Antagonist (muscle)

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Topic: Antagonist (muscle)

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	Inhibition of Recovery of Spermatogenesis in Irradiated Rats by Different Androgens -- Shetty et al. 143 (9): 3385 -- Endocrinology
		Comparative effects of the different androgens tested on weights of the seminal vesicle (A), ventral prostate (B), bulbocavernosus muscle (C), and testis (D), in relation to their respective inhibition of GnRH-antagonist-stimulated tubule differentiation.
		The weights of seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbocavernosus muscle were significantly higher ( P < 0.001) in all the rats that received GnRH-antagonist+androgen, compared with GnRH-antagonist-only-treated irradiated rats; and hence, the symbols (
		Weights (wt) of testis (A–D), seminal vesicle (ves.) (E–H), ventral prostate (I–L), and bulbocavernosus (Bulbo cav.) muscle (M–P) in unirradiated control rats, irradiated-only rats, and irradiated (5 Gy) rats treated with GnRH antagonist with or without one of the androgens.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/9/3385

	definition of antagonist
		A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.
		Absorbed, Action, Acts, Adversary, An, Another, Antagonist, Antagonistic, As, Bends, Blood, Combat, Contends, Counteracting, Especially, Extends, Extensor, Flexor, In, Into, Is, It, Medicine, Muscle, Of, One, Opponent, Opposes, Opposing, Opposition, Or, Part, Philosophy, Poison, Schools, The, Tissues, To, When, Which, Who, With
		Absorbed, Action, Adversary, An, Another, Antagonist, Antagonistic, As, Blood, Combat, Counteracting, Especially, Extensor, Flexor, In, Into, Is, It, Medicine, Muscle, Of, One, Opponent, Opposing, Opposition, Or, Part, Philosophy, Poison, The, To, When, Which, Who, With
	www.brainydictionary.com /words/an/antagonist130674.html (202 words)

	66623.asp
		Facial muscle anatomy is complex and requires a thorough understanding of both agonist and antagonist muscles, whose relationship to one another must be appreciated prior to administering botulinum toxin.
		For this reason, it is important to discuss this agonist/antagonist relationship between the two muscle groups with patients who are interested in having their transverse brow lines treated but who do not desire treatment of their brow depressors.
		Optimal results with respect to brow height and contour are usually obtained with either low dose treatment of the Frontalis muscle or co-administration of botulinum toxin to both the Frontalis muscle and brow depressors in order to equally weaken both muscle groups.
	www.slackbooks.com /excerpts/66623/66623.asp (202 words)

	66623.asp
		Facial muscle anatomy is complex and requires a thorough understanding of both agonist and antagonist muscles, whose relationship to one another must be appreciated prior to administering botulinum toxin.
		For this reason, it is important to discuss this agonist/antagonist relationship between the two muscle groups with patients who are interested in having their transverse brow lines treated but who do not desire treatment of their brow depressors.
		Optimal results with respect to brow height and contour are usually obtained with either low dose treatment of the Frontalis muscle or co-administration of botulinum toxin to both the Frontalis muscle and brow depressors in order to equally weaken both muscle groups.
	www.slackbooks.com /excerpts/66623/66623.asp (202 words)

	66623.asp
		For this reason, it is important to discuss this agonist/antagonist relationship between the two muscle groups with patients who are interested in having their transverse brow lines treated but who do not desire treatment of their brow depressors.
		Facial muscle anatomy is complex and requires a thorough understanding of both agonist and antagonist muscles, whose relationship to one another must be appreciated prior to administering botulinum toxin.
		Contraction of this muscle over time results in melomental folds or “marionette lines” which may be treated with dermal filler agents or softened by injecting botulinum toxin directly into the Depressor anguli oris muscle at one location.
	www.slackbooks.com /excerpts/66623/66623.asp (202 words)

	Review of Optometry
		Thus, in esotropia, when the medial rectus muscle is injected, its temporary weakening allows the antagonist lateral rectus muscle to shorten and tighten.
		The principle behind strabismus treatment is to cause temporary paresis in one of the extraocular muscles, resulting in a permanent change in the antagonist muscle after the paresis has worn off.
		BEB occurs bilaterally and involves the entire orbicularis oculi muscles, and the procerus and corrugator musculature (figure 2, page 54).19 It usually starts in people ages 50 to 70 (mean age 56), and women with BEB outnumber men by three to one.
	www.revoptom.com /index.asp?page=2_1213.htm (2651 words)

	2.17 Upshoot in Adduction: Right Eye
		(11) Unlike in secondary inferior oblique overaction where underaction of the antagonist of the yoke muscle (LSR) is the rule, that muscle acts normally when a patient with DVD fixates with the involved eye in elevation and abduction.
		This muscle is unopposed by its paretic antagonist.
		(4) This upshoot in adduction is caused by a primary or secondary overaction of the inferior oblique muscle.
	telemedicine.orbis.org /bins/volume_page.asp?cid=1-351-355-456 (475 words)

	66623.asp
		For this reason, it is important to discuss this agonist/antagonist relationship between the two muscle groups with patients who are interested in having their transverse brow lines treated but who do not desire treatment of their brow depressors.
		Facial muscle anatomy is complex and requires a thorough understanding of both agonist and antagonist muscles, whose relationship to one another must be appreciated prior to administering botulinum toxin.
		Contraction of this muscle over time results in melomental folds or “marionette lines” which may be treated with dermal filler agents or softened by injecting botulinum toxin directly into the Depressor anguli oris muscle at one location.
	www.slackbooks.com /excerpts/66623/66623.asp (475 words)

	antagonist -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		These organisms are called antagonists; they may occur naturally within the host's environment, or they may be purposefully applied to those parts of the potential host plant where they can act directly or indirectly on the pathogen.
		They have the properties of opiate (opium-derived) substances such as morphine; they bind to the same receptors and are neutralized by the opiate antagonist naloxone.
		Any cold, hot, or noxious stimulus striking the skin of the foot contracts the flexor muscle of that limb, relaxes the extensor muscles of the same limb, and extends the opposite limb.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9124775 (737 words)

	anabolicforum.com Needle Tid Bits
		- Antagonist muscles are one that stop or resist against the agonist muscles in a movement.
		Muscles in these areas, especially the gluteal muscles in the buttock, are fairly thick.
		Because of the large number of muscle fibers and extensive fascia, (fascia is a type of connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles) the drug has a large surface area for absorption.
	anabolicforum.com /needles.htm (1779 words)

	CHAPTER 4: MATERIAL AND METHODS
		This observation suggests strongly that the existence of a myalgic muscle affects the performance of a group of muscles that are in a synergistic or antagonist relationship with that muscle.
		However, the finding of a significant difference in the RMS behavior of trapezius between the patients and healthy subjects while the muscle was acting as a stabilizing synergist and, during the same experiment finding that the endurance time between the two groups was not significantly different, may indicate a physiological change in the myalgic muscle.
		The RMS value of upper trapezius increased significantly in all healthy subjects while the muscle was acting as a stabilizing synergist; however, its behavior in patients was variable.
	www.ee.umanitoba.ca /~mousavi/thesis/CHAPTER4.html (4693 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in dog isolated ciliary and urinary bladder smooth muscle
		The affinities of muscarinic antagonists obtained from both brown and blue ciliary muscles were similar, with the exception of darifenacin, and suggested that the muscarinic receptors mediating contraction of brown and blue ciliary muscle have the pharmacological attributes of the M
		The objective of the present study was, therefore, to examine the pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic receptor(s) mediating contraction of dog isolated ciliary muscle using several novel, selective antagonists.
		The present study demonstrates that the muscarinic antagonist profile in the dog ciliary muscle and bladder are different.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n4/full/0703901a.html (3992 words)

	Femalepatient.com
		A “nonsurgical brow-lift” can be achieved in some individuals by selectively altering the agonist-antagonist action of the muscles about the brows.
		The site of injection is made to the presumed belly or muscle mass of the selected muscle of facial expression and not typically at the site of the maximal skin depression.
		The transverse or horizontal furrow is created by the procerus muscle, which also aids in the downward pull of the brows medially.
	www.femalepatient.com /html/arc/sig/consul/articles/article_1.asp (3992 words)

	eMedicine - Infraspinatus Syndrome : Article by Jonathan C Reeser, MD, PhD
		The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are part of the rotator cuff, which dynamically stabilizes the shoulder joint through a precise system of force couples and agonist-antagonist coactivation, keeping the humeral head centered in the glenoid socket.
		Infraspinatus syndrome is defined as a condition of frequently painless atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle caused by suprascapular neuropathy.
		Based on the anatomic considerations discussed earlier, a reasonable hypothesis is that athletes with more proximal lesions of both the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are more likely to have pain and symptom-limited function.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/topic54.htm (3992 words)

	OECD Validation of the Hershberger Assay in Japan: Phase 2 Dose Response of Methyltestosterone, Vinclozolin, and p,p´-DDE
		In this phase, a standardized protocol using ventral prostate, seminal vesicles with coagulating glands, levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscle complex, Cowper's glands, and glans penis was successfully tested against a reference androgen compound, testosterone propionate (TP), and a reference antagonist, flutamide (OECD 2001).
		In the 1970s and 1980s, with the discovery of the androgen receptor and the first compounds such as cyprotone acetate that were antagonists of the receptor, the assay was modified to address antagonistic activity.
		In the 1940s, it was discovered that the levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles also responded to androgens, but in a different way from the other tissues (Eisenberg and Gordan 1950; Eisenberg et al.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2003/6357/6357.html (3992 words)

	Inhibitory action of forearm flexor muscle afferents on corticospinal outputs to antagonist muscles in humans -- Bertolasi et al. 511 (3): 947 -- The Journal of Physiology Online
		To find out whether muscle afferents influence the excitability of corticospinal projections to antagonist muscles, we studied sixteen healthy subjects and one patient with a focal brain lesion.
		Inhibitory action of forearm flexor muscle afferents on corticospinal outputs to antagonist muscles in humans
		Inhibitory action of forearm flexor muscle afferents on corticospinal outputs to antagonist muscles in humans -- Bertolasi et al.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/abstract/511/3/947 (3992 words)

	UNIQUE ECCENTRIC ACTIVATION PATTERNS ARE OBSERVABLE ACROSS UNI- AND MULTI-ARTICULAR COMPONENTS OF QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
		This suggests that the antagonist muscles were not an influential factor in the outcome of the study.
		Despite the uni- vs. biarticular between-muscle differences and based on the common neural innervation, we hypothesized that the previously observed trends in activation level would be shown to be similar across quadriceps femoris components.
		The main effect of muscle and the muscle by contraction interaction were not significant (p=0.16 and 0.55, respectively).
	www.asb-biomech.org /onlineabs/abstracts99/062/index.html (747 words)

	Reduction of leiomyoma volume with the GnRH antagonist Ganirelix
		If longer-acting GnRH antagonists become available, pretreatment with GnRH antagonist should be preferred over GnRH agonists prior to surgery, according to authors.
		Dutch investigators assessed maximal volume reduction of leiomyomas and uterus and the duration of treatment required to reach these reductions with daily GnRH antagonist treatment.
		Leiomyomas are benign soft-tissue neoplasms that arise from smooth muscle.
	www.xagena.it /news/medicinenews_net_news/ac457ba972fb63b7994befc83f774746.html (747 words)

	Competitive Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Antagonists: A New Direction for Drug Discovery -- Dwoskin and Crooks 298 (2): 395 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics
		Antagonists acting at peripheral nicotinic receptors have been used historically as clinically useful muscle relaxants during
		Williams M and Robinson JL (1984) Binding of the nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, dihydro-beta-erythroidine, to rat brain tissue.
		Furthermore, DH is a relatively weak antagonist at
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/298/2/395 (747 words)

	Le Magazine, April 2004 - Report: Resveratrol - Powerful Protection Against Prostate Cancer
		Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone- binding globulin.
		Plant-derived 3,3’-diindolylmethane is a strong androgen antagonist in human prostate cancer cells.
		Jellinck PH, Newcombe AM, Forkert PG, Martucci CP.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag2004/apr2004_report_resver_02.htm (747 words)

	Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia by combined administration of GnRH antagonist and 19-nortestosterone cannot be maintained by this non-aromatizable androgen alone -- Behre et al. 16 (12): 2570 -- Human Reproduction
		Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia by combined administration of GnRH antagonist and 19-nortestosterone cannot be maintained by this non-aromatizable androgen alone -- Behre et al.
		antagonist and testosterone can be maintained by testosterone
		(1991) Combined administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist and testosterone in men induces reversible azoospermia without loss of libido.
	humrep.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/16/12/2570 (747 words)

	V755: Comitancy Review
		The homolateral antagonist of the inferior oblique muscle is the:
		The secondary angle of deviation is measured when the eye with the paretic muscle is the fixating eye.
		Hering's Law states that contralateral synergistic muscles are equally innervated when a movement is executed by both eyes.
	www.indiana.edu /~v755/rev/com.htm (747 words)

	Bolton School of Nursing: Newly Admitted Students
		Antagonist: is a muscle whose action opposes that of a specific agonist (ie., the triceps brachii muscle extends the elbow).
		Factors involved in promoting muscle fatigue are: depletion metabolic reserves within the muscle fibers; a decline in pH within the muscle fibers and muscles (altering enzyme activity); and a sense of weariness and a reduction in the desire to continue activity (due to effects of low blood pH and pain on the brain).
		Agonist/prime mover : is a muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a specific movement (ie., the biceps brachii muscle produces flexion at the elbow).
	fpb.case.edu /NewStudents/nund412muscle.shtm (981 words)

	S BHASIN et al.: Effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle (Journal of Endocrinology)
		1986 A possible role for endogenous glucocorticoid in orchiectomy-induced atrophy of the rat levator ani muscle: studies with RU38486, a potent glucocorticoid antagonist.
		Griggs RC, Kingston W, Josefowicz RF, Herr BE, Forbes G and Halliday D. 1989a Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis.
		Bross R, Casaburi R, Storer TW and Bhasin S. 1998 Androgen effects on body composition and muscle function: implications for the use of androgens as anabolic agents in sarcopenic states.
	journals.endocrinology.org /joe/170/0027/joe1700027.htm (981 words)

	Adrb1 - Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
		To explore the possible involvement of beta adrenoceptor antagonists in the previously observed anticonvulsive effect of swim stress, the mice were, prior to administration of convulsants, pre-treated with propranolol (a non-selective beta adrenoceptor antagonist), betaxolol (a selective beta-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist), or ICI 118,551 (a selective beta-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist).
		With regards to its beta-AR agonistic activity in rats, SWR-0342SA stimulated the atrial beating rate (beta1-AR activity) and white adipocyte lipolysis (beta3-AR activity), but did not induce uterine muscle relaxation (beta2-AR activity).
		In addition, Northern blot analyses indicate that the beta 3AR gene is mainly expressed in mouse brown and white adipose tissues, suggesting that the murine beta 3AR described here is the atypical beta AR involved in the control of energy expenditure in fat tissue.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gg/119349.html (981 words)

	Actions of histamine on muscle and ganglia of the guinea pig gallbladder -- Hemming et al. 279 (3): 622 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
		receptor antagonist ranitidine increased the potency of the excitatory action of histamine on gallbladder smooth muscle.
		receptor antagonist mepyramine, the cell did not depolarize and there was a reduction in spontaneous action potential frequency.
		receptor agonists and antagonists on the isolated guinea pig gallbladder.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/3/G622 (981 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0030199496
		The term ".alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor antagonist" is used herein to define any drug that attaches to and blocks a.alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor such that acetylcholine or other activating neurotransmitter is impeded from binding to and activating the.alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor.
		These compounds are listed for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to be all encompassing of every.alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor antagonist that can be used within the context of the present invention, and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
		Also, because the essence of the present invention is the simultaneous administration of both an opioid agonist analgesic and an.alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor antagonist, the present invention cannot possibly be considered without taking into account what effects the.alpha.3.beta.4 nicotinic receptor antagonist may have on opioid receptors.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=9&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=Tetrahydrocannabinol.AB.&OS=ABST/Tetrahydrocannabinol (981 words)

	Inhibition of Recovery of Spermatogenesis in Irradiated Rats by Different Androgens -- Shetty et al. 143 (9): 3385 -- Endocrinology
		Weights (wt) of testis (A–D), seminal vesicle (ves.) (E–H), ventral prostate (I–L), and bulbocavernosus (Bulbo cav.) muscle (M–P) in unirradiated control rats, irradiated-only rats, and irradiated (5 Gy) rats treated with GnRH antagonist with or without one of the androgens.
		GnRH antagonist and androgen treatments were started at wk 3 after irradiation and maintained until the rats were killed at wk 5 (n = 4 per group).
		However, in the irradiated rats treated with GnRH antagonists,
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/9/3385 (981 words)

	Review Questions, Gluteal Region
		Is an antagonist of the quadratus femoris muscle
		At the inferior border of the piriformis muscle
		Between the obturator internus and the superior gemellus muscles
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/glutealregionq.html (981 words)

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Topic: Antagonist (muscle)

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In the News (Wed 9 Dec 09)