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Topic: Antarctic flora

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	Antarctic flora -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Africa and India drifted north, became hotter and drier, and ultimately connected with the Eurasian continent, and today the flora of Africa and India have few remnants of the Antarctic flora.
		Many other families of flowering plants and ferns, including the tree fern (Tree ferns of temperate Australasia having bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid fronds and usually marginal sori; in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae) Dicksonia, are characteristic of the Antarctic flora.
		Two flowering plants (a grass and a small cushion-forming plant) are found on the northern and western parts of the (A large peninsula of Antarctica that extends some 1200 miles north toward South America; separates the Weddell Sea from the South Pacific) Antarctic Peninsula.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/antarctic_flora.htm (225 words)

	ipedia.com: Antarctic flora Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Antarctic flora is a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and is now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisph...
		The Antarctic flora is a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and is now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, and New Caledonia.
		The woody plants of the Antarctic flora include conifers in the families Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and the subfamily Callitroideae of Cupressaceae, and angiosperms such as the protea family Proteaceae, southern beech (Nothofagus), Winter's Bark (Drimys) and fuchsia (Fuchsia).
	www.ipedia.com /antarctic_flora.html (465 words)

	Antarctic region (from biogeographic region) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The distribution boundaries of flora and fauna > Flora > Antarctic kingdom > Antarctic region
		The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic islands and areas on the margin of the continent (Figure 1).
		The flora of this region is exceedingly impoverished.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-70699?tocId=70699 (866 words)

	Juan Fernández - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The volcanic origin and remote location of the islands meant that the lslands' flora and fauna had to reach the archipelago from far across the sea; as a result, the island has relatively few plants and very few animals.
		The closest relatives of the archipelago's plants and animals are found in the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregions of southern South America, including the Valdivian temperate rain forests, Magellanic subpolar forests, and Desventuradas Islands.
		Many plants are characteristic of the Antarctic flora, and are related to plants found in southern South America, New Zealand and Australia.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Juan_Fern%E1ndez (1060 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The latter are the States which are either original parties to the Antarctic Treaty or are entitled to participate at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) as States conducting substantial research activity in Antarctica, such as the establishment of a scientific station or the despatch of a scientific expedition (Antarctic Treaty, Art.
		The protection of the Antarctic ecosystemic balance is fundamental for the survival of the food chain that connects marine species of all seas.
		The problem of environmental emergencies which might arise in the performance of human activities in the Antarctic Treaty area, for example, is resolved both by PEPAT and Annex IV on the Prevention of Marine Pollution simply remitting the establishment of contingency plans to the initiative of the contracting parties.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/background/NSF/treaty-back.html (3222 words)

	GEO-1: Chapter 2: Regional Perspectives: Polar Regions: The Antarctic: Major Environmental Concerns
		The Antarctic is globally distinct in terms of biodiversity, although it is inhabited by a relatively small number of different species.
		The terrestrial flora is dominated by lower plants, including 350 identified species of lichen and a green algae that grows on snow and ice, giving the surface a red appearance.
		The Antarctic ozone holes of 1992 and 1993 were the largest ever, although this was due in part to natural causes, specifically enhanced ozone-destruction by sulphate aerosols from Mount Pinatubo (WMO, 1995a).
	www.grida.no /geo1/ch/ch2_18.htm (1922 words)

	Potential Impacts from Oil and Minerals Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Impacts from Antarctic development would be easier to detect due to the relatively pristine nature of the surrounding environment; however, it will be difficult and expensive to implement effective monitoring programs because of Antarctica's remoteness and adverse working conditions.
		Impacts on terrestrial flora and microfauna in the immediate vicinity of these mining and ore process ing activities should probably be considered permanent; total natural recovery of adjacent areas would require many decades to a few centuries.
		The Antarctic cod was the initial target of commercial fisheries in the early 1970s, but because of declining catches the focus shifted to ice fish toward the end of the 1970s.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /ASPIRE_99/oilngas/polpros.htm (7744 words)

	Antarctic, Patagonia, Cape Horn, Tierra Del Fuego, South Georgia, Arctic Expeditions, VICTORY ADVENTURE TRAVEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Antarctic plant fossils from the Pliocene indicate the presence of a temperate ecosystem similar to that of southern Patagonia.
		Antarctic Peninsula to the Bay of Whales in the Ross
		A new record for tourist landings in the Antarctic Peninsula region could be set during the 2002-03 austral summer if all currently advertised tourist voyages offering landings proceed, and interest in Antarctic visits remains close to the levels of the last few years.
	www.victory-cruises.com /antarctic.fotos.html (5384 words)

	Terrestrial Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The majority of the Antarctic continent is covered by permanent ice and snow leaving less than 1% available for colonization by plants.
		Most of this ice and snow-free land is found along the Antarctic Peninsula, its associated islands and in coastal regions around the edge of the rest of the Antarctic continent.
		South Georgia, for example, has a vascular flora of 26 indigenous species, with a further 15 alien species which are well-established, and in some cases spreading, and a number of other alien species which are managing to survive close to the former whaling stations.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants (428 words)

	Flora in Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fauna and Flora of Africa at Gateway Africa...
		IngentaConnect The flora of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: are t...
		3rd Symposium on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea...
	www.scienceoxygen.com /botany/163.html (320 words)

	DOM - Antarctica Territory Information.
		Antarctic Treaty Summary—The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica.
		Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty.
		Military—note: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon.
	www.melchizedek.com /antarctica/aq_info.htm (1169 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Marielandia Antarctic tundra (AN1101)
		Vegetation of the Antarctic Peninsula’s botanic zone is similar to the feldmark vegetation of the island highlands in the subantarctic botanic zone (Watson et al.
		The chinstrap and gento penguins breed primarily on the milder Antarctic Peninsula.
		The West Antarctic Province, or Marielandia, from Marie Byrd Land in the southwest sector, encompasses the Antarctic Peninsula.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/an/an1101_full.html (2748 words)

	On Thin Ice: How the Quest for a Billion-Dollar Microbe is Running Out of Control in Earth's Last Wilderness
		Recent examples included a Spanish patent for a protein extracted from an Antarctic bacteria that was allegedly able to treat damaged hair, skin and nails as well as having a wound-healing property.
		But Professor David Walton of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge said that only a few companies were pursuing the idea of bioprospecting in Antarctica and that the search for microbes with unusual properties had been carefully controlled.
		Many of the fish that live in the Antarctic have "antifreeze" in their blood systems to prevent ice crystals from forming in the sub-zero temperatures.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/0202-03.htm (1417 words)

	Fly Antarctic, Patagonia, Cape Horn, Tierra Del Fuego, South Georgia Expeditions, VICTORY ADVENTURE TRAVEL
		The VICTORY ADVENTURE TRAVEL Antarctic Expedition begins prior to our trip; through a specialized debriefing session we indicate the characteristics of the flight, the places we will be visiting, the recommendations for the care of the environment, and the necessary steps to take in order to protect this ecosystem.
		According to the Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959, the Antarctica jurisdiction applies to the region between the parallel of latitude 60 and the South Pole.
		This was the first airline in performing regular commercial flights to the Antarctic in 1987 and also the first airline in restarting commercial flights to the Falkland/Malvinas Islands after the war in 1990.
	www.victory-cruises.com /fly_antarctica.html (2857 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Speculation over the existence of a "southern land" was not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions began exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south of the Antarctic Circle.
		In order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in 1959, it entered into force in 1961.
		Antarctic fisheries in 2000-01 (1 July-30 June) reported landing 112,934 metric tons.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ay.html (619 words)

	Committee for Environmental Protection - State of the Antarctic Environment Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The SAER system is designed to report to the CEP on the status of Antarctic environmental indicators.
		The State of the Antarctic Environment Reporting (SAER) System is based on environmental indicators.
		A useful definition of an indicator is a "direct or indirect measure of environmental quality that can be used to assess status and trends in the environment’s ability to support human and ecological health." (National Air and Radiation Indicators Project http://www.pepps.fsu.edu/NARIP/).
	aadc-maps.aad.gov.au /cep/index.cfm (275 words)

	2
		Article IX 1(f) of the Antarctic Treaty cites 'preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica' as one of the matters upon which recommendations might be made to Consultative governments in furtherance of the principles and purposes of the Treaty.
		At the first Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in 1961 it was agreed (Recommendation I-VIII) to consider the matter further and, as an interim measure, to recommend that the general rules SCAR had developed should be issued to Antarctic exped itions.
		Any other plant or animal introduced into the Antarctic Treaty area not native to that area, including any progeny, shall be removed or disposed of, by incineration or by equally effective means, so as to be rendered sterile, unless it is determined that they pose no risk to native flora or fauna.
	www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz /resources/handbook/vol2/2-3.html (5396 words)

	RSNZ/
		The true Antarctic animals, ones that live on the continent all year round, are in fact microscopic, and include several species of nematode worms.
		As well as the intense cold during the winter, in the spring their habitat is often saturated with water and the nematode experiences regular potentially lethal cycles of freezing and thawing.
		Antarctic birds and mammals, for example, can generate their own heat.
	www.rsnz.org /funding/marsden_fund/news27/index.php (6607 words)

	US Department of State Dispatch: Gist: protection of the Antarctic environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 establishes an international framework, consistent with the UN Charter, for managing human activities in Antarctica.
		The most significant of these are the 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna, which prohibit the taking of plants, birds, and marine mammals native to the continent, except for scientific purposes, and establish a system of specially protected areas in which human access is strictly limited.
		An annex on conservation of flora and fauna expands and strengthens the 1964 Agreed Measures.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n42_v3/ai_12976225 (1119 words)

	Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Representatives recommend to their Governments that, until such time as the Agreed Measures on the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora may become effective in accordance with Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty, the following Recommendations as far as feasible be considered as guide lines in the interim period.
		They invite the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, through their National Committees, to assemble the information exchanged under Article XII of the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, to arrange for its publication and, in accordance with Recommendation IV-19, to prepare reports from time to time on the status of species.
		The need to expedite approval of the Agreed Measures for the Conserva tion of Fauna and Flora, and to give effect to the provisions thereof throughout the Treaty Area in accordance with their terms, was also stressed.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /About_Antarctica/Treaty/Flora_and_Fauna.html (2724 words)

	Antarctic pioneer acknowledged Media Release 21 June 2004
		Dr Sharman Stone, Parliamentary Secretary responsible for the Australian Antarctic Division congratulated Dr Patricia Selkirk, a terrestrial scientist from Turranurra in New South Wales, and said the Medal was a tribute to her dedication as a scientist and the lasting contribution she has made to Antarctic research.
		She was also part of the team that first discovered plant viruses in the subantarctic.
		"Her contribution to scientific literature includes over 67 publications on Antarctic terrestrial science alone and she has also completed a history of the achievements of geographer and geologist L.R. Blake who was part of Douglas Mawson's expedition to Macquarie Island.
	www.deh.gov.au /minister/ps/2004/psmr21jun04.html (395 words)

	Understanding CCAMLR's Approach to Management
		The exploitation of Antarctic marine living resources has been characterised by intense and sporadic pulses, in many cases resulting in the severe depletion of harvested stocks (as was the case for fur and elephant seals in the 19th century, and whales and finfish in the 20th century) (see section 1.2).
		In the mid-1970s, it was realised that the conservation of krill was fundamental to the maintenance of the Antarctic marine ecosystem (Figure 1) and vital to the recovery of depleted whale populations.
		The Convention applies to all marine living resources (except seals south of 60?S and whales in general) inside an area whose northern boundary is roughly delineated by the mean position of the Antarctic Polar Front and thus follows the physical and biological boundaries of the Antarctic (Figure 8).
	www.ccamlr.org /pu/E/e_pubs/am/p3.htm (1572 words)

	Carroll William Dodge
		He became the American authority on tropical and Antarctic lichens, studying all the early significant Antarctic lichen collections.
		His studies of the Antarctic lichen flora were supported in the 1950-1960's by grants from the National Science Foundation.
		In 1961, he made a trip to the Antarctic and in 1973, he published a book on its lichen flora, Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Adjacent Islands.
	www.huh.harvard.edu /libraries/archives/Dodgebio.html (829 words)

	Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
		For the Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972) and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980):
		U.S. AMLR research cruises are responsible for gathering biological information to prevent overexploitation of fish and krill and to assess the health of seal, penguin, and pelagic seabird populations.
		In 1994 IUCN established the Antarctic Advisory Committee (AAC) as a means of focusing IUCN's involvement with Antarctic conservation issues.
	www.asoc.org /links.htm (976 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sir William Jackson Hooker (Botany, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Among his many works are British Jungermanniae (1816), Flora Scotica (1821), British Flora (1830), and a number of works on ferns, including Genera Filicum (1838), Species Filicum (5 vol., 1846–64), and Synopsis Filicum (1868).
		After his first scientific expedition he wrote on the flora of New Zealand and Tasmania.
		Sir Joseph's great works include Antarctic Flora (1844–47), Genera Plantarum (with George Bentham, 3 vol., 1862–83), and The Flora of British India (7 vol., 1875–97).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hooker-S.html (261 words)

	Malesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the boundary of the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones.
		Malesia was first identified as a floristic province that included the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines and New Guinea, based on a shared tropical flora derived mostly from Asia but also with numerous elements of the Antarctic flora, including many species in the southern conifer families Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae.
		The Philippines were also never connected to Asia, and have a largely Asian-derived flora, with some Australasian elements, and a distinct mammalian fauna.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Malesia.htm (341 words)

	Appendix B : Legislative Requirements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This Act is administered by the Australian Antarctic Division for the Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
		The Australian Antarctic Division is a registered scientific institution, and scientists from other organisations which are not registered may become affiliates for the purposes of the Act.
		The Antarctic Mining Prohibition Act 1991 prohibits mining activity in Antarctica, unless it is connected with scientific investigation and research, or is necessary for building or maintaining research stations.
	www-old.aad.gov.au /OISOScience/blue/blue_b.asp (2176 words)

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