Anoxic sea water - Factbites

Anoxic sea water - Factbites
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Topic: Anoxic sea water

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	Black Sea
		It entered the Black Sea in the early 1980s in ballast water from a US ship.
		Below a depth of 150 m/500 ft 90% of the water is anoxic (lacking in oxygen), mixing little with the surface water, and supporting little life.
		This is accelerating the natural accumulation at the bottom of the sea of a layer of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, methane, and ethane, which is rising by 2 m/7 ft a year.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0017941.html (404 words)

	De Zwarte Zee beschavingen
		Below a depth of 150 m/500 ft 90% of the water is anoxic (lacking in oxygen), mixing little with the surface water, and supporting little life.
		It constitutes the world's largest mass of anoxic water and is caused by bacterial action on rotting vegetation.
		This is accelerating the natural accumulation at the bottom of the sea of a layer of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, methane, and ethane, which is rising by 2 m/7 ft a year.
	www.amarcord.be /georgia/blacksea.html (404 words)

	Black Sea Expedition
		The Black Sea is the worlds largest anoxic basin and provides much needed insight on the interface betweeen oxic and anoxic water layers.
		Anthropogenic Chlorofluorocarbons in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara.
		The chemistry and biology of the Black Sea have been severely impacted by anthropogenic effects.
	oceanweb.ocean.washington.edu /cruises/Knorr2001 (387 words)

	218
		The Barremian laminated sediments are believed to have been caused by a thermally induced stable water stratification.The early Aptian Fischschiefer is interpreted as an anoxic sediment of a stagnant environment, having been caused by a slightly reduced salinity of surface waters.
		Despite the stratigraphic correlation of the Fischschiefer with the global "Ocean Anoxic Event 1a" (OAE1a), we believe that the deposition of the Fischschiefer was controlled by regional factors.The turnover of marine biota, however, which occurred simultaneously both in the Tethys and in the Boreal Realm, is here considered to reflect a global signal.
		This positive excursion is paralleled by an increase of abundance of infaunal and eutrophic benthic foraminifers and indicates an enhanced flux of carbon to the sea-floor resulting from an increased oceanic productivity.
	camb.demonhosting.co.uk /JConfAbs/4/218.html (4590 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995)
		Expansion and benthic touchdown of the oceanic oxygen minimum zone during the Cenomanian-Turonian OAE would have remobilized sequestered trace elements from the seafloor and caused progressive advection of potentially toxic chemicals through the water column, with profound effects on the global marine biota.
		Each of these discrete extinction events is associated with geochemical evidence for environmental chaos in the ocean-atmosphere system—short-term, large-scale perturbations in temperature, ocean chemistry, and carbon and nutrient cycling in the sea, upon which are superimposed a somewhat exaggerated expression of Milankovitch climate cyclicity at 41,000-and 100,000-yr intervals (subsequent discussion).
		Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Causes and consequences, Geol.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309051274/html/47.html (12344 words)

	CRETACEOUS CLIMATE-OCEAN DYNAMICS: FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR IODP
		In the sequence of events reflected in the record during ice growth, eustatic sea level fall may therefore be the only "given" and is, indeed, generally accepted as having occurred throughout the Cretaceous; and 2) A lower latitudinal gradient in freshwater d
		These volcanic and tectonic events provoked excessive CO levels in the atmosphere favoring warm and humid conditions that induced an accelerated transfer of nutrients from the continents to the oceans increasing the fertility of surface waters.
		Perhaps both phenomena - OAEs and methane-dissociation events - are responding to increases in CO -forced global temperature, the former being related to fundamental changes in the hydrological cycle, nutrient inputs, oceanic recycling, the latter to changes in the stability field of methane hydrate dependent on bottom-water temperatures.
	www.whoi.edu /ccod/CCOD_report.html (9260 words)

	Crucible of the Gods @ National Geographic Magazine
		The Black Sea, however, is not the only place in the world’s waters where hydrogen sulfide has accumulated.
		The water is anoxic, or without dissolved oxygen, and impregnated with hydrogren sulfide.
		The higher you travel into the mountains barricading the Black Sea coast of Turkey and on into Georgia’s Caucasus, the less there is. In remote valleys and along steep stony tracks now forced to serve as roads, familiar components of life fall away one by one.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0209/feature4/index.html (810 words)

	R. Mark Leckie
		In addition, isotope paleoecology of ancient planktic foraminifera and time-series isotopic analyses of multi-species planktic and benthic foraminifera are important components of their deep-sea research as independent and complementary proxies of upper water column hydrography and productivity.
		Current research projects focus on the following: 1) mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events and plankton community evolution, 2) Late Cretaceous paleoceanography and sequence stratigraphy of the Western Interior Sea, 3) Campanian-Maastrichtian paleoceanography of the tropical Pacific, and 4) middle to late Miocene constriction of the Indonesian Seaway and paleoceanography of the western tropical Pacific.
		Foraminiferal paleoecology and paleoceanography of the Greenhorn Cycle along the southwestern margin of the U.S. Western Interior Seaway.
	www.geo.umass.edu /faculty/leckie (810 words)

	Ecology and Water Quality Modelling
		Modelling of anoxic conditions formation as an example of the Black Sea
		Three-dimensional water quality model in a eutrophic bay
		Water quality modelling of three rivers in NSW, Australia
	www.dhi.dk /hic98/papers/ecology.htm (95 words)

	THE LAST INTERGLACIAL IN BERINGIA: FROM THE PELUKIAN SHORELINE TO LAKE EL'GYGYTGYN
		Cooler intervals during 5d and 5b prevented the ice-free summers stratifying the water column, creating anoxic bottom water conditions.
		The history of interglacial high sea levels in the Bering Strait region is a fundamental part of the Hopkins legacy in Beringia.
		By our best estimates summer sea surface temperatures were warmer, marine faunas were displaced northward toward Barrow and winter sea ice limits were nearly 800 km north of where they are today (Brigham-Grette and Hopkins, 1995).
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_58321.htm (95 words)

	R. Mark Leckie
		In addition, isotope paleoecology of ancient planktic foraminifera and time-series isotopic analyses of multi-species planktic and benthic foraminifera are important components of their deep-sea research as independent and complementary proxies of upper water column hydrography and productivity.
		Current research projects focus on the following: 1) mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events and plankton community evolution, 2) Late Cretaceous paleoceanography and sequence stratigraphy of the Western Interior Sea, 3) Campanian-Maastrichtian paleoceanography of the tropical Pacific, and 4) middle to late Miocene constriction of the Indonesian Seaway and paleoceanography of the western tropical Pacific.
		Foraminiferal paleoecology and paleoceanography of the Greenhorn Cycle along the southwestern margin of the U.S. Western Interior Seaway.
	www.geo.umass.edu /faculty/leckie (1088 words)

	Presentations and Speakers
		With normal respiration and decay of dead organisms, the deep water evolved into an anoxic mass loaded with dissolved carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide.
		Isozaki also notes that the rapid changes in carbon isotopes and in sea level across the P-Tr boundary itself are not explained by his data: something else is going on at the boundary.
		Knoll and colleagues speculated that the abnormal ocean circulation in Panthalassa did not include enough downward transport of oxygenated surface water to keep the deep water oxygenated.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /education/events/cowen2a.html (2357 words)

	Explanation of biotope intolerance, recoverability and sensitivity assessments of Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud (CMU.Beg)
		The biotope normally develops in areas of low water flow rate, such as sea lochs and fjords, where hypoxic or anoxic conditions are able to develop.
		Therefore, the biotope is likely to be highly intolerant of an increase in water flow that may bring supplies of oxygenated water allowing a more species rich biotope, typical of muddy substrata, to develop.
		The biotope normally develops in areas of low water flow rate and so is likely to be relatively tolerant of a further decrease.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /Bio_pages/Bio_Sensexp_CMU.Beg.htm (1220 words)

	ELASMO.COM Fossil - Paleo-faunas: Cretaceous of Kansas
		Water circulation in the central and northern portions of the seaway was generally poor and the water may have been stratified from time to time, leading to anoxic bottom conditions.
		The Western Interior Seaway (Inland Sea) covered much of North America for millions of years, until finally retreating for good, near the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
		The width and depth of the inland seaway changed relatively frequently, responding to plate tectonics and fluctuating sea levels.
	www.elasmo.com /paleo/fauna/ks_cret.html (1317 words)

	Cockroach Bay Restoration Project
		The proposed ecosystem creation project provides for the placement of dredged material into two upland water-filled pits formerly mined for sea shells (shown in figure 2).
		The shell pits have poor water quality with no significant aquatic life due to the lack of habitat within the photic zone and a lack of mixing in the water column.
		The pits' depth results in poor circulation between the deeper waters and the surface or upper photic zone.
	www.saj.usace.army.mil /pd/cockroach.htm (1215 words)

	Continental shelf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pelagic (water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone, and the benthic (sea floor) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone.(Pinet 316-17, 418-19)
		The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow seas (known as shelf seas) and gulfs.
		Sovereign rights over their continental shelves were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's International Law Commission in 1958,[1] partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Continental_shelf (701 words)

	list of publications
		Isotope constraints on the origin of pore waters and salinity in the permafrost and gas-hydrate core intervals of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 Gas-Hydrate Research Well.
		Isotopic evidence for hydrothermal discharge into an anoxic water column, Sudbury Basin, Ontario.
		Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates -4: Early Paleoproterozoic (2.25 � 0.25 Ga) sea water.
	www.isotopes.science.uottawa.ca /Research/publications.htm (701 words)

	James W. Murray: Current Projects - Anoxic and Suboxic Ocean Environments
		One of the most intriguing discoveries during that cruise was the suboxic zone (simultaneous low oxygen and low sulfide) of about 50m thickness separating the oxic surface water and the sulfide rich anoxic deep water (Murray et al., 1989; Codispoti et al., 1991; Murray et al., 1995).
		James W. Murray: Current Projects - Anoxic and Suboxic Ocean Environments
		A Coastal Zone Color Scanner image of the Black Sea showing filaments that originate in the nearshore boundary current and extend into the interior of the basin.
	www.ocean.washington.edu /people/faculty/jmurray/anoxic.html (714 words)

	Island Copper's Pit Lake
		Upon closing its Island Copper mine at Port Hardy on Vancouver Island, BHP-Billiton created an innovative lake by flooding the pit to within 10 m of its brim with sea water.
		Fresh water was then placed on the top 10 m, creating three separate zones in the lake, the lowest one of which is an anoxic layer to deal with injected Acid-Rock-Drainage from nearby waste dumps.
		To see a pictorial presentation on Island Copper's Pit Lake, click here.
	www.cerm3.mining.ubc.ca /research/Pit.html (136 words)

	FOSSIL INTRODUCTIONS
		In late Devonian time, the Ohio sea became stagnant; circulation was poor, and the water was generally anoxic (lacking oxygen).
		Filter feeder – filter food particles from water to obtain food
		However, the Pleistocene Ice Age deposits of Ohio are younger, and rest on top of Ohio’s bedrock.
	academic.udayton.edu /michaelsandy/fossil_introductions.htm (2459 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Gulf of Alaska 2004
		Most recently, he has been exploring deep-water crabs, corals, and other invertebrates on previously unexplored seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska.
		Specifically, he is interested in how much the primary production from reducing environments (such as vents, seeps, and anoxic sediments) contributes to the overall carbon flux in surrounding systems.
		Shirley has described new species of invertebrates from three different phyla from around the world, including the Arctic, Antarctic, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean, Philippines, and Alaska.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/04alaska/background/explorers/explorers.html (2459 words)

	Pit Lake
		Schafer and Associates estimate that the pit lake would reach a stable water surface elevation of 4,825 ft. above mean sea level (amsl) 12 years after the cessation of dewatering, and upon reaching 4,825 ft. amsl the total inflow of 834 gallons per minute would equal the total volume lost.
		As in the upper portion of the anoxic portion of the lake, the total mass of manganese, arsenic, and zinc in the pit lake is in the dissolved state.
		Depending upon the arsenic concentration assumed to be in the tuff groundwater and the proportion of tuff groundwater flowing into the pit lake, the arsenic concentrations are predicted to vary between 0.013 ppm and 0.021 ppm.
	johnsonenviro.com /pitlake.htm (2459 words)

	EarthRef.org Reference Database (ERR) -- Archer 1991
		A numerical model of calcite dissolution in contact with sediment pore water is used to predict the depth and shape of the calcite lysocline in the deep sea.
		The model lysocline shape is sensitive to the calcite dissolution rate constant, the calcite, organic carbon, and refractory material rain rates, and the rates of oxic versus anoxic organic carbon degradation in the sediment.
		The range in the best fit value of the organic-inorganic carbon rain rates arises from model sensitivity to uncertainity in the rate of anoxic carbon degradation in the sediment and in the rain rate of refractory material, rather than from scatter in the data.
	earthref.org /cgi-bin/err.cgi?n=48475 (286 words)

	ELASMO.COM Fossil - Paleo-faunas: Cretaceous of Kansas
		Water circulation in the central and northern portions of the seaway was generally poor and the water may have been stratified from time to time, leading to anoxic bottom conditions.
		The Western Interior Seaway (Inland Sea) covered much of North America for millions of years, until finally retreating for good, near the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
		Whether it's a "fish-in-a-fish", slain mosasaur or the crumpled remains of what was once a graceful pteranodon, the chalk provides much more than an isolated tooth.
	www.elasmo.com /paleo/fauna/ks_cret.html (286 words)

	NATURAL NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS: TIME CONSTRAINTS FOR OCCURRENCE, AND THEIR RELATION TO URANIUM AND MANGANESE DEPOSITS AND TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
		The fluctuations in sea levels and the local palaeogeographic conditions allowed Mn from distal volcanics to reach the edges of the Franceville basin, in zones where the development of the photosynthetic organisms increased the concentration of oxygen in the water, causing the precipitation of manganese oxides.
		The progressive closure of the Franceville basin, marked by the depletion of 13Corg enhanced the contrasts between the oxygenated edges of the basin and the anoxic zones corresponding to the more central parts of the basin.
		The occurrence of manganese and uranium deposits and of nuclear reactors in the Franceville basin is not fortuitous.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_38943.htm (498 words)

	pp41b in fm03
		AB: The record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) is considered global in nature due to the occurrence of organic carbon-rich sediments worldwide, although its expression in the carbon isotopic record (marine carbonate and organic matter and terrestrial plants) has only been recorded in European localities.
		This dataset confirms that the Toarcian OAE did affect the entire global carbon reservoir and was not isotopically expressed only in Europe, shallow seas or continental margin settings.
		Due to the apparent synchroneity of biostratigraphy between shallow and deep-water sequences, upwelling of $^{12}$C-rich organic matter could not explain the negative carbon-isotope event on a global scale.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm03&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm03/fm03&maxhits=200&="PP41B" (3651 words)

	Gonzalo D Veiga - publicaciones
		The high rate of planktonic productivity, combined with physiographic isolation, low surrounding relief and dry climatic conditions favoured the stagnation of sea water, the generation of a thermo-pycnocline and the development of anoxic bottom conditions in the basinal and outer ramp portions of the basin.
		An important marine reptile-bearing locality from the Tithonian - Berriasian of the central Neuquén Basin (La Yesera del Tromen, Neuquén Province, Argentina) is studied.
		This fauna is located in the lower portion of the Vaca Muerta Formation, which is composed of thick intervals of black shales associated with black marls, thin packstone — wackestone beds and fine-grained pyroclastic fall deposits.
	cig.museo.unlp.edu.ar /_veiga/yeseraeng.htm (252 words)

	Gonzalo D Veiga - publicaciones
		The high rate of planktonic productivity, combined with physiographic isolation, low surrounding relief and dry climatic conditions favoured the stagnation of sea water, the generation of a thermo-pycnocline and the development of anoxic bottom conditions in the basinal and outer ramp portions of the basin.
		An important marine reptile-bearing locality from the Tithonian- Berriasian of the central Neuquén Basin (La Yesera del Tromen, Neuquén Province, Argentina) is studied.
		This fauna is located in the lower portion of the Vaca Muerta Formation, which is composed of thick intervals of black shales associated with black marls, thin packstone — wackestone beds and fine-grained pyroclastic fall deposits.
	cig.museo.unlp.edu.ar /_veiga/yeseraeng.htm (252 words)

	WorldFish Center
		The sandfish can make the environment healthier by ingesting bacteria and algae that cause anoxic conditions, lower water quality and generally pave the way for disease-causing pathogens to flourish.
		WorldFish is also assessing the potential to grow sandfish with shrimp in earthen ponds in collaboration with the French Research Institute for Exploration of the Sea (IFREMER) in New Caledonia.
		Sandfish can provide a by-crop for shrimp aquaculture and an environmentally friendly approach because they eat waste products from the shrimp.
	www.worldfishcenter.org /tjtan_11.htm (1129 words)

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