reasons why annealing should be utilized during the manufacturing process.
	www.franklinbrazing.com /Annealing.htm (167 words)

	annealing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lay the metal to be annealed in the annealing pan, and flux it if it is indicated for the metal you are using.
		If indicated for the metal you are annealing, quench the metal by picking it up with the copper tongs and quickly plunging it into the quenching pan.
		If quenching is not indicated for the metal you are using remove the metal from the annealing pan, set it somewhere where no-one will accidentally touch it and let it air cool.
	cal.jmu.edu /rookerweb/JMUmetals/technical/Annealing.html (527 words)

	Boedeker Plastics : Annealing (Stress-Relief) for Plastics Stock Shapes
		Generally speaking, most stock shapes are annealed after molding using a proprietary stress relieving cycle to minimize any internal stresses that may result from the manufacturing process.
		Annealing after machining reduces "machined-in" stresses that can contribute to premature failure.
		Important: Annealing cycles have been generalized to apply to a majority of machined parts.
	www.boedeker.com /anneal.htm (522 words)

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