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Topic: Antecedent (logic)

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	Antecedent (logic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An antecedent is the first half of a hypothetical proposition.
		This is a standard logical formulation of a hypothetical proposition.
		"X is a man" is the antecedent for this proposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antecedent_(logic) (99 words)

	Antecedent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Antecedent (logic) is the first half of a hypothetical proposition.
		An Antecedent (grammar) is the word to which a pronoun refers.
		Antecedents are the life history and previous convictions of a defendant in a criminal case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antecedent (220 words)

	PL 120 Symbolic Logic I
		Absorption (Abs.) In propositional logic, absorption is a rule of inference in which a conditional statement is given as a premise; you conclude a conditional statement with the same antecedent, and the consequent is a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent of the given proposition.
		Distribution (Dist.) In propositional logic, distribution is an equivalence falling under the Rule of Replacement that specifies the relationship between a statement conjoined to a disjunction and a conjunction of disjunctions, or a statement conjoined to a disjunction and a disjunction of conjunctions.
		Modus Tollens (M.T.) In propositional logic, modus tollens is a rule of inference in which the first premise is a conditional statement, the second premise is the denial of the consequent of that conditional, and the conclusion is the denial of the antecedent of that conditional.
	cstl-cla.semo.edu /hill/pl120/glossary.htm (10152 words)

	Causality - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Logical conditional statements are not statements of causality.
		Since logical conditional statements and causal statements are both presented using "If...then..." in English they are commonly confused; they are distinct, however.
		The first is true since both the antecedent and the consequent are true.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Causal (2700 words)

	Tutorial (Fuzzy Logic Toolbox)
		In the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, there are five parts of the fuzzy inference process: fuzzification of the input variables, application of the fuzzy operator (AND or OR) in the antecedent, implication from the antecedent to the consequent, aggregation of the consequents across the rules, and defuzzification.
		In the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, the input is always a crisp numerical value limited to the universe of discourse of the input variable (in this case the interval between 0 and 10) and the output is a fuzzy degree of membership in the qualifying linguistic set (always the interval between 0 and 1).
		If the antecedent of a given rule has more than one part, the fuzzy operator is applied to obtain one number that represents the result of the antecedent for that rule.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /doc/matlab/toolbox/fuzzy/fuzzytu7.html (1193 words)

	Tutorial (Fuzzy Logic Toolbox)
		The if-part of the rule "x is A" is called the antecedent or premise, while the then-part of the rule "y is B" is called the consequent or conclusion.
		in which case all parts of the antecedent are calculated simultaneously and resolved to a single number using the logical operators described in the preceding section.
		Apply fuzzy operator to multiple part antecedents: If there are multiple parts to the antecedent, apply fuzzy logic operators and resolve the antecedent to a single number between 0 and 1.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /doc/matlab/toolbox/fuzzy/fuzzytu5.html (813 words)

	Logic 100
		Contraposition: A method of inference in Aristotelian Logic holding for 'A' and 'O' sentences whereby the subject term is replaced by the negation of the predicate term and the predicate term is replaced by the negation of the subject term.
		Also, a Principle of Replacement in Natural Deduction whereby the antecedent in a conditional is replaced by the negation of the consequent and the consequent is replaced by the negation of the antecedent.
		Obversion: A method of inference in Aristotelian Logic holding for A, E, I, and O sentences whereby the quality of the sentence is changed from affirmative to negative, or vice-versa, and the predicate term is negated.
	www.humboldt.edu /~mfg1/glossary.html (2637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Contrapositive, Contraposition In categorical logic, the contrapositive of a given categorical proposition is formed by replacing the subject term with the complement of the predicate term, and replacing the predicate term with the complement of the subject term.
		In predicate logic, the universal quantifier is either an upside down A or a variable in parentheses, and the existential quantifier is a backward E, followed by a variable.
		Transposition In propositional logic, transposition is an equivalence falling under the rule of replacement that a conditional is logically equivalent to another statement in which the denial of the consequent of the first is the antecedent and the denial of the antecedent of the first is the consequent.
	www2.semo.edu /philosophy/courses/pl120/glossarya.htm (7776 words)

	Fuzzy membership function generator using resonant tunneling diodes - Patent 5572626
		The twenty-fourth internatinal symposium on multiple-valued logic, pp.
		A fuzzy logic system as described in claim 1, wherein said means for simulating the membership function is used in said fuzzifier with input signal as said antecedent.
		A fuzzy logic system as described in claim 4, wherein a center of gravity method is used to obtain a crisp output from the defuzzifier.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5572626.html (2093 words)

	Modal Logic
		With the exception of the logical axiom governing definite descriptions, all of the logical axioms of our system are necessary truths (the explanation for this will be given in the tutorial on the logic of definite descriptions).
		However, when formulating a modal logic in which one of the logical axioms is not a necessary truth, RN must be restricted.
		This conditional is logically true because it is part of the very meaning of the operator it is actually the case that that any proposition it applies to is true.
	mally.stanford.edu /tutorial/modal.html (1891 words)

	Propositional Logic [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Propositional logic, also known as sentential logic, is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences, as well as the logical relationships and properties that are derived from these methods of combining or altering statements.
		In propositional logic, the simplest statements are considered as indivisible units, and hence, propositional logic does not study those logical properties and relations that depend upon parts of statements that are not themselves statements on their own, such as the subject and predicate of a statement.
		However, there are other forms of propositional logic in which other truth-values are considered, or in which there is consideration of connectives that are used to produce statements whose truth-values depend not simply on the truth-values of the parts, but additional things such as their necessity, possibility or relatedness to one another.
	www.iep.utm.edu /p/prop-log.htm (8796 words)

	Control system for absorption refrigerator - Patent 5138846
		In fuzzy logic control, the experience or knowledge quantitatively acquired by skilled operators is expressed in the form of IF (antecedent)-THEN (consequent) to prepare control rules (hereinafter referred to merely as "rules") for use in fuzzy reasoning.
		Further in the fuzzy logic control of absorption refrigerators, it is required to make the cold water outlet temperature free from offset during the stabilized period of control and to effectively inhibit the influence of interferences.
		Further in the conventional method of fuzzy logic control, the antecedent membership functions for formulating rules are defined in the range of 0 to 1 in grade, and different input variables exert the same degree of influence on the control input.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5138846.html (2953 words)

	Chap 9 Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Truth-functional or propositional logic is the simplest part of symbolic logic, though you will find it both rigorous enough to let you carry out systematic proofs and broad enough to handle a wide range of ordinary arguments.
		Categorical logic remains with the forms of natural sentences; truth-functional logic--like all modern logic, of which it is a part--departs from ordinary grammar.
		Logic gives one reason: If we were to call sentences of this form false, the truth table for "If A, then B" would turn out identical to the one for "If B, then A." (Work them out and see.) But we want the two to mean different things.
	www.humboldt.edu /~campbell/p100lectch9.htm (6271 words)

	Peter Suber, "Glossary of First-Order Logic"
		A wff A of propositional logic created from a wff B of predicate logic by (1) removing the quantifiers from B, and (2) replacing each predicate symbol (and its arguments) in B with a propositional symbol.
		A property possessed by all the wffs in a set is logically hereditary iff the accepted rules of inference pass it on (transmit it) to all the conclusions derivable from that set by those rules.
		The branch of logic dealing with propositions in which subject and predicate are separately signified, reasoning whose validity depends on this level of articulation, and systems containing such propositions and reasoning.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/logsys/glossary.htm (9715 words)

	Logic Glossary
		The antecedent, or that which goes before, is preceded by the "if"; the consequent, or that which comes after, may be preceded by a "then".
		Here the antecedent is "John thinks that he will do well in a class" and the consequent is "he studies hard".
		An argument that infers that because two objects or situations are alike, then what is true of the one is true of the other, yet fails to notice a telling difference between the two objects or situations.
	www.philosophy.uncc.edu /mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html (3050 words)

	Clicker Logic
		US are antecedent events in the environment that elicit behavior from an organism in that environment without the involvement of a consequence.
		CS are antecedent events in the environment that elicit behavior from an organism without the involvement of a consequence
		is an operant antecedent that lets the learner know that if he does the behavior it’s likely to result in an aversive consequence.
	www.behaviorlogic.com /id10.html (1217 words)

	Rules for Symbolic Logic
		Q i,j MP If a conditional appears on one line (i) and the antecedent of the conditional appears on another line (j), the consequent of the conditional may be entered on a new line (k).
		P i,j MT If a conditional with negations on both antecedent and consequent appears on one line (i) and the unnegated consequent of the conditional appears on another line (j), the unnegated antecedent of the conditional may be entered on a new line (k).
		Line k inherits the premise numbers {n+i} of line j, unless the antecedent appears in an earlier line (i), in which case the line number i may be removed if it occurs among the premise numbers of j, reducing {n+i} to {n}.
	www.friesian.com /valley/rules.htm (949 words)

	Peter Suber, "Translation Tips"
		q", the antecedent p is a sufficient condition of the consequent q, and the consequent q is a necessary condition of the antecedent p.
		Hence the antecedent is the sufficient condition of the consequent.
		The antecedent in "(x)(Ax Bx)" refers to the inner circle (subset), and the consequent to the outer circle (superset).
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/log/transtip.htm (8534 words)

	FUZZY LOGIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Logical paradoxes as Crete's liars and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle led to the development of multivalued or "fuzzy" logic in the 1920s and 1930s.
		In this sense, fuzzy logic is both old and new because, although the modern and methodical science of fuzzy logic is still young, the concepts of fuzzy logic reach down to our bones.
		Although it is possible to use the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox by working strickly from the command line, in general it is much easier to build a system up graphically, so that GUI tools are commonly used for building, editing, and observing Fuzzy Inference Systems.
	www.etse.urv.es /~aoller/fuzzy/fuzzy_logic.htm (2899 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Decision-Deontology
		Drawing Venn diagrams provides a decision procedure for a modern interpretation of categorical logic, and truth-tables give a decision procedure for the propositional calculus, but there is no decision procedure for quantification theory.
		Distinction between ways of understanding the logical necessity or truth of statements, either in terms "of what is said" (de dicto) or in terms "of the thing" (de re).
		In modern logic, this distinction is often assimilated to the distinction between the extension and intension of an expression.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/d2.htm (1134 words)

	Framework for Statewide Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The logic model is then refined based on a review of the available research evidence.
		We expect staff at our centers and program coordinators to be content experts, understand the logic models, and to remain current with new research so that the foundation from which we operate is always the most current.
		The linkage between antecedent conditions we are trying to change and the activities in which we engage must be clear.
	www.azahec.org /evaluation/framework (550 words)

	A-LOGIC - Book Summary
		It covers lst order logic the logic of the words "and", "or", "not", "all" and "some".
		A-logic's semantics is based on syntactically defined concepts of logical synonymy and containment of meanings rather than on truth-values and truth-functions.
		And because a C-conditional is neither true nor false when the antecedent is not true, it avoids Hempel's "Paradox of Confirmation", solves Carnap's "Problem of Dispositional Predicates" and Goodman's first "Problem of Counterfactual Conditionals" and makes the probability of a C-conditional the same as conditional probablility in probability theory.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /Philosophy/summary.html (387 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Logic and Formal Reasoning :: A FOLLOW-UP TO COUNTERFACTUALS / SCIENCE AND LOGIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The objective meaning of 'counterfactual' is: a conditional with an antecedent that describes a state of affairs counter to fact, hence the name "counterfacual." The "subjectivity" you're alluding to has to do entirely with what the alleged facts are, not with the meaning of the term.
		Of course, you might not know that the antecedent is false but that doesn't change the structure of the conditional in which the antecedent is presumed to be false.
		A conditional statement whose antecedent is known (or, at least, believed) to be contrary to fact.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-4881.html (2904 words)

	Chapter 3: Groundwork - Propositional Sequent-Logic
		The sequent is interpreted as showing a relationship of deducibility between its succedent and its antecedent; this is the deducibility which is formalized by the sequent logic.
		But there is a notion of deducibility which applies to the sequent logic itself, the notion of the deducibility of one sequent from another, or from a preceding set of sequents.
		To express this notion of deducibility, we must move into the (unformalized) metalanguage in which we talk about sequent logics; in short, we shall state a number of rules of inference which will permit us to generate new sequents from old; the old sequents are the premises and the new are the conclusions.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jzeman/modallogic/chapter03.htm (5162 words)

	Propositional Logic
		Although we have presented the logic axiomatically, our axiom system has the same power as the `natural deduction' systems of sentential logic that you find in any introductory text.
		However, since we are using the axiomatic method rather than a natural-deduction system, we first present the logic axiomatically and then prove that the introduction and elimination rules used in `natural deduction' systems are valid rules.
		In what follows, when we prove a conditional (with an antecedent having no free variables) by assuming the antecedent and deriving the consequent, the justification for the proof is the Rule of Conditional Proof (CP).
	mally.stanford.edu /tutorial/sentential.html (1059 words)

	Logic
		Nevertheless, when we translate the Material Implication (=>) to the English statement "if....then" or "implies" within the logic statement nothing of importance is lost, which means that nothing of the argument in which the implication is used, is lost when it is translated to the English form.
		If we think like this the content of the Antecedent and the Consequent is not applicable this in turn could mean that they are unrelated to each other.
		Counterfactual or Subjunctive conditionals state that if it were the case that P (I were Tony Blair) which I'm not then q (I would not be a socialist) being hypothetical, are ideal for thought experiments but do not lead to a definitive conclusion.
	www.btinternet.com /~george.f.irvine/logic.htm (789 words)

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