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Topic: Antarctic Bottom Water

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South Ossetia

	75 Degrees South: Glossary
		The north-west coast of Coats Land (the area of the Antarctic that Halley is in).
		Water is a rare commodity at Halley, as all water is obtained by shovelling snow into a melt tank.
		Overcast weather, particularly common in the maritime Antarctic.
	simonc.f2o.org /south/glossary (2202 words)

	Atlantic Ocean -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On the east, the dividing line between the Atlantic and the (The 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the East and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south) Indian Ocean is the 20° east meridian.
		Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the (A vast area of the North Atlantic from the West Indies to the Azores that is dense with gulfweed) Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average.
		The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/at/atlantic_ocean.htm (2083 words)

	Ocean Waters of the World (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The densest water in the world is produced in the Antarctic Ocean, primarily in the Weddell Sea in the winter, along the edge of the Antarctic continent.
		Antarctic bottom water, as it is called, has a temperature of approximately -0.5 degrees C and a salinity of around 34.8 ppt.
		Intermediate waters are those water masses that form a layer above deep and bottom waters, and generally represent the top of the permanent thermocline, a region of rapid change in temperature, in the oceans of the world.
	www.oceansonline.com /watermasses.htm (3627 words)

	Antarctic Bottom Water Formation and Deep-Water Chlorofluorocarbon Distributions in a Global Ocean Climate Model
		Advective tracer fluxes departing from bottom cells are rotated from the horizontal plane such that they enter the adjacent bottom cell, conditional upon the density in the upper cell being greater than that in the lower cell and the flow being offslope.
		An exception is the region to the north of the Antarctic Peninsula in the eastern Drake Passage where the model outflows from the Weddell Sea are not blocked by topography as in the ocean, leading to colder and denser bottom waters in the model.
		The outflows of Ross and Weddell Sea bottom water are too fresh both near the source regions on the continental slope and their poleward extensions while the interior of the adjacent cyclonic gyres are too salty.
	www.cgd.ucar.edu /oce/pubs/02pubs_files/doney&hecht.htm (10907 words)

	Polar Discovery :: Antarctica :: Timeline
		The ACC is a massive flow of water that acts as a barrier separating the Southern Ocean from more northern oceans.
		Water that flows at the bottom of the ocean is formed on the continental shelf, particularly in the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea.
		Its density increases to become the densest water in the world and it sinks to the bottom of the ocean (below ~4000 m) to flow throughout the world’s deep ocean.
	polardiscovery.whoi.edu /antarctica/circulation.html (340 words)

	Primitive equation model
		The Antarctic Bottom Water transport in the model is consistent with that inferred from current meter measurements as soon as the model bathymetry accurately represents the main bathymetric features that control the bottom water flow.
		When the vertical mixing is parameterized using a 2.5 turbulent closure scheme, the model satisfactorily reproduces the observed temperature field and the modifications of the Antarctic Bottom Water properties downstream of the Romanche Fracture Zone main sill.
		The intense mixing observed downstream of the Romanche Fracture Zone main sill is generated by the instability of the bottom water flow (Ri < 0.25) that accelerates towards the eastern basin.
	www.ifremer.fr /lpo/romanche/primeq.html (183 words)

	CNN - Antarctic waters breathe life - July 21, 1998
		If precipitation increases, the formation of bottom water may be slowed or shut down and some climate models suggest this may occur as the result of an enhanced greenhouse effect.
		Antarctic Bottom Water is also an important player in the global pattern of ocean currents which acts as a "conveyor belt" to carry water, heat and salt around the Earth.
		Earlier studies suggested that most bottom water was formed in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, with the remainder formed in the Pacific sector.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9807/21/window.yoto (780 words)

	Ice Action Fact Sheet
		Antarctic Bottom Water is extremely cold, salty water that sinks to the bottom of the Antarctic Ocean.
		The freezing waters of Antarctica are full of creatures such as squid and krill that rely on Antarctic Bottom water to bring them the nutrients they need to survive.
		Antarctic _ _ _ _ _ _ water is very cold, salty water.
	www.greenhouse.gov.au /education/factsheets/ice_action.html (692 words)

	Southern Hemisphere Circulation and Global Thermohaline Circulation
		The other mode waters discussed in class and shown in the figure are the Subpolar Mode Water of the North Atlantic's subpolar gyre (thick mixed layers evident in the previous winter mixed layer map) and the Subantarctic Mode Water (the thickest part shown as the brown patch in the mode water map).
		The influence of Antarctic Bottom Waters is illustrated with the location of a deep isopycnal (next figure), which is the lowest density water of Antarctic origin that is clearly separated from the Nordic Seas Overflow Waters (in the western North Atlantic).
		Bottom silica shows how globally the North Atlantic has the lowest silica (since it is the best ventilated of the oceans), and the northern Indian and northern North Pacific have the highest silica (oldest bottom waters).
	sam.ucsd.edu /sio210/lect_6/lecture_6.html (3143 words)

	The Southern Ocean and global climate-Box 1
		Cold water (which is denser) tends to flow under the warmer water at the surface of the ocean.
		Antarctic Bottom Water flows downwards and outwards until it spills off the edge of the shallower continental shelf and 'falls' into the deep ocean and moves towards the equator.
		The Antarctic Bottom Water flowing along the bottom of the oceans and away from Antarctica has to be replaced by other water, so the warmer waters in the north tend to flow southward to fill in the gap.
	www.science.org.au /nova/018/018box01.htm (487 words)

	Bibliography
		Water masses and circulation in the western Alboran Sea, and in the Straits of Gibraltar.
		Synoptic density and velocity observations of slope waters in the Chukchi and East-Siberian Seas.
		A pycnostad on the bottom of the ventilated portion in the central subtropical North Pacific.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/ocean/node48.html (7088 words)

	Shallow water modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water crossing the equator
		The dynamics of abyssal equator-crossing flows are examined by studying simplified models of the flow in the equatorial region in the context of reduced-gravity shallow water theory.
		Simulations of the shallow water model with an annually varying mass source reproduce the correct amplitude of observed time variability of cross-equatorial flow.
		Citation: Choboter, P., and G. Swaters (2004), Shallow water modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water crossing the equator, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JC002048.shtml (322 words)

	The Antarctic Coastal Current
		On the average, it flows westward and parallel to the Antarctic coastline.
		(1994) state that freshening of the upper one kilometer of near-surface coastal/ocean waters increases the sea surface height near the coast and thus the onshore pressure gradient.
		Grelowski, A. and M. Pastuszak, 1984: Preliminary determination of the occurrence and movement of water masses in the regions of South Georgia Island, the Scotia Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /southern/antarctic-coastal.html (1012 words)

	Untitled
		Water characteristics in the WSC region cannot be explained by lateral mixing of its adjacent waters from the ACC and Weddell Sea [Whitworth et al., 1994].
		Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is on the lower left, and the South Orkney Islands (SOI) are situated near the center of the figure.
		For example, water lying at or near the shelf break of the northwestern Weddell Sea shelf can be traced on neutral surfaces to depths greater than 3500 m in the northern Scotia Sea (Figure 3).
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/fac/physocean/Dovetail/backgnd.htm (1421 words)

	The Antarctic Sun - Probes detect cold-water 'avalanche' - 111603 Issue (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Though the Antarctic slope study had barely begun, the results have already changed the way oceanographers think of the cold, dense water that drops from the Antarctic margins and drives ocean circulation.
		The water temperature at the sea floor was -1.6 C with a salinity of 34.78, significantly colder, saltier and therefore denser than the average.
		The movement of the cold bottom water sets in motion global scale circulation in the ocean, as the fresh, cold bottom water lifts up older water that has had time to be warmed by the layers above.
	www.polar.org /antsun/oldissues2003-2004/Sun111603/oceanAvalanche.htm (971 words)

	Antarctic Convergence (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Antarctic Convergence occurs in the region between 50 and 60 degrees south latitude and encircles the Antarctic continent.
		Despite the fact that the Antarctic Convergence marks a decrease in the salinity of the water, it does not, however, mean that there is a decrease in the nutrient content of the Southern Ocean.
		It is reasonable to assume that the cold climate of the Antarctic would cause a drop off in the amount of life to be found south of the convergence, but this is not the case.
	www.hu.mtu.edu /~mmcooper/classes/convergence.html (1287 words)

	CSIRO Marine - Media Release
		He said Antarctic Bottom Water is also an important player in the global pattern of ocean currents which acts as a "conveyor belt" to carry water, heat and salt around the Earth.
		Earlier studies suggested that most bottom water was formed in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, with the remainder formed in the Pacific.
		The water freezes to form sea ice, but the ice is moved off-shore by very strong winds, keeping the polynya free of ice.
	www.marine.csiro.au /media/archive/98releases/24jun98.html (731 words)

	Oceanography in Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The boundaries between the water masses tend to be sharp.
		This water, called Antarctic bottom water, is formed as seawater sinks to the ocean floor when ice shelves melt.
		If we could mark a cubic meter of sea water and follow its global meanderings through the various oceanic current systems, we would find that it spends most of its time isolated in the deep ocean, where it is dark and cold.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/science/oceanography.shtml (637 words)

	Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure
		The Antarctic Convergence is the boundary around the Antarctic in which Antarctic Bottom Water, the cold dense water of the Southern Ocean—formed when ice shelves melt and the water sinks to the ocean floor—is drawn north away from the Antarctic continent where it meets warmer water and sinks underneath it.
		Where the two types of water mix, upwelling of nutrients from the Antarctic Bottom Water—in which oxygen dissolves easily, encouraging the breeding of marine organisms—provides an immense supply of food for seals, whales, penguins and seabirds.
		The Antarctic Convergence profoundly influences the climates and ecosystems of the islands surrounding Antarctica.
	main.wgbh.org /imax/shackleton/antarctica.html (1615 words)

	Untitled
		Second, Warm Deep Water (WDW, with T>0=F8C) and Weddell Sea Deep Water between 400 and 2500 m are transferred northward over the South Scotia Ridge along isopycnal surfaces, sinking to depths greater than 3500 m north of the Ridge and thence contributing to the Antarctic Bottom Waters [Orsi et al., 1993; Whitworth et al., 1994].
		Hydrographic conditions in the overlying waters, reflected most obviously in the zonally-trending isopleths of variables, and currents predicted using numerical models [Semtner and Chervin, 1992] are consistent with a predominantly zonal circulation which parallels the Scotia Ridge.
		Water chemistry and tracer data will contribute, along with physical process studies, to quantifying the mixing history of water available for deep ocean ventilation north of the Confluence.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/div/ocp/projects/dovetail/object.htm (562 words)

	deepcirc
		Water Mass = a layer in the ocean identifiable by its temperature and salinity (and therefore its density).
		Salinity and temperature are derived from evaporation/precipitation and heating/cooling at the surface.
		Forms in the winter in the Weddell Sea- Antarctic ice shelf in the Atlantic sector- in region where sea ice is forming.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/emartin/OCE1005s02/lectures/deepcirculation.htm (428 words)

	Drake Passage & Southern Ocean
		Temperature anomaly of Antarctic Bottom Water recorded by a bottom pressure recorder on the SR1b line at 59.5°S (from [Rubython, 2001]).
		The Polar Front position (N/S) is taken from Figure 2 and the Antarctic Bottom Water flux is calculated by referencing geostrophic profiles to LADCP near bottom velocities.
		Antarctic Bottom Water temperature anomalies with a maximum amplitude of 0.15 degrees C
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /JRD/HYDRO/drake/p2_3.php (133 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		C differences, whereas a circulation in which all the inflow of bottom water upwells through the thermocline produces tha largest and least realistic differences.
		C data indicates that the oldest water in the tropical Pacific is actually found south of the equator and is associated with the upwelling off Peru, not the upwelling along the equator.
		C signal in the Peru upwelling to deep water raised to the surface around Antarctica which is pushed northward into the thermocline by circumpolar winds.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/netscape/1993/jrt9302.html (328 words)

	Transport of bottom water (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Contributions of the Romanche Fracture Zone and Chain Fracture Zone to the Antarctic Bottom Water transport are similar.
		Semi-annual and annual periods are detected in the transport time series and together explain 24% of the Antarctic Bottom Water transport variance in the Romanche Fracture Zone.
		In the Chain Fracture Zone, Antarctic Bottom Water transport variance is dominated by fluctuations in the 10-20 days period band.
	www.ifremer.fr /lpo/romanche/transp.html (134 words)

	The Southern Ocean and global climate-Glossary
		The different masses of water can be described by their chemical and physical properties – temperature and salinity are used most frequently.
		Antarctic Bottom Water forms close to Antarctica and is the most dense of the water masses.
		Antarctic Intermediate Water is less saline than Antarctic Bottom Water because it receives fresh water from melting ice shelves and glaciers.
	www.science.org.au /nova/018/018glo.htm (446 words)

	IUGG 2003 Scientific Program
		The idea that one of the sources of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) comes from the Prydz Bay region in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean has been proposed for a long time, which is based on rather limited hydrographic observations.
		The Prydz Bay region was investigated intensively in the cruises from December 1999 to March 2000 and from December 2001 to March 2002.
		The present sections show that the bottom layer below the intrusion of modified CDW is filled with relatively high salinity shelf water and that active mixing of the two water masses occurs.
	www.olympus.net /IAPSO/abstracts03/P06/03/020778-1.html (364 words)

	CSIRO Australia - Media Release 98/146 - Antarctic polynya (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dr Steve Rintoul, a Southern Ocean specialist at CSIRO Marine Research and the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) in Hobart, has identified a section of the Antarctic coast directly south of Tasmania as the source of one quarter of the Antarctic Bottom Water formed.
		Both the low temperatures and higher salinity make the surface water heavy enough to sink 4 kilometres to the bottom of the ocean, hence the name Antarctic Bottom Water.
		Dr Rintoul and Antarctic CRC colleagues Dr Nathan Bindoff and Dr Ian Allison will visit the region this winter to test the hypothesized link between ocean currents, sea ice and bottom water formation.
	www.csiro.au /news/mediarel/mr1998/mr98146.html (733 words)

	Outdoors - Popular Mechanics
		So it’s the perfect time to test two new cameras on their ability to perform in water and on land, from a pool to an ocean fish chase, and a blistering Mexican sky to a dimly lit apartment.
		Geologist Trevor Williams checks in from the bottom of the Earth to break down the hard-core process of drilling through 250 ft. of ice—and sloshing through 2800 feet of water.
		Antarctic Drill: Journey to the Bottom of the Earth
	www.popularmechanics.com /outdoors (2065 words)

	Glaciers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Super cooled water is water that is below freezing level, but is still in the liquid condition.
		This is because the water is always in motion, so it never has time to cling to itself and solidify.
		The water in the Antarctic ocean, especially very near Antarctica never freezes, because it is always in motion.
	www.hu.mtu.edu /~mmcooper/classes/glaciers.html (892 words)

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