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Topic: Antarctic Fur Seal

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Fur seal

Arctocephalus

Subantarctic Fur Seal

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	Antarctic Fur Seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) is one of seven seals in the genus Arctocephalus.
		This fur seal has a short and broad snout compared with others in the family.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal was very heavily hunted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal (539 words)

	Fur Seals
		This fur seal is brown to dark grey in colour, with a yellow chest and throat area and a dark brown ventral.
		The subantarctic fur seal is predated upon by sharks and the killer whale.
		Fur seal milk is composed of 44% fat, 42% water and 14% protein by mass at the start of a suckling period.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/furseals.htm (4502 words)

	Taxonomy Order
		Antarctic fur seals are found on islands south of the Antarctic Convergence.
		The Antarctic fur seal population of South Georgia is estimated to be between 1.3 and 1.7 million.
		The Antarctic fur seal was almost exterminated by commercial sealers between the 18th and early 20th centuries.
	www.imma.org /pinnipeds/Antarcticfurs.htm (545 words)

	Fur Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fur seal populations were decimated in the 19th century by British and American sealers who pursued them for their skins.
		It was the quest for new populations of Fur seals that led to much of the early exploration of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.
		Antarctic Fur seals are found mainly on the sub-antarctic islands of South Georgia, South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Sandwich, though today they are regularly seen farther and farther south on the Antarctic Peninsula.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/fur.shtml (546 words)

	Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau - South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fur seal belong to a family of seals known as the Otariidae, or 'eared' seals.
		In the ocean, fur seals are streamlined to facilitate motion through the water, their large flippers acting as paddles and rudders to provide the power and maneuverability which they need both for catching prey and escaping from predators.
		Antarctic fur seals were made almost extinct by commercial sealing for their luxuriant fur in the 18th and 19th centuries.
	www.falklands.gov.fk /pb/sg/furseals.htm (783 words)

	Antarctic Fur Seal: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) is one of seven seals (seals: A device incised to make an impression; used to secure a closing or to authenticate documents) in the genus Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus: Fur seals).
		This fur seal (fur seal: Eared seal of the southern hemisphere; the thick soft underfur is the source of sealskin) has a short and broad snout compared with others in the family.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal was very heavily hunted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for its pelt (pelt: The dressed hairy coat of a mammal) by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/antarctic_fur_seal (610 words)

	Species Composition: Fur Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Antarctic hair grass also has suffered along the stream banks and meadows due to trampling by fur seals as they move between the coast and inland haul-out areas.
		Sealing was resumed at South Georgia between 1870 and 1907, and all seals that could be found at the recovering but small colony were killed.
		Nearly 250,000 seals were killed in 1821, depleting the colonies there, and smaller colonies at the South Orkney (probably mainly bachelor fur seals) and South Sandwich islands also were rapidly depleted.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /ASPIRE_99/seals/science/fur.htm (1351 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This legislation brought the fur seal industry at South Georgia to a close, leading to the eventual recovery of the fur seal population on the island.
		Elephant seals were also exploited at South Georgia during the 19th century, but not to the same extent as the fur seal.
		The current population of fur seals is possibly causing deleterious effects on stocks of krill and commercially important fish species, such as icefish; on population sizes of some competitors, such as macaroni penguin; on plant communities, such as trampling of tussac grass; and on visitor access to certain wildlife sites.
	www.sgisland.org /pages/environ/s_subfur.htm (517 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Antarctic fur seal
		Fur seals are distinguished from true seals by the presence of external ears and the ability to bring their rear flippers underneath their bodies to enable them to stand on all four limbs.
		The largest populations are found south of the Antarctic polar front, and 95 per cent of Antarctic fur seals breed on South Georgia.
		Antarctic fur seals are not considered to be threatened.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/172.shtml (294 words)

	Lindblad Expeditions: DER Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The hasty retreat was caused by a large number of belligerent bull fur seals, which having claimed a territory on the beach to await the arrival of the females, were not prepared to give way to the arrival of visitors from the Endeavour.
		The views of the snow-capped peaks were beautiful, the wildlife was abundant and viewing the fur seals from a distance preferable to the close encounters onshore.
		The north-west of South Georgia is the stronghold of the Antarctic fur seal.
	www.expeditions.com /dersearch/derdetail.asp?lr=1&id=7281 (335 words)

	Tasmanian Wildlife - Seals
		Fur seals have a well developed coat made up of long, coarse guard hairs overlying a thick, woolly underfur that traps a layer of air and insulates the animal.
		Seals are shot by fishermen, and caught and killed as 'accidental by-catch' in fisheries operations such as trawling and gill netting, while the ingestion of waste oil and other liquid pollutants poses a further threat to seals.
		Seals do not 'strand' in the true sense of the word as they are adapted to spending some time on land and are quite capable of movement on land.
	www.parks.tas.gov.au /wildlife/mammals/seals.html (1592 words)

	Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Antarctic seals are truly fascinating marine animals and a signature species of the Southern Ocean.
		Of the six types of seals which are found south of the Antarctic Convergence, four of them are considered true Antarctic species: the Weddell, the Ross, the Crabeater and the Leopard.
		Today, seals in the Antarctic are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which nonetheless allows for a small quota of specific species to be taken for science.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/index.shtml (517 words)

	Fact Sheet: Seals
		The sole Antarctic representative of the Otariids is the Antarctic fur seal.
		Sealing is inexorably tied to the human history of Antarctica; in fact, it was a sealer (the Russian, Thaddeus von Bellingshausen) who first discovered Antarctica in 1820.
		Antarctic sealing began at the end of the eighteenth century, and there have been times when it threatened the survival of these creatures -- especially the fur seal.
	www.asoc.org /general/seals.htm (1214 words)

	Arctocephalus gazella, Antarctic Fur Seal at MarineBio.org
		The Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875), (also known as the Kerguelen and Southern fur seal) like other fur seals are distinguished by the presence of external ears and their ability to use their flippers to prop themselves up into a "standing" position.
		Antarctic fur seals feed primarily on krill, fish, and squid.
		Antarctic fur seals were nearly driven to extinction during the 18th and 19th centuries when they were hunted for their fur.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=265 (985 words)

	Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems
		Several lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that leopard seal predators limit the growth of the fur seal population in the Elephant Island area and perhaps in the broader population in the South Shetland Islands (Boveng, et.
		Fur seals feed mainly on krill and various fish species and while they may be considered a top predator, they are also preyed upon by sharks, killer whales, and other species of seals.
		Leopard seals and Hooker’s sea lions appear to be key to controlling the growth of fur seal populations.
	kingfish.coastal.edu /marine/375/f2000hesg.htm (1692 words)

	SANAP - Marion Island
		Elephant seals return to their island of birth to breed and moult, but the rest of the year they range widely, often visiting the continents adjoining the Southern Ocean, the pack-ice region and the Antarctic continent.
		The two fur seals found on Marion Island are similar in appearance (especially the females and pups), but the males can be told apart by the fl crest and ginger-brown belly of the Sub-Antarctic compared to the more uniform grey-brown of the Antarctic Fur seal.
		Breeding sites of the Sub-Antarctic Fur seals are mainly confined to the exposed west side of the island, while breeders of the smaller Antarctic fur seal population are found on the southern coast.
	marion.sanap.org.za /fauna-mammals.html (717 words)

	Pinniped - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pinnipeds now fall within the suborder Caniformia and comprise the families Odobenidae (walruses), Otariidae (sea lions, eared seals, and fur seals), and Phocidae (true seals).
		In place of hands, their forelimbs are large flippers (hence the name "fin-foots"), and their bodies narrow out into a tail.
		The smallest pinniped, the Galapagos fur seal, weighs about 30 kg (66 lb.) when full-grown and is 1.2 meters (4 feet) long; the largest, the male southern elephant seal, is over 4 meters (13 feet) long and weighs up to 2,200 kg (4,850 lb, more than 2 tons).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seal_(mammal) (269 words)

	Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems
		Antarctic fur seals also rely on krill for a large part of their diet.
		The increasing fur seal population may also have a detrimental effect on bird populations due to the change in the island’s environment.
		Antarctic fur seals are a sub-polar migratory Otariid that are an increasingly dominant APEX predator in the South Shetland Islands region.
	kingfish.coastal.edu /marine/375/f2000swcp.htm (957 words)

	Learn About Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fur seals flock together on the stone and shingle beaches to breed.
		Food: The staple diet of the Antarctic fur seal is krill.
		Description: The leopard seal is a sleek, trim, earless animal with a long neck and large head ending in a pointed snout.
	www.scu.edu.au /schools/edu/student_pages/2000/rdavis/seals.htm (284 words)

	Antarctic Fur Seal
		The Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella lives around the coast and islands of Antarctica.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal was over hunted in the past, but has now make a comeback to more than 2 million.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal is also known as the Kerguelen Fur Seal.
	www.cat1234.com /id207.htm (74 words)

	Cape Fur Seal - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Cape Fur Seal, fur seal endemic to the western and southern coasts of southern Africa.
		Cape fur seals are chocolate-brown in colour, and have small...
		Seal (mammal), carnivorous marine mammal that has fins as feet.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Cape_Fur_Seal.html (122 words)

	TEA: Cowles- -- 2.18.2002
		There are six species of seals that appear in the waters around Antarctica: the leopard seal, the fur seal, the crabeater seal, the elephant seal, the Weddell seal, and the Ross seal.
		The Antarctic fur seal is classified in the family of sea lions and walruses.
		The fur seal is from the classification Otariidae, which includes sea lions and walruses.
	tea.armadaproject.org /cowles/2.18.2002.html (894 words)

	SMRU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Adrenocortal responsiveness in southern elephant seal mothers and pups during lactation and the effect of scientific handling.
		Prevalence of morbillivirus antibodies in Scottish harbour seals.
		Seals (includind sea lions, fur seals and walrus).
	smub.st-and.ac.uk /CurrentResearch.htm/publications.htm (5002 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Fur seals on Macquarie Island
		Fur seal were present in small numbers when the ANARE base on Macquarie Island was established in 1948, although none were breeding at that time.
		Antarctic, subantarctic and New Zealand fur seals hyrbidise at Macquarie Island, with hybrids accounting for about 15% of the population.
		This includes an assessment of how readily seals are able to find food resources around the island by collecting data on the provisioning rates of lactating females, and the growth rates of their pups.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=7279 (443 words)

	Results in
		Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) occupy an upper trophic position in the Antarctic marine food web, feeding mainly on krill (Euphausia superba) and various fish species (Croxall and Pilcher 1984, Green et al.
		The Antarctic fur seal population in the South Shetland Islands [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED] is presently recovering from early 19th-century commercial exploitation and near extinction (O'Gorman 1961, Aguayo and Torres 1967, Bengtson et al.
		The number of fur seals increased from a breeding colony of as few as 32 seals at Livingston Island in 1959 (O'Gorman 1961) to a population estimated to contain 19000 seals in 1987, when most of the breeding areas were found to be on or near Elephant, King George, and Livingston Islands (Bengtson et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_8_79/ai_53643882 (425 words)

	Arctocephalus tropicalis, Subantarctic Fur Seal at MarineBio.org
		The adult coat of the Subantarctic fur seal is dark brown on the dorsal side, yellow on the chest.
		The Subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis, was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th century for its fur.
		A recent genetic study investigated the impact of commercial sealing on genetic variation and population structure of Subantarctic fur seals, which revealed that high levels of genetic diversity and population structure are still present in the species.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=315 (962 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Fur seals
		Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) breed mainly on subantarctic islands south of the Antarctic convergence including the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvet Island, Iles Kerguelen, and Heard Island, with only three colonies (on Marion Island, Iles Crozet, and Macquarie Island) lying north of the convergence.
		Fur seals at South Georgia feed mainly on krill while at Heard Island and at Macquarie Island they feed mainly on fish, and some squid.
		In the last century fur seals were killed for their skins, and many populations were wiped out.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=1734 (590 words)

	Antarctic Seals
		Seals, sea lions and walrus are large marine mammals with four legs that have adapted into flippers.
		Commercial hunting of seals in the 18th and 19th century and in the early years the 20th century played a large role in declining seal numbers.
		Fur seals were killed for their skins, and many populations were wiped out.
	www.kidcyber.com.au /topics/Antarcseal.htm (398 words)

	Species Profiles — OBIS-SEAMAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Antarctic fur seals are a strongly sexually dimorphic species with adult males being 4—5 times the mass and 1.4—1.5 times the length of adult females.
		In general, adult female Juan Fernandez fur seals are somewhat larger than female Antarctic fur seals, and have a longer muzzle, larger rhinarium and downward oriented nares, and a more rounded crown.
		Antarctic fur seals are widely-distributed in waters south, and in some areas slightly north, of the Antarctic Convergence.
	seamap.env.duke.edu /species/tsn/180630 (2305 words)

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