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Topic: Antenna height above average terrain

	Section
		This may be obtained by averaging a large number of equally spaced points, by using a planimeter, or by obtaining the median elevation (that exceeded for 50% of the distance) in sectors and averaging those values.
		The height above average terrain of the 3 to 10 kilometer portion of the 90[deg] radial is 105 meters.
		In directions where the terrain is such that antenna heights less than 30 meters for the 3 to 16 kilometer sector are obtained, an assumed height of 30 meters must be used for the prediction of coverage.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/09nov20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/octqtr/47cfr73.313.htm (1417 words)

	Section
		H is the height in meters of the transmitting antenna radiation center above average terrain of the 3.2-16.1 kilometers (2-10 miles) sector of the pertinent radial.
		In directions where the terrain is such that negative antenna heights or heights below 30.5 meters (100 feet) for the 3.2 to 16.1 kilometers (2 to 10 mile) sector are obtained, an assumed height of 30.5 meters (100 feet) shall be used for the prediction of coverage.
		Where mechanical beam tilt is intended, the amount of tilt in degrees of the antenna vertical axis and the orientation of the downward tilt with respect to true North must be specified, and the horizontal plane pattern must reflect the use of mechanical beam tilt.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/09nov20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/octqtr/47cfr73.625.htm (2326 words)

	FCC DTV Channel Allocation Column Heading Descriptions
		It is the maximum, over a set of uniformly spaced compass directions, of the ERP values required to extend noise-limited DTV coverage as far as the grade B contour of the NTSC station."
		Antenna Height (meters) - The "height of the transmitting antenna above average terrain as found in the engineering data base for the particular station.
		This value represents the height above terrain of the radiation center of the station being replicated, averaged from 3.2 to 16.1 kilometers (2 to 10 miles) over 8 evenly spaced radials.
	www.transmitter.com /FCC98315/col_desc.html (528 words)

	Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) Calculator Audio Division (FCC) USA
		Two terrain databases are available here: the FCC's terrain database which covers the continental Unites States (48 contiguous states) and which has been used by the FCC since the early 1980s, and the GLOBE 1 km Base Elevation database from the National Geophysical Data Center.
		Antenna height above average terrain, along with the Commission's FM and TV propagation curves is commonly used in the prediction of coverage by television stations and by FM radio stations (see Section
		The HAAT value represents an average of the terrain elevations within 16 km (10 miles) of the transmitter site, and so provides a single value on which general coverage calculations and regulatory requirements (such as station classes) may be based.
	www.fcc.gov /mb/audio/bickel/haat_calculator.html (1014 words)

	Section
		H is the height in meters of the transmitting antenna radiation center above average terrain of the 3.2-16.1 kilometers (2-10 miles) sector of the pertinent radial.
		This may be obtained by averaging a large number of equally spaced points, by using a planimeter, or by obtaining the median elevation (that exceeded for 50% of the distance) in sectors and averaging those values.
		In directions where the terrain is such that negative antenna heights or heights below 30.5 meters (100 feet) for the 3.2 to 16.1 kilometers (2 to 10 mile) sector are obtained, an assumed height of 30.5 meters (100 feet) shall be used for the prediction of coverage.
	edocket.access.gpo.gov /cfr_2005/octqtr/47cfr73.625.htm (2326 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Height above average terrain
		Height above average terrain (HAAT) is used extensively in radio and television, as it is actually much more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts (VHF and UHF in particular, as they are line of sight transmissions).
		Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, based on the maximum distance their station class is allowed to cover (see list of broadcast station classes).
		Before metrification at the FCC, the procedure to figure HAAT was relatively simple: from the proposed or actual antenna site, either 12 or 16 radials were drawn, and points at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 miles radius along each radial were used.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Height_above_average_terrain (251 words)

	Terme (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The antenna height above the average terrain elevations from 3.2 to 16 kilometers from the antenna for the eight directions spaced evenly for each 45° of azimuth starting with true north.
		The average of the antenna height above the terrain from 3.2 to 16 kilometers from the center of the antenna for the eight directions spaced evenly for each 45 degrees of azimuth starting with true North.
		Where circular or elliptical polarization is employed, the antenna height above average terrain is based upon the height of the radiation center of the antenna which transmits the horizontal component of radiation.
	doc-telecom.enst-bretagne.fr /doc-telecom/terme.jsp?38774 (143 words)

	Definition: antenna height above average terrain
		antenna height above average terrain: The antenna height above the average terrain elevations from 3.2 to 16 kilometers (2 to 10 miles) from the antenna for the eight directions spaced evenly for each 45° of azimuth starting with true north.
		Note: In general, a different antenna height above average terrain will be determined in each direction from the antenna.
		The average of these eight heights is the antenna height above average terrain.
	www.atis.org /tg2k/_antenna_height_above_average_terrain.html (122 words)

	[No title]
		The maximum allowable power and antenna height for 220 MHz stations is 500 watts ERP and 150 meters HAAT, which produces a 38 dBu service contour at approximately 28 miles from the transmitter.
		As indicated above, however, the determination of the television contours for Channels 14-69 and Channels 7-13 is a function of a variety of factors, some of which were unique to the television systems of the early 1950s.
		We believe that it is appropriate to require the height limitation for stations operating on the 221-222 MHz frequencies to be associated with the HAAT of the station's transmitting antenna, rather than the antenna's height above ground.
	wireless.fcc.gov /auctions/18/releases/fc980093.txt (14068 words)

	iBiquity Digital Corporation - Separate Antennas
		The auxiliary antenna must be within three seconds of latitude and longitude of the main antenna.
		The height above average terrain of the auxiliary antennas must be between 70 and 100 percent of the height above average terrain of the main antenna.
		Geographic coordinates, elevation data, and license file number for the auxiliary antenna to be employed for digital transmissions.
	www.ibiquity.com /broadcasters/separate_antennas (377 words)

	Antenna height above average terrain Information - Antenna height above average terrain
		In telecommunication, antenna height above average terrain is the antenna height above the average terrain elevations from 3.2 to 16 kilometers (2 to 10 miles) from the antenna for the eight directions spaced evenly Antenna height above average terrain for each 45° of azimuth starting with true north.
		The field of electronics is the study and use of systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors.
		The study of new semiconductor devices and their technology is sometimes considered as a branch of physics.
	www.inanot.com /Ina-Electronics_Topics_Num_-_A-/Antenna_height_above_average_terrain.html (199 words)

	Prometheus Background
		Both your antenna and your transmitter must be ìtunedî to the frequency you are assigned by the FCC, so that the signal is broadcast on the correct channel and only that channel.
		FM antennas are relatively small and light-weight, and can easily be attached to a wide variety of supporting structures without any special reinforcement, such as telephone poles, metal or wooden masts, water towers, elevated roof-top structures, and existing towers.
		If you use this type of antenna, your answer to question 7, height of antenna radiation center above ground level, should be about 2 meters lower than the top of your tower, or halfway between the connection points of the two antennas, which must be one wavelength apart (about 11 feet).
	oldsite.prometheusradio.org /requirements.shtml (5387 words)

	CAL-AV Labs, Inc. - Antenna Models 2D-40A (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is 1/2 wave length in height and is the minimum recommended mounting height for the antenna.
		In the case of a hilltop location, the Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) in the direction of interest should be used as the "effective" mounted height for DX path takeoff angle considerations.
		Actually, the antenna will function correctly and be tuneable within the physical limits of the adjustments when mounted at any height 70 feet or higher.
	www.cal-av.com /2d-40-models.html (256 words)

	Selecting the Right Transmission Line & Antenna for FM Broadcasting
		The ERP and antenna height are usually known.
		In selecting the antenna, the station engineer has to consider the gain required to make the ERP with the transmitter power available at tower top.
		In selecting an antenna it is always better to go with a lower gain and more transmitter power for better coverage.
	www.swr-rf.com /catalog/page18.html (281 words)

	Antenna height above average terrain
		The first thing that strengthened in my mind this half-formed opinion, was Australia was a basin; that an unbroken range of hills lined its coasts, formation of an inland sea.html">sea; I was not therefore prepared to find a break coast.
		In support of the first of these conclusions, it would appear that a the great fossil.html">fossil.html">fossil bank through which the Murray passes from the northern further appear from the gradual rise of this bed, on an inclined plain along the base of the ranges, but ultimately turned into the above coast.
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	www.findword.org /an/antenna-height-above-average-terrain.html (354 words)

	Antenna basics
		The antenna height above the average elevation of the ground surrounding the antenna is of particular importance.
		Remember that, as the antenna gain figure is increased by adding bays, the radiated beam is narrowed considerably, and with very high gain antennas, it is possible to beam the signal over closer-in receivers.
		These effects vary depending on where the antenna is mounted — on the leg or the face of a tower, as well as the size of the tower and the actual construction and spacing between the antenna and tower.
	radiomagonline.com /departments/radio_antenna_basics/index.html (1286 words)

	Height above average terrain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Height above average terrain (HAAT) is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is actually much more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts (VHF and UHF in particular, as they are line of sight transmissions).
		Zone III (the zone with the flattest terrain) consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers (150 miles) of the Gulf of Mexico.
		Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii.
	www.1bx.com /en/HAAT.htm (432 words)

	AVS Forum - The Official AVS Antenna Topic!
		The big factors in reception are distance from the transmitter, height of transmitter, power of transmitter, gain of receiving antenna, height of receiving antenna, splitters/multiplexors on antenna line, and topography between transmitting and receiving antennas.
		The directional antenna may be either saturated with signal or is not stable due to multi-path.
		Since all the stations you receive are more or less NE and the ones you don't receive are SE you might consider rotating the antenna about 90 degrees to the south and note what difference that makes to your reception (of all the stations).
	www.avsforum.com /avs-vb/printthread.php?t=381623&page=4&pp=30 (2591 words)

	Engineering
		The directional 5 bay antenna was manufactured and installed by Electronics Research Inc. The transmitter is a Broadcast Electronics FM-35B.
		If you are outside the 1 millivolt contour, the addition of an outside antenna may be necessary for reliable reception.
		WMTS operates on a single bay Jampro antenna from the former WMOT tower east of the campus.
	www.wmot.org /engineering.htm (231 words)

	Notes on Okumura Propagation
		Although Figure 27 is referenced to 3m antenna heights and Figure 41 is referenced to 1.5m antenna heights, this negligible difference is ignored.
		The average slope value is computed by averaging the slope from the base site elevation (not the antenna) to each point on the path.
		The computed field will be reduced as a function of the computed roughness of the terrain, defined as the difference between the elevation value exceeding 10% of the elevations and the elevation value exceeding 90% of the terrain elevations, within a distance of 10km of the receiver location.
	www.softwright.com /faq/engineering/prop_okumura.html (1551 words)

	V-Soft Communications - More on Propagation Prediction Software
		With the input of desired signal level, radiated power, and effective antenna height the curves will give the user an accurate estimate of the distance from the antenna where the signal will exist.
		Proper use of the curves requires that the input variable "antenna height" be calculated to represent the antenna's height above "average terrain".
		Since the method simply averages the terrain elevations, inaccuracies are introduced when the terrain varies widely or when it varies significantly at points beyond the method's 16-kilometer cutoff.
	www.v-soft.com /probe/lrsmore.html (1286 words)

	The Leesburg Hospital Repeater Site Survey - HAAT
		The Height Above Average Terrain for the Repeater Antenna at the Leesburg Hospital Repeater Site is surveyed and calculated to be 187.5 feets.
		These 40 points are averaged and compared the the repeater tower base elevation of 361 feet above mean sea level and the height above ground of the antenna on the tower.
		For worst case situation, the antenna is assumed to be mounted at the top to the 225 foot tower.
	www.k4lrg.org /Service/Leesburg_Hospital_Repeater/HAAT_Leesburg_Hospital_Repeater.html (313 words)

	Reception
		The HAAT is calculated in all directions based upon the average ground elevation between 1.5 and 10 miles from the station in each direction.
		These antennas are relatively directional, meaning that the quality of the received signal changes depending on where you put the radio.
		FM antennas and combined FM/AM antennas are often available as well, for prices that can range from $20 to $200 depending on the features you want.
	www.reggaespectrum.com /reception.htm (818 words)

	FreeLists / opendtv / [opendtv]
		The basic point is that lowering the antenna increases path loss, no matter what modulation scheme you use.
		Frequency is MHz, heights in meters, distance Km, logs are base 10.
		http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/calcmodels_dstlr.pdf Just looking at the equation tells you that loss is reduced with antenna height, both transmit and receive antennas, loss increases with frequency, increases with distance, and loss increases with the percent of area covered by buildings.
	www.freelists.org /archives/opendtv/03-2005/msg00333.html (301 words)

	Antenna Tilt Calculator (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Height above common ground to the the mid-point of the radiating antenna.
		Height referenced above sea level, or zero elevation.
		For antenna towers less than a couple of thousand feet above the surface, a K factor of 1.33 is usually adequate for most line-of-sight calculations over average terrain.
	www.ecommwireless.com /cgi-local/tilt.main.cgi (106 words)

	Radio-Locator
		The HAAT is calculated in all directions based upon the average ground elevation between 1.5 and 10 miles from the station in each direction.
		The coverage pattern for each AM station is based on the standard groundwave field strength pattern, the frequency of the station, and the ground conductivity of the local area.
		You may be able to receive this station if you have a very good radio with a good antenna, but it's possible that interference from other stations may prevent you from picking up these stations at all.
	www.radio-locator.com /cgi-bin/page?p=maps (947 words)

	Tower Maps - AGL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is typically the height of the tower above ground, measured in feet.
		The height is the approximate height at which antenna space is available.
		The AGL for buildings it is typically the height from street level to rooftop.
	www.towermaps.com /help_AGL.htm (78 words)

	[XUARC] Height Above Average Terrain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Along one radial (30 degrees) of the twelve that I specified, the antenna is "only" as high above average terrain as it is above my back yard.
		Along some others (to the south and southwest, thanks to the Ohio River) it is 80 meters above average terrain.
		The FCC site indicates that the measurements are made at 3 to 16 km from the antenna site.
	www.wb8zcc.com /pipermail/xuarc_wb8zcc.com/2006-January/001555.html (272 words)

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