Anterior mediastinum

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Topic: Anterior mediastinum

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	Pleura
		the anterior mediastinum by the clinician is the anterior and middle mediastina combined and it extends into the superior mediastinum anterior to the plane of the anterior surface of the trachea.
		the middle mediastinum includes the posterior mediastinum and the part of the superior mediastinum posterior to a plane anterior to the trachea
		the posterior mediastinum includes the bodies of the vertebrae which includes the paravertebral space and thus includes the sympathetic chains on each side.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/thoraxlesson3.htm (225 words)

	Posterior Mediastinum
		The anterior boundary of the posterior mediastinum is the posterior pericardial wall.
		The most posterior item in the posterior mediastinum is the anterior longitudinal ligament which completely covers the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
		The middle mediastinum is the pericardium and its cavity.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/thoraxlesson5.htm (1160 words)

	Pulmnary: Mediastinal Masses
		The anterior mediastinum is bounded anteriorly by the sternum.
		The middle and posterior mediastinum are divided by a line 1 cm posterior to the anterior border of the vertebral bodies.
		The mediastinum is divided anatomically into the following compartments (according to Felson): superior, anterior, middle, and posterior.
	www.indyrad.iupui.edu /rtf/teaching/medstudents/stf/pul1/pul3.htm (555 words)

	Chest X-ray Detailed Review: Mediastinum General and Superior
		Basically, the heart and pericardium form the middle section, everything anterior to the heart is the anterior region, and everything posterior to the heart back to the spine is the posterior mediastinum.
		The superior mediastinum begins at the root of the neck and ends caudally at a line drawn between T-4 vertebrae and the sternomanubrial junction.
		Understand on plain films the mediastinum projects as a water density surrounded by the two air filled lungs and intersected by the air filled trachea and major bronchi.
	rad.usuhs.mil /rad/chest_review/mediasti/mediasti.html (656 words)

	The Mediastinum - Wikimd
		This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz., that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum The Superior Mediastinum (Fig.
		(Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy) The Anterior Mediastinum (Fig.
		The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleuræ in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Mediastinum (418 words)

	tk04.wbc
		The Superior, Anterior, and Middle Mediastinum, Pleura and Thymus The thorax is arbitrarily divided into a superior anterior middle and posterior mediastinum.
		The superior mediastinum is bounded superiorly by the oblique plane of the first rib, laterally by parietal pleura, and inferiorly by a horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle and the vertebral column at the disk between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae.
		The pericardium, heart and great vessels, bronchi and roots of lungs and arch of azygos vein are also found in the middle mediastinum.
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/tk04.wbc (625 words)

	Mediastinum-Printer Friendly version
		Anterior mediastinum: ventral to anterior cardiac border and aortic root - thymic epithelial tumors and cysts, germ cell neoplasms, lymphoproliferative lesions, retrosternal thyroid glandular proliferations, parathyroid lesions, aorticopulmonary-type paragangliomas, lymphangioma, hemangioma, lipoma
		Mediastinum is thoracic cavity between pleural cavities, from sternum to spine, thoracic inlet to diaphragm
		Gross: often encapsulated in mediastinum (not at other sites); usually centered on or grow within a large spinal nerve root; may have intradural and extradural components and protrude through neural foramina of vertebral column; plexiform tumors resemble a neural plexus; degenerative changes are common (fat, hemorrhage, cysts)
	www.pathologyoutlines.com /mediastinumpf.html (5205 words)

	CHEST: Staging of the mediastinum: role of mediastinoscopy and computed tomography - Multimodality Therapy of Chest Malignancies - Proceedings of a Harvard Medical School Symposium
		But nodes in the subaortic window and in the left anterior mediastinum (usually along the phrenic nerve) cannot be reached by conventional mediastinoscopy, nor can the inferior or posterior subcarinal lymph nodes.
		All peritracheal nodes and the nodes at the tracheobronchial angle and proximally on the main bronchi are evaluable, are the nodes in the anterior compartment of the subcarinal space.
		Staging of the mediastinum: role of mediastinoscopy and computed tomography - Multimodality Therapy of Chest Malignancies - Proceedings of a Harvard Medical School Symposium
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n4_v103/ai_13722782 (1182 words)

	The Mediastinum
		It passes into the superior mediastinum through the thoracic inlet lying anterior to the vertebral bodies and posterior to the trachea.
		In the superior mediastinum lie the brachiocephalic veins, the branches from the aortic arch, the trachea and esophagus.
		As the esophagus enters the posterior mediastinum it is crossed by the arch of the aorta on its left side.
	www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/thorax/media.htm (349 words)

	eMedicine - Lymphomas, Endocrine, Mesenchymal, and Other Rare Tumors of the Mediastinum : Article by Jane M Eggerstedt, MD
		Even though not a primary tumor of the mediastinum, substernal extension of the cervical thyroid gland is discussed in this article because it is a relatively common problem and is traditionally considered one of the differential diagnoses of an anterior mediastinal mass.
		The mediastinum is limited bilaterally by the mediastinal parietal pleura and extends from the diaphragm inferiorly to the level of the thoracic inlet superiorly.
		Hodgkin disease of the mediastinum is treated primarily by radiation or a combination of radiation and chemotherapy.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic3455.htm (8592 words)

	CHEST: Tumors of the anterior mediastinum - Primary Mediastinal Tumors, part 1 - review article
		The anterior mediastinum is defined as the region posterior to the sternum and anterior to the heart and brachiocephalic vessels.
		The mediastinum is located in the central portion of the thorax, between the two pleural cavities, the diaphragm and the thoracic inlet.[1] It is usually divided into anterior, middle, and posterior "compartments" to help categorize tumors and diseases according to their site of origin and location.
		It divides the mediastinum into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments based on the lateral chest radiograph (Fig 1).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n2_v112/ai_19731473 (996 words)

	Baylor Health Care System: Acute mediastinitis
		Through a left anterior second space incision, the large air pocket in the upper posterior mediastinum was drained extrapleurally using a chest tube with underwater seal.
		The abscess in the upper posterior mediastinum was partially resected, and its purulent contents and necrotic tissues were removed.
		Infections in the previsceral space may reach the mediastinum by spreading through the neck or breaking through the alar fascia to reach the danger space (the retrovisceral space).
	www.baylorhealth.edu /proceedings/13_1/13_1_razzuk.html (1656 words)

	Primary seminoma in the middle mediastinum: case report in a 69-year-old male -- Kitami et al. 28 (2): 142 -- Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
		Teratoma of the anterior mediastinum in the group of military age: a study of 16 cases and review of theories of genesis.
		Primary extragonadal seminoma (EGS) is a rare tumor reported in the pineal body (1), the mediastinum (2) and the retroperitoneum (3).
		At surgery, the tumor was located in the middle mediastinum, surrounded by the superior vena cava and azygos vein, and was almost encapsulated.
	jjco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/28/2/142 (1793 words)

	Imaging of Cystic Masses of the Mediastinum -- Jeung et al. 22 (Supplement 1): 79 -- RadioGraphics
		CT evaluation of the anterior mediastinum: spectrum of disease.
		Clinical spectrum of bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum and lung in adults.
		in the middle or posterior mediastinum (Fig 3).
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/22/suppl_1/S79 (5499 words)

	Laboratory Manual - Thoracic Wall, Pleura, & Pericardium
		The third layer of muscles consists of three separate parts, the innermost intercostal, the transversus thoracis and the subcostal muscles (the latter will be seen in the session on the posterior mediastinum).
		On the inner aspect of the reflected anterior chest wall, near its lateral, cut edges, identify the posterior intercostal artery and vein, and collateral branches.
		Detach the serratus anterior muscle from its origin.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/thorax/thorax_wall.html (1830 words)

	Baylor Health Care System: Acute mediastinitis
		Through a left anterior second space incision, the large air pocket in the upper posterior mediastinum was drained extrapleurally using a chest tube with underwater seal.
		A CT scan of the neck and chest obtained on hospital day 12 showed fluid in the right side of the neck, upper anterior mediastinum, upper posterior mediastinum, empyema thoracis, and left hydrothorax.
		The pleural space was drained with 3 chest tubes connected to underwater seal, and the left hydrothorax was drained with 2 chest tubes connected to underwater seal.
	www.baylorhealth.edu /proceedings/13_1/13_1_razzuk.html (1830 words)

	Posterior Mediastinum
		The anterior boundary of the posterior mediastinum is the posterior pericardial wall.
		The most posterior item in the posterior mediastinum is the anterior longitudinal ligament which completely covers the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
		In the dissection of cadavers, the posterior mediastinum is exposed by removing the pericardial sac and the heart.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/thoraxlesson5.htm (1160 words)

	Heart, Superior Mediastinum
		arises superior to the left cusp of the aortic semilunar valve; during its short course, it is located in the coronary sulcus; the anterior interventricular a.
		semilunar valve has a thin endothelial free margin on each cusp called a lunula; a dense nodule is located at the midpoint of the free margin of each valve cusp; the pulmonary semilunar valve has anterior, left and right cusps; the aortic semilunar valve has right, left and posterior cusps
		papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae and act to keep the valve cusps from prolapsing under systolic blood pressure; there are three in the right ventricle: anterior, posterior, septal; there are two in the left ventricle: anterior, posterior
	anatomy.uams.edu /AnatomyHTML/heart2.html (1160 words)

	circulatory.htm
		right coronary artery, and the two main branches of the left coronary artery: anterior interventricular (AKA left anterior descending) and circumflex.
		Identify the following structures on the heart-mediastinum model (#32305)
		Identify the following structures on the heart-mediastinum model (#32305, same as above) and on the sheep heart
	daphne.palomar.edu /ccarpenter/Course_Handouts/circulatory.htm (232 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		k[schwa]-pe) examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an anterior incision in the suprasternal notch, permitting direct inspection and biopsy of tissue in the anterior superior mediastinum.
		population mean, the mean of the probability distribution characterizing a specified population; for a finite population, the arithmetic mean of the population values.
		harmonic mean, reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals of the individual values in a given set; e.g., for the set [10, 40, 60] the harmonic mean is 1
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_m_06zPzhtm (5026 words)

	Susceptible Periods during Embryogenesis of the Heart and Endocrine Glands
		While the parathyroids assume a final position posterior to the lobes of the thyroid, the thymic anlagen migrate to the anterior mediastinum where they fuse in the midline (Figure 11).
		The pituitary gland is derived from two sources: the posterior lobe arises from neuroepithelium of the diencephalon, the infundibulum; the anterior and intermediate lobes from an outpocketing of epithelium in the oral cavity (itself a derivative of neural ectoderm from the anterior neural ridge), called Rathke's pouch (43) (Figure 12).
		The thyroid gland originates from endoderm in the floor of the pharynx and migrates in the midline to the larynx.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2000/suppl-3/555-561sadler/sadler-full.html (5504 words)

	MIR Teaching file case mi012
		Thymomas originate from the thymic epithelium and are most common in the anterior mediastinum.
		Patients with thymomas are usually 40 to 60 years of age and may present with nonspecific symptoms related to the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass, such as cough, dyspnea, chest discomfort, and dysphagia.
		Posteroanterior chest radiograph performed on 1/12/98 shows a subtle contour abnormality in the region of the aortopulmonary window, corresponding to the patient's known anterior mediastinal mass.
	gamma.wustl.edu /mi012te163.html (767 words)

	Posterior Triangle & Root of Neck- Dissector Answers
		The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta, ascends through the superior mediastinum and enters the root of the neck posterior to the left SC joint.
		The subclavian arteries are separated from the veins by the anterior scalene muscle, with the artery being posterior to the muscle and the vein anterior to it.
		This, on the other hand, does not travel inferiorly on most of the anterior scalene muscle since it must approach the arch of the aorta before it sends off its recurrent laryngeal nerve.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /head/postneck_ans.html (767 words)

	V. Angiology. 4b. The Heart. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig.
		There are two papillary muscles, anterior and posterior: of these, the anterior is the larger, and its chordæ tendineæ are connected with the anterior and posterior cusps of the valve: the posterior papillary muscle sometimes consists of two or three parts; its chordæ tendineæ are connected with the posterior and medial cusps.
		The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
	www.bartleby.com /107/138.html (767 words)

	BioMed Central Full text Mediastinitis complicating a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a case report
		A CT scan of the thorax (Figure 1) and abdomen disclosed an extensive inflammation with air in the anterior mediastinum, opacification of the subcutaneous tissue around the entrance of the gastrostomy tube and under the left hemidiaphragm, thickening of the pericardium and bilateral pleural effusions.
		Although definite causes or contributory factors of our patient's condition remain unclear, possibly, the repeated attempts to puncture the stomach because of the poor translumination of the anterior abdominal wall and the use of a long needle have resulted in a masked small perforation of the distal oesophagus.
		Accidental removal of the gastrostomy tube is a well known complication of the PEG and may result in peritonitis, intraabdominal abscesses, cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-230X/3/11 (2118 words)

	Instant Anatomy - Site Map
		Instant Anatomy - Thorax - Areas/Organs - Mediastinum - Anterior
		Instant Anatomy - Thorax - Areas/Organs - Mediastinum - Posterior
		Instant Anatomy - Abdomen - Areas/Organs - Bowel - Duodenum Histology
	www.instantanatomy.net /sitemap.html (2118 words)

	Superior Mediastinum
		Then we will start from the anterior boundary and work our way through the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior.
		This image shows the structures of the superior mediastinum in tact.
		This is how we will approach its study.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/thoraxlesson6.htm (185 words)

	Anatomy: Thorax and Mediastinum
		Inserts on the anterior surface (body) of the vertebrata and the anterior surface of the ribs.
		COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS: Joint between each rib and vertebrata, joined at the transverse process of the vertebrata and the articular facet of the rib (at the tubercle).
		Serratus Posterior (Outer Muscles): Originate from the vertebrata and insert on the ribs on the posterior.
	www.themedicaldirectory.org /sciences/anatomy/thorax.shtml (185 words)

	eMedicine - Trachea, Stenosis : Article by Salomon Waizel, MD
		The trachea occupies the anterior and middle part of the neck and penetrates in the superior mediastinum behind the sternum.
		The anterior approach to the trachea is used for most benign lesions.
		Sarcoidosis involves the larynx in 5% of patients and the trachea in 1% of the cases, and remains a diagnosis of exclusion.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic705.htm (3151 words)

	Thymoma, Type AB
		On chest radiography, thymoma typically appears as a subtle contour abnormality in the anterior mediastinum.
		Thymoma is an epithelial neoplasm of the thymus and the most common anterior mediastinal mass in adults.
		Invasive thymoma may cause pleural disease and is often characterized by an irregular interface between the mass and adjacent lung.
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/bwh/hcache/347/full.html (602 words)

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Topic: Anterior mediastinum

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