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	Research + The Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Patella Tendon
		Detection of synovial plicae as the cause of anterior knee pain is dependent on recognition of the relevant clinical symptoms and the absence of signs except perhaps for a palpable tender synovial band.
		The arthrographic appearances of the anterior plicae are often mistaken for the anterior cruciate ligament (Brody et al 1983).
		Conservative management for anterior knee pain is sufficient and adequate for approximately 50% of patients, of those remaining a clinically definable pathology is present in perhaps 80% to 90% of patients.
	www.orthopaedics.co.uk /boc/v2rinfo10.htm (6840 words)

	Dr. Koop - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the main stabilizing ligaments in the knee.
		The most common combination is injury to the medial collateral and the anterior cruciate ligaments, often seen in football after a player is hit from the side.
		An isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament is the most common ligament injury.
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/93/604.html (531 words)

	Anterior pituitary -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Its (The fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart) blood supply is the hypophyseal artery, and it secretes hormones into the hypophyseal vein.
		Acidophils produce (A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans) growth hormone and (Gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition) prolactin.
		(A gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates sperm-forming cells in male mammals) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/anterior_pituitary.htm (658 words)

	Anterior Knee Pain/Injury \| Book chapter excerpt from Clinical Sports Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anterior knee pain is possibly the most common presenting symptom in clinical sports medicine practice.
		Two common causes of anterior knee pain in sportspeople are the patellofemoral syndrome and patellar tendinopathy.
		Although it is difficult for the patient with anterior knee pain to be very specific in pinpointing the pain, the area of pain often gives an important clue as to which structure is causing pain.
	www.clinicalsportsmedicine.com /chapters/24a.htm (1366 words)

	Orthopaedics
		Radiographic examination reveals anterior bowing of both tibia and fibulae with posterior cortical thickening and irregular bony trabeculae in the mid-shafts.
		The radiographic features are pathognomic: bowing of both tibiae and fibulae with an anterior convexity and the apex of the curve is at the junction of middle and lower third, this is a constant feature of this syndrome.
		Classical sabre shin of congenital syphilis shows periosteal thickening of the anterior tibial cortex, as opposed to posterior thickening seen in Weissmann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome, while epiphyseal abnormalities, metaphyseal zones of increased densities, and other stigmata of rickets are absent in patients with toxopachyosteose.
	www.indianradiologist.com /ortho8.htm (298 words)

	ACL INJURIES: Treatment and Rehabilitation
		The tibial attachment is to a facet, in front of, and lateral to the anterior tibial spine.
		In 1976 I studied the relationship of anterior cruciate ligament rupture to meniscal pathology in three groups of patients.
		An elite athlete who has had a technically well performed early reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament followed by an adequate and successful rehabilitation program, should be able to return to the field of his chosen sport between six and nine months.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/aclinj/aclinj.html (3155 words)

	Partial ACL Injury
		One of the treatment dilemmas that the sports physician is faced with is that of the partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament.
		The arthroscopic assessment of the anterior cruciate ligament tear is difficult for 2 reasons.
		A hook probe must be used to examine the ligament proximally to see where the ligament is attached to the side wall, to the roof or to the posterior cruciate ligament.
	www.carletonsportsmed.com /contro4.htm (770 words)

	Anterior Hip Replacement
		The Anterior Approach is a proven technique that minimizes the pain and the time from surgery to recovery.
		The Anterior Approach to hip replacement surgery allows the surgeon to reach the hip joint from the front of the hip as opposed to the lateral (side) or the posterior (back) approach.
		Anterior Hip Replacement allows patients to immediately bend their hip freely and bear full weight when comfortable, resulting in a more rapid return to normal function.
	www.newhipnews.com /patient/index.html (523 words)

	The anterior combined approach via a single skin injection site allows lower limb anesthesia in supine patients: [Une ...
		The classical landmarks of the paravascular inguinal or three-in-one approach and the anterior sciatic nerve approach were marked.
		Anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block: the effects of leg rotation.
		New landmarks for the anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block: imaging and clinical study.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/50/8/801 (1582 words)

	Case Study of the Month Diagnosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mary suffered an anterior cruciate ligament tear during her first non-contact twisting injury to the knee.
		Translation is graded in terms of millimeters of anterior displacement in 5mm increments.
		The danger of missing the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament disruption is further damage to the knee during subsequent pivot shifts.
	info.med.yale.edu /ortho/ysmc/case_study/ans796.htm (345 words)

	FoxH1 (Fast) functions to specify the anterior primitive streak in the mouse -- Hoodless et al. 15 (10): 1257 -- Genes ...
		was observed anterior to the midbrain/hindbrain junction (Fig.
		The mutant embryo is significantly smaller and lacks normal structures anterior to the midbrain-hindbrain junction (i), resembling mutants with holoprosencephaly.
		Varlet, I., Collingnon, J., and Robertson, E.J. nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during mouse gastrulation.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/10/1257 (7869 words)

	ISAKOS: Current Concepts: "Graft Choice for ACL Reconstruction" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Noyes,F.R.; Barber,S.D.; and Mangine,R.E.: Bone-patellar ligament-bone and fascia lata allografts for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
		Jones KG, Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the central one-third of the patellar ligament.
		Patellar fracture and avulsion of the patellar ligament complicating arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
	www.isakos.com /innovations/graftchoice.aspx (2992 words)

	Handbook of Ocular Disease Management - ANTERIOR UVEITIS
		The hallmark signs of anterior uveitis are "cells and flare." Cells are leukocytes (white blood cells) floating in the convection currents of the aqueous; flare refers to liberated protein from the inflamed iris or ciliary body which gives the aqueous a particulate, or smoky, appearance.
		The iris may adhere to the lens capsule (posterior synechia) or, less commonly, to the peripheral cornea (anterior synechia).
		Anterior uveitis may actually constitute a "spillover" of posterior ocular inflammation.
	www.revoptom.com /handbook/sect4e.htm (742 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
		An anterior cruciate ligament injury is extreme stretching or tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.
		The knee is essentially a modified hinge joint located where the end of the femur (thigh bone) meets the top of the tibia (shin bone).
		anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) -- lies in the middle of the knee.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001074.htm (967 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: Why Are Women More ...
		The Q-angle (figure 2) is the angle formed by the intersection of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the center of the patella and a line from the center of the patella to the tibial tubercle.
		An athlete with a symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency typically presents after an acute injury or repeated episodes of instability.
		The anterior drawer test (which also evaluates forward displacement of the tibia with respect to the femur) is less reliable than Lachman's test and is thus rarely performed in the acute setting (5).
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1997/04apr/moeller.htm (3798 words)

	eMedicine - Uveitis, Anterior, Granulomatous : Article by Roger K George, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although the etiology of the anterior granulomatous uveitis may be difficult to identify, it is nevertheless important to the workup of each patient.
		Granulomatous anterior uveitis with mutton-fat keratic precipitates and Koeppe and Busacca nodules.
		Granulomatous anterior uveitis with numerous Busacca nodules on the iris surface and a few mutton-fat keratic precipitates on the inferior aspect.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic586.htm (2258 words)

	ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Graft Choices
		One of the bigger issues with patellar tendon grafts that recently has a number of orthopaedists switching to alternative grafts is the incidence of anterior knee pain when patients try to resume athletic activities.
		Other cadaveric tissues such as hamstrings, Achilles tendons, and even anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis tendons (some of the ankle tendons) are often being used instead of patellar tendons due to this availability issue.
		Corry, I.S.; Webb, J.M.; Clingeleffer, A.J.; Pinczewski, L.A: Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
	www.orthoassociates.com /ACL_grafts.htm (5720 words)

	eMedicine - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury : Article by Tarek Souryal, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Using one hand on the anterior aspect of the distal femur and a second hand behind the proximal tibia, attempt to displace the tibia forward from the femur.
		The anterior drawer test is not very sensitive and has been found to be positive in only 77% of patients with complete ACL rupture.
		The Q angle is the acute angle between the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine, the midpoint of the patella, and the line connecting the tibial tubercle with the same reference point on the patella.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic3.htm (4749 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Magnetic resonance imaging of anterior cruciate ligament rupture
		Anterior cruciate ligament repair is a commonly performed orthopaedic procedure.
		Liu SH Osti L, Henry M, Bocchi L.: The diagnosis of acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: comparison of MRI, arthrometry and clinical examination.
		Remer EM Fitzgerald SW, Friedman H, Rogers LF, Hendrix RW, Schafer MF.: Anterior cruciate ligament injury: MR imaging diagnosis and patterns of injury.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2474/5/21 (2014 words)

	AAOS On-Line Service Academy News - Section B - Clinical exam, MRI equal in diagnosing ACL tears (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Giacobetti reported the accuracy of a clinical examination was 90 percent for medial meniscal tears, 88 percent for lateral meniscal tears and 95 percent for anterior cruciate ligament tears.
		The accuracy of MRI was 75 percent for medial meniscal tears, 65 percent for lateral mensical tears and 87 percent for anterior cruciate ligament tears.
		Twenty-six males and 14 female patients, who had a total of 18 medial meniscus tears, 14 lateral meniscus tears and 19 anterior cruciate tears, were in the study.
	www.aaos.org /wordhtml/97news/compare1.htm (331 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: A Perioperative Rehabilitation Program for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery
		Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures occur at a rate of 60 per 100,000 people per year (1).
		Shelbourne KD, Gray T: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft followed by accelerated rehabilitation: a two- to nine-year followup.
		Shelbourne KD, Foulk DA: Timing of surgery in acute anterior cruciate ligament tears on the return of quadriceps muscle strength after reconstruction using an autogenous patellar tendon graft.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2000/01_00/shelbourne.htm (2098 words)

	Enhanced expression of transglutaminase 2 in anterior polar cataracts and its induction by TGF-{beta} in vitro -- Wan ...
		Enhanced expression of transglutaminase 2 in anterior polar cataracts and its induction by TGF-{beta} in vitro -- Wan et al.
		Anterior polar cataracts are formed by metaplasia of the lens
		The capsules of anterior polar cataracts were thinner than those in nuclear cataracts, as previously reported.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/11/1293 (4011 words)

	Splenic B Cells Act as Antigen Presenting Cells for the Induction of Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation -- ...
		Characterization of suppressor cells in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) induced by soluble antigen: evidence of two functionally and phenotypically distinct T-suppressor cell populations.
		Niederkorn JY, Mayhew E. Role of splenic B cells in the immune privilege of the anterior chamber of the eye.
		Splenic B cells are required for tolerogenic antigen presentation in the induction of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID).
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/12/5242 (5805 words)

	Distribution Analysis of the Two Chicken Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Isoforms and Their Transcripts in the Hypothalamus and ...
		and anterior pituitary gland in cockerels and hens with antibodies
		isoforms 66 and 61 in the anterior pituitary gland of domestic hens.
		Cells containing immunolabeled nuclei are shown in transverse sections of the anterior pituitary gland immunolabeled with the ER 21 and H 222 antibodies.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/65/4/1156 (4777 words)

	Increased Anterior Temporal Lobe T2 Times in Cases of Hippocampal Sclerosis: A Multi-Echo T2 Relaxometry Study At 3 T ...
		Increased Anterior Temporal Lobe T2 Times in Cases of Hippocampal Sclerosis: A Multi-Echo T2 Relaxometry Study At 3 T -- Briellmann et al.
		Increased Anterior Temporal Lobe T2 Times in Cases of Hippocampal Sclerosis: A Multi-Echo T2 Relaxometry Study At 3 T
		increased in the anterior temporal lobe (ipsilateral: 82 ±
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/abstract/25/3/389 (382 words)

	Potentiation of sensory responses in the anterior cingulate cortex following digit amputation in the anaesthetised rat ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for processing different types of information, including sensory inputs.
		The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) forms a large region around the rostrum of the corpus callosum, and it responds to nociceptive stimuli in animals (Sikes and Vogt, 1992) and painful stimuli in humans (Talbot et al.
		A, diagram of in vivo recording from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in an anaesthetised rat; animals were maintained in a lightly anaesthetised state by halothane.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/532/3/823 (5784 words)

	Dynamic Lateral Patellar Tilt in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis ...
		at 40° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate
		at 25° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate
		tilt at 25° of flexion was greater in the anterior cruciate
	ajsm.highwire.org /cgi/content/abstract/29/5/593 (274 words)

	High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of ...
		High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic and patient relevant outcomes -- von Porat et al.
		Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age.
		Effects of meniscal and articular surface status on knee stability, function, and symptoms after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a long-term prospective study.
	www.annrheumdis.com /cgi/content/full/63/3/269 (3237 words)

	Anterior segment dysgenesis and the developmental glaucomas are complex traits -- Gould and John 11 (10): 1185 -- Human ...
		Anterior segment dysgenesis and the developmental glaucomas are complex traits -- Gould and John 11 (10): 1185 -- Human Molecular Genetics
		Anterior segment dysgenesis and the developmental glaucomas are complex traits
		A new phenotype of recessively inherited foveal hypoplasia and anterior segment dysgenesis maps to a locus on chromosome 16q23.2-24.2.
	hmg.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/11/10/1185 (512 words)

	Retinoids regulate the anterior expression boundaries of 5' Hoxb genes in posterior hindbrain -- Oosterveen et al. 22 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The anterior expression boundary of Hoxb8 in the
		somite belongs to the hindbrain and is anteriorized by abrogating
		Conlon,R.A. and Rossant,J. (1992) Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/22/2/262 (5236 words)

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