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Topic: Anomodont

	Therapsida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Therapsids became the dominant land animals during the Middle Permian, and consisted of three major clades, the dinocephalians, the herbivorous anomodonts, and the mostly carnivorous theriodonts, with the carnivorous biarmosuchians as a paraphyletic assemblage of primitive forms.
		After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Middle Permian (Guadalupian), but the anomodont dicynodonts and the theriodont gorgonopsians and therocephalians flourished, and were joined at the very end of the Permian by the first cynodonts.
		Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the end Permian extinction event, with the very successful gorgonopsians dying out altogether, and the remaining groups being represented by only one or two families of a few species each surviving into the Triassic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Therapsida (260 words)

	SICB - 2002 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Anomodont therapsids were the most abundant and diverse group of terrestrial vertebrate herbivores during the Late Permian and much of the Triassic.
		The success of anomodonts has been hypothesized to be related to their complex mastication system, which was based on a propalinal sliding of the lower jaw.
		Finally, the notably different longevity and diversity of the two anomodont clades suggests that propaliny alone was not enough to guarantee success in Late Permian and Triassic ecosystems.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2003/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=654 (276 words)

	safossil
		They were the dominant land creatures during the Permian period more than 250 million years ago -- which precedes the dinosaur era.
		The new discovery has been named Anomocephalus africanus (meaning lawless-headed one of Africa), referring to the fact that the Anomodont group's characteristics were not uniform.
		Until now it was thought Anomodonts and other creatures with the group known as therapsids originated in Russia.
	www.dispatch.co.za /1999/03/11/southafrica/SAFOSSIL.HTM (162 words)

	Important New Fossil Animal Discovered By Wits Scientists
		The fossil is the skull of a sheep-sized animal that is the most primitive member yet found of a group of plant-eaters on the evolutionary line to mammals.
		Called Anomodonts (an-om-o-donts), they were the dominant land creatures during the Permian period more than 250 million years ago, long before even the dinosaurs had appeared on Earth.
		This refers to the fact that characteristics with the Anomodont group are not uniform throughout all its members.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-03/UotW-INFA-100399.php (370 words)

	Local News Briefs
		The fossil is of a primitive sheep-sized animal that lived along the shores of an inland sea before the age of dinosaurs in what is now the Karoo Desert in southern South Africa.
		"This shows that South Africa is the home of anomodont therapsids," said Sean Modesto, a researcher from Toronto, using the scientific name for the mammal-like reptile with features of both families.
		Successive finds of anomodonts in South Africa have led Modesto and paleontologist Bruce Rubidge of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg to conclude they were once plentiful there and provided a good food supply for local predators.
	www.th-record.com /1999/03/12/30briefs.htm (349 words)

	Paleobiology: Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids ...
		In light of these facts, the hypothesis of relationships developed by Modesto, Rybczynski, and their colleagues is considered to be a reasonable framework for examining the evolution of the anomodont feeding system.
		The possibility of a parallel development of the lateral external adductor in two anomodont clades is less surprising than it might seem at first, given that a similar modification of the external adductor also occurred in other groups of synapsids.
		This is especially true of their skulls, and these taxa have been excluded from all recent phylogenetic analyses of anomodonts because they can be coded for so few cranial characters.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4067/is_200404/ai_n9400843/pg_5 (1376 words)

	Fossil 260-m years old unveiled - South African scientists, prehistoric plant-eaters, anomodonts, therapsids, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The discovery of the anomodont has given scientists more evidence to suggest that mammals originated in Africa and not in Russia, as was previously thought.
		Scientists believe these plant-eaters, or anomodonts, belonged to a species known as therapsids, which evolved into a wide range of animals including sabre-toothed flesh-eating animals and wolf-like, smooth-skinned creatures.
		The remains of the anomodont were discovered near Williston in the Northern Cape in November 1995.
	www.wildcare.org.za /bushcraft/dailynews/1999archive_3/archive_19990312_fossil260.html (396 words)

	Nature Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, evidence for oral processing is poorly documented in the fossil record, especially during the initial stages of terrestrial vertebrate diversification.
		Here we report on the basal anomodont Suminia getmanovi, the only known Palaeozoic vertebrate in which unequivocal specializations in its cranium and teeth for high-fibre herbivory are well preserved.
		We propose that the capacity to comminute tough plant foods was critical to the diversification of anomodonts, the most diverse, widely dispersed and abundant group of Palaeozoic terrestrial vertebrates, and to the onset of modern terrestrial ecosystems.
	www.natureasia.com /get.pl5/japan/nature/abstracts/issue6838/abstract411684a.html (166 words)

	Anomodontia
		Modesto, S. and Rubidge, B. S., 2000: A basal anomodont therapsid from the Lower Baufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa.
		Rubidge, B. and Hopson, J. A., 1996: A primitive anomodont therapsid from the base of the Beaumont Group (Upper Permian) of South Africa.
		Rybczynski, N., 2000: Cranial anatomy and phygenetic position of Suminia getmanovi, a basal anomodont (Amniota: Therapsida) from the Late Permian of Eastern Europe.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Anomodontia/Anomodontia_2.htm (194 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The skull of the basal anomodont therapsid Anomocephalus africanus, from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa, is described in detail.
		This basal position provides compelling support for the hypothesis that anomodonts originated in Gondwana and later dispersed into Euramerica and elsewhere across Pangea.
		Minimum divergence times suggest strongly that anomodonts were diversifying in central Gondwana well before the onset of Beaufort sedimentation.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/20-515-521.html (193 words)

	NAPC Abstracts, Ka - Ku
		Anomodont therapsids are known from 40 localities in Eastern Europe.
		In the evolution of Permian anomodonts of Eastern Europe four main stages are apparent: (1) Dinocephalian Superassemblage, characterized by the existence of an endemic fauna of basal anomodonts; (2) the main part of the Sokolki Assemblage (Kotelnich and Ilinscoe Subassemblages); characterized by the appearance of Gondwanan elements in Eastern Europe.
		Low-skulled dicynodonts are the dominant anomodonts in the fauna; (3) the end of the Sokolki Assemblage (Sokolki Subassemblage); characterized by the dominance of high-skulled dicynodonts; (4) Vyazniki Assemblage; characterized by high-skulled dicynodonts that possess some features typical of Triassic dicynodonts.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /napc/abs14.html (4605 words)

	Palaeos Bones: Dermal Bones: Facial Series: Premaxilla
		Occasionally, as in hadrosaurs, the premaxilla is extensively elaborated in almost fanciful ways.
		In addition, the premaxillae may become invested externally with keratinous structures forming a beak or bill (rhamphotheca), as in the anomodont synapsids, birds, trilophosaurs and turtles (Fig.
		In these cases, the dorsal surface of the bone will often be roughened and show pits and channels.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Bones/Dermal/FacialPremaxilla.html (1301 words)

	Grad Program Announcements - Department of Zoology
		Day-night differences in ventilation, metabolism, and body temperature during normoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia in the awake adult rat.
		Cranial morphology and phylogenetic significance of Suminia Getmanovi, a Late Permian anomodont from Russia.
		An analysis of the changes in the bird communities of four forest habitats in Algonquin Park, Ontario, from 1952-53 to 1995-96.
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /zfa/Newsletter-htm/feb-97/grads.htm (536 words)

	Phosphorus Flow to Permian Oceans by Amphibians and Dragonflies
		However, by the Triassic they were present and similar on all continents [Cox].
		The earliest vertebrate with teeth designed for vegetation known was a late Permian Anomodont called Sumina getmanovi with large eyes from Russia [Rybczynski].
		Herbivorous insects probably accounted for most of the herbivorous activity then because chewing teeth were rare as was evidence for chewing on fossil leaves [Shear].
	www.angelfire.com /nc/isoptera/phosphorus.html (3345 words)

	Wits Alumni Newsletter #29: March 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Wits scientists have unveiled the fossil remains of an animal more than 260 million years old, whose discovery could shed more light on the origins of humans.
		The remains of a skull from a sheep-sized animal believed to be the most primitive member of a group of prehistoric plant-eaters ever
		These creatures evolved into mammals, from which humans are said to have evolved.
	www.wits.ac.za /alumni/news29.shtml (1814 words)

	DinoData Refrence Base Angielczzyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Angielczzyk, K. (2001) Preliminary phylogenetic analysis and stratigraphic congruence of the dicynodont anomodonts (Synapsida: Therapsida): Palaeontologica africana, v.
		Angielczyk, K. (2002) A character-based method for measuring the fit of a cladogram to the fossil record: Systematic Biology, v.
		Angielczyk, K D. (2004) Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsids): Paleobiology, v.
	www.dinodata.net /Refs/A/Angielczzyk.htm (190 words)

	Awan Mudlarks Megalokaryocyte Gray-mustached Kashgar Turkophobist Sociocentrism Stethoscopically (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	www.virtualworlds.de /misc/dairy/Byzantine/animates/Regis/associates/recreational (368 words)

	Fibrinogenic paxilla dioptomiter iniquitous quadru- Benilda fremt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	virtualworlds.dyns.net /misc/regimentation/sited/flockiest (308 words)

	Unconvenial synarthrodial phytoteratology monkeyism enforceability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	www.vwpservice.virtualworlds.de /misc/spottedness/Billiton/hyperdeification/Tauric/musicological/interdependently/Weintrob/spectrographies/Tiro (307 words)

	Pronuclear
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	www.oldach.net /food/repressive/Untread/saccharify/quantitatively (401 words)

	Self-lubricated Holcus Mitra Wonderland Duellers Splitfinger Cachinnated Parishional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	virtualuniverse.dyndns.org /misc/drawling/castles/tent (201 words)

	Iridious twelvepence dihydrate yutu preverb achromatin nomological (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	www.mikivie.at /sp/db/ne/megaerg (359 words)

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