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Topic: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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	Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current is split by the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Ocean, with most of the transport passing to the north.
		The northern boundary of the ACC is defined by the Subtropical Front.
		Evidence of this is the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, a periodic oscillation that affects the climate of much of the southern hemisphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current (783 words)

	Introduction to Physical Oceanography : Chapter 13 - Deep Circulation in the Ocean - Antarctic Circumpolar Current
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is an important feature of the ocean's deep circulation because it transports deep and intermediate water between the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean, and because it contributes to the deep circulation in all basins.
		As the current crosses ridges such as the Kerguelen Plateau, the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, and the Drake Passage, it is defected by the ridges.
		The core of the current is composed of Circumpolar Deep Water, a mixture of deep water from all oceans.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/ocng_textbook/chapter13/chapter13_04.htm (808 words)

	Southern Ocean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Antarctic continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths up to 800 meters (2,600 ft), compared to a global mean of 133 meters (436 ft).
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves perpetually eastward—chasing and joining itself, and at 21,000 kilometers (13,000 mi) in length— it is the world's longest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic meters (4.6 billion ft³) of water per second—100 times the flow of all the world's rivers.
		Since the Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south, claims to Antarctica and all islands in the Southern Ocean are suspended.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctic_Ocean (1105 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Antarctic Circumpolar Current
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave is a coupled ocean/atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean in approximately eight years.
		The ACC is arguably the "mightiest current in the oceans" (Pickard and Emery, 1990).
		Observations of the Dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Antarctic-Circumpolar-Current (386 words)

	Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea-bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras.
		The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom.
		Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctica (4977 words)

	The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current's eastward flow is driven by strong westerly winds.
		Three fronts, south of the STF associated with the ACC, are, from north to south; the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), the Subantarctic Front (SAF), the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), the Polar Front (PF), the Antarctic Zone, and the Southern ACC Front.
		The ACC current is in approximately geostrophic equilibrium, so that inclined layers of constant density slope towards the surface poleward across the ACC to balance the current's northward sea surface height elevation.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /southern/antarctic-cp.html (2221 words)

	Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The distribution of algae and phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean is influenced by the complex interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the East Wind Drift and the position of the Antarctic Convergence.
		The Antarctic Convergence is the boundary around the Antarctic in which Antarctic Bottom Water, the cold dense water of the Southern Ocean—formed when ice shelves melt and the water sinks to the ocean floor—is drawn north away from the Antarctic continent where it meets warmer water and sinks underneath it.
		The Antarctic Convergence profoundly influences the climates and ecosystems of the islands surrounding Antarctica.
	main.wgbh.org /imax/shackleton/antarctica-three.html (752 words)

	The Antarctic Sun: Antarctic currents
		This global current, the world’s largest, is 13,049 miles (21,000 km) in length and transports 34 billion gallons (130 million m3) of water per second - 150 times the flow of all the Earth’s rivers put together.
		The “ping data” generated by the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler is monitored remotely and used to map the structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
		Computerized models for a doubling of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere depict a reduction in circulation in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from 20 to 50 percent.
	antarcticsun.usap.gov /oldissues2002-2003/Sun121502/current.html (1099 words)

	Southern Hemisphere Circulation and Global Thermohaline Circulation
		The northward-flowing eastern boundary current is the Benguela Current.
		NADW (deep water of the circumpolar current) upwells south of the ACC and is the source water for dense water formation around the Antarctic continent.
		Antarctic Intermediate Water is a high latitude subtropical water mass, formed as the densest of the thick Subantarctic Mode Waters where the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is farthest south, just west of Chile.
	sam.ucsd.edu /sio210/lect_6/lecture_6.html (3143 words)

	"CURRENT" EVENTS - Currents - Students - Ocean World
		Wind energy is converted to water movements called "currents" by friction between the wind and the water surface.
		Once these surface currents are set in motion they are influenced by three other factors: Coriolis effect, presence of coasts, and horizontal pressure gradients.
		Currents bumping into the continents must change direction and flow toward the equator or the pole.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /students/currents/currents3.htm (532 words)

	DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
		The expansion of the Antarctic cryosphere during the middle and late Cenozoic, and its effect of strengthening thermohaline circulation at deep and intermediate water depths, contributed to the deep-ocean erosion and formation of hiatuses in the sequences.
		Antarctic circumpolar climatic and oceanographic similarity, a hallmark of the modern Antarctic, did not exist during the Paleogene.
		Indeed, if it is correct that deep Antarctic circumpolar circulation formed in the earliest Miocene (Barker and Burrell, 1977), fundamental paleoceanographic changes associated with this development may have been the basis for differentiation of the Paleogene and Neogene by earth scientists in the dawn of the scientific era.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/189_IR/chap_01/c1_6.htm (9080 words)

	Currents of change: the ocean flow in a changing world - NIWA Science
		The complex patterns of modern surface currents as warm waters of the Subtropical Gyre and cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current intercept the submarine topography around New Zealand.
		Current patterns of the last glacial period, 23,000 years ago when Cook and Foveaux straits were closed by land-bridges formed as sea level fell by about 120 m.
		Geological data confirm a slowing of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and a reduction in cold water to central New Zealand and Chatham Rise.
	www.niwascience.co.nz /pubs/wa/09-4/currents (1426 words)

	Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
		In the nineteenth century, the Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic continent was prized as a source of wealth in the form of whale or seal oil and blubber.
		Some consider it to be the continent itself, and there is debate as to whether the floating ice shelves that are seaward extensions of the continental ice sheet form an integral part of the 'land' surface of the continent.
		These range from factual, data-driven entries such as biographies, wildlife details, and statements about national Antarctic programmes, to longer, thematic overviews on major themes, to analytical discussions of issues that are of significant interest both to scientific researchers and the general public, such as climate change, conservation, geopolitics, biogeography, and pollution.
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/antarctic/introduction.html (1679 words)

	Ocean Surface Currents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		An ocean current is a mass of water that flows or moves from one place to another within the oceans.
		With the exception of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift), which circles the earth around Antarctica, the other major surface currents are confined to a specific ocean basin.The six major circulation cells or gyres are found in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian and Antarctic Oceans.
		Originally the currents were deduced from the differences in the speed of sailing ships over ground and through the water.
	fermi.jhuapl.edu /student/currents/surface_current.htm (459 words)

	AMS Glossary
		Current speed in the ACC is comparatively modest (0.1 m s
		The ACC is influenced by bottom topography, which causes deflections from its general westward path and eddy formation, particularly at the Scotia Ridge, the Kerguelen Plateau, and the Macquarie Ridge.
		The eddies are instrumental for the poleward transport of heat across the current, which would otherwise block meridional heat transfer.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=antarctic-circumpolar-current1 (181 words)

	Blizzard Expeditions
		Fourteen votes were cast for ending the ocean at the imaginary 60 degrees south line of latitude, with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions as far north as 35 degrees south, the equivalent latitude south of the equator as that of the Mediterranean Sea in the northern hemisphere.
		The Antarctic continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths of 400 to 800 meters (the global mean is 133 meters).
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (21 000 km in length) moves perpetually eastward; it is the world's largest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers.
	www.blizzardexpeditions.com /valdez.html (632 words)

	Antarctic Resource Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The northern limit of the Southern Ocean is set by the Antarctic Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence), identifiable as a 40 km wide ocean band where a 2-3° C change in temperature of the sea surface occurs.
		The fossil fish fauna shows that Antarctic fish have undergone a considerable reduction in diversity since the early Tertiary, but the reasons for this are not clear, particularly since there are no notothenioids in the fossil record to date.
		The suborder Notothenioidei comprises six families: the Nototheniidae (Antarctic cod), the Harpagiferidae (spiny plunderfishes), the Bathydraconidae (dragonfishes), the Channichthyidae (icefishes), the Bovichthyidae (thornfishes), and the Artedidraconidae (plunderfishes).
	www.antarctica.org.nz /04-biology/index.html (4505 words)

	Antarctic Circumpolar Current
		While the circumpolar current is the dominant feature of the Southern Ocean, there are other important flows in the north-south direction and in the vertical plane.
		Using the data from the latest satellites that measure the sea surface temperature and height, scientists have noticed that the temperature of the water in the current varies, some parts are 2-3 degrees C warmer (shown in red) while other parts are 2-3 degrees C colder (shown in blue)than the average.
		It is presently focusing on three important goals; to measure the heat and salts being carried from the Indian Ocean into the Pacific, to measure the rate at which the water sinks from the sea surface and to understand the exact role of the ocean circulation including the eddies.
	www.parks.tas.gov.au /fahan_mi_shipwrecks/infohut/acc.htm (871 words)

	Ocean currents and climate
		Part of this surface current is planed off by the northeastern corner of Brazil and then goes into the Mexican Gulf, becoming the Gulf Stream.
		The most important deep water masses are the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW), both formed north of the east-bound Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and, thirdly, the Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW), formed on the Antarctic continental shelf (Fig.
		Thus rainfall amounts in Australasia are affected by the amount of ‘Indonesian Throughflow’, the widely variable warm current of around 5 Sverdrups (Sv)* eastward on the north side of the island of Flores, then westward on each side of Timor, into the Indian Ocean.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/currents.html (864 words)

	Antarctic fish study may aid cardiac research
		Researchers from the University of Birmingham and the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) are investigating the behaviour and physiology of the 'Antarctic Cod' (Notothenia coriiceps) which became isolated from its warmer water cousins around 30 million years ago when the Antarctic circumpolar current was formed.
		Weakness in current climate models do not show a clear association between Peninsula warming and global warming and it is premature to attribute warming in the Peninsula to an enhanced "greenhouse" effect.
		Antarctic Nototheniid, known as Antarctic cod but are not true cod, live in close proximity to ice have evolved a glycoprotein antifreeze in their body fluids to prevent freezing.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/bas-afs033004.php (961 words)

	Antarctic Circumpolar Current SST variability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The spatial and temporal distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is investigated, using monthly data from the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis for the period 1980-2004.
		A simple model of SST propagating in the ACC, forced with heat fluxes estimated from the Reanalysis, suggests that Fs and Fek are equally important in explaining the observed SST variability.
		Further diagnostics indicate that SST anomalies, generated mainly upstream of Drake Passage, are subsequently advected by the ACC.
	puddle.mit.edu /~czaja/jpo_ariane.html (189 words)

	Antarctic Resource Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The major historical event which influenced the evolution of the Antarctic environment was the splitting up of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana (named after an ancient Indian tribe known as the Gonds in conjunction with wana, meaning land).
		The Antarctic ice sheet (or ice cap) is composed of the East (or Greater) and West (or Lesser) Antarctic ice sheets which effectively merge into one.
		At the latitude of the Antarctic Circle there is one day a year of total light (21 December) and one of total darkness (21 June), whereas at the South Pole, there are 6 months of daylight and 6 months of darkness.
	www.antarctica.org.nz /03-environment/index.html (3253 words)

	Southern Ocean, Antarctica, Drake Passage, Antarctic Peninsula, Underwater Photography, Stock Images, Screensavers, ...
		The Antarctic Convergence is marked by a noticeable decline in water temperatures.
		The northern boundary of this current spreads northward with cold Antarctic water, mixing with relatively warm sub-tropical waters.
		Note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north.
	www.ecophotoexplorers.com /antarctica_southocean.asp (910 words)

	recent grads 4.3
		In particular, the water masses produced along the Antarctic continental margin contribute to the formation of bottom water, thereby influencing the properties of the global ocean.
		ASFW extends past the tip of Antarctic Peninsula and disappears near 63°W. From the open ocean to the shelf of the Antarctic continental margin, the surface layer is filled with Antarctic Surface Water.
		Antarctic Slope Front Water seems to be significant in understanding the ventilation of Antarctic deep water and the formation of bottom water.
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /Quarterdeck/QD4.3/recentgrads-4.3.html (1292 words)

	Antarctic Circumpolar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is a cold water current encircling the southern continent, driven by westerly winds.
		Also known as the West Wind Drift, it is the only current that circumnavigates the globe, therefore it links the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
		Antarctic-the farthest place close to home is an excellent resource, hosted by the American Museum of Natural History.
	www.bigelow.org /vendeeglobe/Antarctic_circumpolar.htm (316 words)

	CSIRO - Measuring the pulse of a mighty ocean current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		"The Circumpolar Current acts like a huge pipe or canal carrying water and heat between the ocean basins so to understand how the ocean influences climate, both today and in the future, we need to monitor this key link in the global pattern of ocean currents that control climate," says Dr Rintoul.
		The volume of Antarctic Circumpolar Current passing between Tasmania and the Antarctic is equivalent to 150 times the flow of all the world's rivers to the sea.
		While satellites have been used to study ocean currents for more than a decade, this is the first time that such measurements have been used to monitor the massive flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
	www.csiro.au /files/mediaRelease/mr2003/Proceanpulse.htm (464 words)

	Dive and Discover : Antarctica : Circulation
		The ACC is a massive flow of water that acts as a barrier separating the Southern Ocean from more northern oceans.
		It is a very cold current with temperatures ranging from –1 to 5°C depending on the time of the year, and with speeds up to 2 knots (3.7 km per hour).
		Water that flows at the bottom of the ocean is formed on the Antarctic continental shelf, particularly in the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea.
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /ecosystem/circulation.html (396 words)

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