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Topic: Annelid worms

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	Annelid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		While annelids have some regenerative abilities, sometimes to the point where each half of an adult divided cross-wise will survive, this is not universal, and especially does not occur among the earthworm s as folklore would suggest.
		The annelid fossil record is sparse, but a few definite forms are known as early as the Cambrian, and there are some signs they were around in the later Precambrian.
		The arthropod s and their kin have long been considered the closest relatives of the annelids, on account of their common segmented structure, but a number of differences between the two groups suggest this may be convergent evolution.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Annelid.html (991 words)

	Annelida. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The digestive system of annelids consists of an unsegmented gut that runs through the middle of the body from the mouth, located on the underside of the head, to the anus, which is on the pygidium.
		If the worm is punctured, it loses its ability to move properly, since functioning of the body muscles is dependent on the maintenance of the fluid volume in the coelom.
		In primitive annelids each compartment of the coelom is connected to the outside by ducts for the release of sex cells, and by paired excretory organs, or nephridia.
	www.bartleby.com /65/an/Annelida.html (3087 words)

	annelid - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about annelid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Annelids are noted for their ability to regenerate missing parts of their bodies.
		A new species of polychaete (bristle) annelid, living in methane ice at a depth of 700 m in the Gulf of Mexico, was discovered in July 1997.
		The worms are 2–5 cm in length and pinkish in colour.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /annelid (220 words)

	Characteristics of Annelida: Plesiomorphies and Other Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Nearly all annelids have a fluid-filled cavity between the outer body wall and the gut, and this is referred to as a coelom (Figure 1).
		Annelids have a brain or cerebral ganglion that originates and usually resides in the head.
		Annelids also have a variety of epidermal sensory cells that may be responsive to light or touch (such as lateral organs).
	tolweb.org /accessory/Characteristics_of_Annelida?acc_id=57 (1080 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Worms, Diet of Worms, Diet of, 1521, most famous of the imperial diets held at Worms, Germany.
		worm worm, common name for various unrelated invertebrate animals with soft, often long and slender bodies.
		Worms, Concordat of Worms, Concordat of, 1122, agreement reached by Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to put an end to the struggle over investiture.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=%22Worms%22 (530 words)

	The Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
		Only a few species of annelids are commonly known to human beings, these include the delightful Rain, Dew or Earthworms that work so hard to make our soils healthy, the Ragworms and Lugworms used by marine fishermen and the much smaller Tubifex or Red worms used by aquariasts to feed their fish.
		Annelids range in size from the Giant Earthworms, of which Michrochaetus rappi (Michrochaetus michrochaetus) is the largest, this magnificent animal has an average length of 1.36 m (54 ins) and a record breaking specimen has been recorded that measured 6.7 metres (22 ft) in length, it was 2cm (0.8 ins) in diametre.
		Annelids are coelomate animals (meaning they have a true coelom, even if this is reduced secondarily).
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/annelida.html (1765 words)

	Illinois Natural History Survey
		Worms occur in virtually all habitats where water is present, even in areas that are only slightly moist.
		Most annelids are free-living, but many species are parasitic, mutualistic, or commensal during part of, or throughout, their life cycle.
		Worms are an important and often dominant group in aquatic systems, providing a valuable food source for many other aquatic organisms; 131 species presently are known to occur in Illinois.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cbd/collections/annelid/annelidintro.html (379 words)

	Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ...
		The fishes may learn not to attack the worms (although this will vary from fish to fish; my mature Premnas female either is a masochist or has intelligence measured in negative numbers as she continues to persist in attacking the worms) and such learning is likely good for years.
		The eunicid worms found in aquaria all have five antennae, with a large pronounced antennae arising from the center of the "forehead." Large eunicid worms from two distinct groups are found in aquaria.
		After the prey is immobilized the worm extends a proboscis from the bottom of the head into the mucus and the jaws grasp the body of the prey.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-04/rs (4868 words)

	Worms: Annelid Worms: Oligochaetes. Text with photomicrographs.
		An oligochaete worm moves in a field of filamentous algae and flocculent organic material from the decay of pond plants.
		The worm feeds by sudden expansions of the muscular pharynx causing the rapid intake of water containing debris and food organisms which are then passed to the gut.
		These worms are voracious feeders, and examination of the gut along the length of the animal often reveals protozoans such as Coleps, diatoms and other algae, as well as small crustaceans and rotifers all in the process of digestion.
	www.micrographia.com /specbiol/helmint/annelhom/olig0100.htm (555 words)

	Learn more about Nervous system in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These waves are both afferent and efferent, representing both the sensation of chemicals or touch as well as the stimulus of the animals' reflexive mechanical response.The worms and flukes of the phylum platyhelminthes possess a network of nerves that operates like a more conventional nervous system, but lack a brain.
		Annelid worms and tunicates have a primitive brain called a ganglionic mass, which is a bundle of several nerves.
		Based in part on commonalities in embryonic development among all chordates, the tunicate brain is believed to resemble the evolutionary precursor of the vertebrate brainstem.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/ne/nervous_system_1.html (547 words)

	Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ...
		Polychaete annelid worms are some of the most characteristic types of marine animals, and are ubiquitous in all marine habitats.
		Segmented worms by their very definition are comprised of similar appearing body units or segments, and while it is always useful to be sure of the basic segment shape and structure, it is often most useful to examine those segments that differ from the "average" segment.
		Although annelid worms are made with the classic "tube within a tube" construction of long wormy animals anywhere, the front end of the inner tube, or gut, does not occur at the absolute front end of the animal, but rather a short distance back.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-03/rs/index.htm (2769 words)

	Annelid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The annelids, collectively called Annelida, are a large phylum of animals, comprising the segmented worms, with about 15000 modern species including the well-known earthworms and leeches.
		The arthropods and their kin have long been the closest relatives of the annelids, on account of their common segmented structure, but a number of differences between the two groups suggest this may be convergent evolution.
		The other major phylum which is of definite relation to the annelids are the molluscs, which share with them the presence of trocophore larvae.
	www.theezine.net /a/annelid.html (439 words)

	Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ...
		The front end of the worm is typically a small bulbous projection called the "prostomium" which is joined with a normal segmental boundary to the subsequent body region, called the peristomium.
		The mouth opens ventrally (in fact, it is the position of the mouth that defines the bottom of the worm) at the boundary between the prostomium and the peristomium.
		In several groups of worms, the upper surface of the head is extended backward in the "neck" region to form what is called the "nuchal" or neck shield.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-03/rs/index.php (2769 words)

	annelid -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		Known as segmented worms, annelids are divided into three classes: marine worms (Polychaeta; see polychaete), earthworms (Oligochaeta), and leeches (Hirudinea).
		In some marine annelids, glands are also present that secrete materials constituting a parchmentlike or calcareous tube within which the worm dwells.
		In the annelid worms and the arthropods the main nerve is solid and lies on the underside (ventral side).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9355435 (726 words)

	The Biology Of Annelids
		In some worms the parapods are short and combine with peristaltic contractions to move the worm through the mud.
		As early fossil tracks show, and modern lawns and gardens confirm, many annelids are superb burrowing organisms, taking in mud or earth, passing it through the intestine to extract its nutrients, and ejecting it in the form of worm castings.
		This technique shows many details of annelid functional biology: food being moved along the intestine by peristaltic contractions; the circulatory system including capillary beds where oxygen is picked up (worms breath through their skins); and excretory organs that act as miniature kidneys to remove urea.
	ebiomedia.com /prod/BOanelids.html (1307 words)

	BEST annelid worms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Simple explanation of annelid worms in the framework of the history of the Universe...
		The annelid body consists of a head, a segmented body that is a sub...
		Annelids have bodies that are divided into segments.
	www.acquiretop.info /worm/annelid-worms.html (206 words)

	Molluscs and Annelids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		They share a distant common ancestor with the annelid worms, an evolutionary heritage suggested by their larval form, called a trochophore larva, found in all molluscs and in certain marine annelids called polychaete worms.
		Protostomes like molluscs, annelids, and arthropods develop by spiral cleavage, and their embryonic cells are determinate, the fate of the embryonic cells is fixed very early on in development.
		Turn the worm over, so that the ventral side is on the bottom, and pin the worm lengthwise in the pan, putting a pin through the third segment and through any one of the posterior segments.
	www.tulane.edu /~bfleury/diversity/labguide/mollannel.html (4941 words)

	worm
		, a parasite common in children; the Guinea worm, now restricted to N sub-Saharan Africa, which is ingested as a larva in water and slowly emerges when full grown (up to 3 ft/91 cm) through a painful sore in the skin; and various other species that are agricultural pests.
		Like the nematodes, the hairworms, or horsehair worms, are unsegmented, but they are grouped separately in the phylum Nematomorpha.
		, the clam worm, and the feather duster worm belong to the latter group.
	www.factmonster.com /id/A0852747 (374 words)

	Annelida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Center for Annelida Resources The Illinois Natural History Survey Annelida Collection is one of the largest state collections of freshwater oligochaetes in the USA, holding more than 300,000 specimens.
		Introduction to the Annelida Introduction to the Annelida, the segmented worms.
		Phylum Annelida The segmented worms, including earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Annelida.html (196 words)

	Directory - Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Animalia: Annelida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Annelid resources · iweb · cached · A guide to scientific information on annelids, and to current worm research and researchers.
		Introduction to the Annelida · cached · Introduction to the Annelida, the segmented worms.
		UCSC Annelida · cached · Anatomical illustrations of segmented worms from the University of California at Santa Cruz.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=71083 (159 words)

	The Shape of Life . Explosion of Life \| PBS
		In the 4.5 billion year history of Earth, a mere 10 million years seems rather insignificant, the equivalent of two months in the life of a 75 year-old man. Yet, during a 10 to 20 million year stretch of time, beginning about 540 million years ago, life evolved at an explosive rate.
		A group of animals called annelid worms developed during the Cambrian Explosion.
		Scientists believe that burrowing worms play a vital role in maintaining life on Earth by recycling plant and animal remains into carbon dioxide gas.
	www.pbs.org /kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/explosion.html (249 words)

	The Sydney Cichlid Page - Fish food FAQ
		Grindal worms should be fed regularly with a dry bran cereal, addition of potato slices or vegetable peelings keeps the worms happy and healthy.
		White worms should be cultured in a large wooden box, the lid of the box should be covered in mesh to allow air to reach the culture, a large box is constructed of wood or polystyrene.
		Grindal worms are much easier to culture and generally are the better choice of the two small annelid worms in terms of yield.
	www.sydneycichlid.com /old_scp/foodfaq.html (1653 words)

	Invertebrates
		Segmented worms are also known as annelid worms.
		As the name suggests, segmented worms have several segments in their bodies, and many of these segments are identical.
		Segmented worms' guts run through their bodies and work the miracle of holding all their body segments together.
	www.edhelper.com /AnimalReadingComprehension_99_1.html (561 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Animalia: Annelida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Annelida - Introduction - Annelid worms, brought to you by Biological Sciences at the University of Paisley.
		Introduction to the Annelida - Introduction to the Annelida, the segmented worms.
		UCSC Annelida - Anatomical illustrations of segmented worms from the University of California at Santa Cruz.
	www.dmoz.org /Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Annelida (164 words)

	Biology Of Annelids script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Featuring live photography of a diversity of annelid worms showing their behavior, structures and organized by classification into three groups.
		It was the beginning of a large split on the annelid branch of the evolutionary tree -- the Class Oligochaeta.
		The worm feeds on the accumulation of organic material that settles onto everything in the pond.
	ebiomedia.com /prod/BOanelidscript.html (1645 words)

	About Annelid Resources: Another can of Worms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Relevant to: Annelids, Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, Hirudinea, Echiura, Sipuncula, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera (suggested to be 'Siboglinidae' within annelids); Sea worms, leeches, earthworms, tubeworms, vent worms; Annelida, Polychaeta, Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Myzostomida (recently regarded as not within annelids).
		Field Trips is the page with almost all external links on annelid worms, including non-scientific, whereas Research Resources is more research oriented, and Systematics and Taxonomy is the place to go for background on those topics.
		As well as many cross-links within the wider community of biologist colleagues, the Annelid Resources site is included by scholarly meta sites compiled by librarians and educators, such as the BUBL information service for the higher education community in the UK, and by edited directory services such as the
	biodiversity.uno.edu /~worms/aboutAnnRes.html (458 words)

	Worms 4: Mayhem Game - GameInfoWire.com - Next-Generation Gaming on PCs and Consoles
		However, Worms 4: Mayhem is a return to the series' trademark gameplay and sees Team 17's core Worms design and development team regrouping for a game of explosive annelid annihilation.
		Worms 4: Mayhem is set to launch on PlayStation 2, Xbox and PC in Q2 2005 and, returning to the series' roots, our brave invertebrates are back to knock ten shades of hell out of each other in open arenas.
		With players controlling the worms in single player or 4-player team games, everyone's armed with a massive variety of wild weapons, as ingenious as they are incendiary.
	www.gameinfowire.com /game.asp?gid=1391 (462 words)

	tube worm -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		This type of fanworm lives in a tube about 30 to 40 centimetres (12 to 16 inches) long that is open at one end and constructed of mud particles cemented together by mucus.
		or ribbon worms, resemble flatworms but are distinguished by a long, muscular, tube-shaped structure—the proboscis—that can be forced out from the front end of the body like a tongue.
		Includes details on worm care and harvesting of their castings for use as fertilizer.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9073664 (777 words)

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