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Topic: Anthocyanidin

	Welcome to Doctor's A-Z
		Bilberry extracts are commonly standardized to 25% anthocyanidin content, and this is the concentration used in most scientific studies.
		Anthocyanidins found in bilberry help stabilize collagen structures and maintain capillary strength, which may promote circulation to the eyes and to the extremities.
		Excess anthocyanidin is excreted in the urine and does not accumulate in the body in toxic levels.
	www.doctorsa-z.com /DAZ_Encyc/Bilberry.html (436 words)

	PhenolicsInterm
		One difference is that the oxygen atom has a positive charge on it; there are also two double bonds in the C ring.
		There are many different kinds of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, varying in the number and position of -OH groups, sugar groups, and other functional groups attached.
		Their structures are very similar to those of anthocyanidins, except that there is no positive charge on the oxygen atom and no double bonds in the C ring.
	www.herbalchem.net /PhenolicsInterm.htm (1326 words)

	Dukehealth.org: A-Z Health Encyclopedia: Herbs: Bilberry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Animal studies have found that anthocyanidins may strengthen blood vessels, improve circulation, and prevent the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis (plaque in blood vessels that leads to blockage and, therefore, heart attack and stroke).
		Today, it is believed that anthocyanidins may help protect the retina, the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye and sends nerve impulses to the visual areas of the brain.
		In theory, because the anthocyanidins in bilberry may inhibit blood from clotting, there may be an increased risk of bleeding in those taking anthocyanidin extracts from bilberry along with blood thinners, particularly warfarin.
	www.dukehealth.org /HealthLibrary/DrugsAndHerbs/Herbs/Bilberry (1346 words)

	Flavonoids
		Anthocyanidin is an extended conjugation made up of the aglycone of the glycoside anthocyanins.
		Next to chlorophyll, anthocyanins are the most important group of plant pigments visible to the human eye.
		The anthocyanidins in Hydrangea, colours it RED in acid soil and BLUE in alkali soil.
	www.friedli.com /herbs/phytochem/flavonoids.html (748 words)

	Anthocyanins: Basic Structural Motifs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Anthocyanins are based on the anthocyanidin skeleton, which has extra unsaturation in the C ring forming the pyrylium system shown in Figure 3.
		Anthocyanidins are not stable due to the -OH group at the 3-position and are found in nature with a sugar linkage at this position.
		Each parent anthocyanidin can give rise to many different anthocyanins, depending on the nature and extent of glycosylation.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~jshimkus/acn_basic.htm (210 words)

	Bilberry
		These molecules consist of a backbone known as anthocyanidin which is bound to one of three sugars: arabinose, glucose, or galactose.
		A concentrated bilberry extract however yields 25% anthocyanidin content, which corresponds to about 38% anthocyanosides.
		Anthocyanoside content should always be expressed in terms of anthocyanidin.
	www.geocities.com /chadrx/bilberry.html (869 words)

	UN-L Bioc321: Lab 10
		Anthocyanidins, as opposed to anthocyanin molecules, lack attached sugar moieties.
		The six commonly encountered anthocyanidins in nature all have a 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavylium cation structure.
		These anthocyanidins are grouped as the pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin families.
	www-class.unl.edu /biochem/labs/student/exp10.htm (1318 words)

	Phytophenols with Vitamin C 60 cap - NF FORMULAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Phytophenols with vitamin C is the ultimate, standardized, anthocyanidin and polyphenol antioxidant formula.
		Flavoxidant is a group of anthocyanidin and flavonoid compounds containing proanthocyanidin B1-4 in free form and esterified with garlic acid, catechin, epicatechin, cyanidin, quercetin, procyanidolic oligmers, malvidin, petunidin, rutin, epigallactocatechin gallate, dephinidin and naringenin.
		Cyanoxidant is a standardized fruit extract derived from bluberry, billberry, cherry, cranberry, elderberry, grape, raspberry, and strawberry.
	www.bayho.com /html/prods/892121.html (188 words)

	Herbal remedies - Bilberry berry anf leaf
		It is tempting to speculate that significant differences between the berry and the leaf of Bilberry in the spectrum of health beneficial ingredient have found their reflection in the prescriptions of traditional medicine.
		The anthocyanidin and ethyl acetate extracts of the four Vaccinium species were either inactive or relatively weak inhibitors of ODC activity.
		Method repeatability was tested by charting the total aglycon content of two samples over a period of 14 analyses and determining the coefficients of variation (1.41% for bilberry and 2.56% for in-house reference material).
	floraleads.net /bilberry (4492 words)

	Stuffo "Where does the color come from in purple cabbage?" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The anthocyanidin group (See the sidebar below for the molecule structure) controls the color of the pigment.
		Chemically, anthocyanins are made of a sugar molecule attached to a nonsugar part called anthocyanidin.
		The various anthocyanins differ from one another with respect to (1) the number and type of chemical groups, either hydroxyl groups (OH) or methoxy (OCH3) groups attached to the rings of the anthocyanidin and (2) to the sugar that forms the glycoside linkage (i.e.
	www.stuffo.com /question439.htm (371 words)

	The How and Why of Flower Color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		They are named for the flowers in which they were first found, such as the scarlet "pelargonidin" from the geranium or Pelargonium, the purple "petunidin" from the Petunia, or the blue-violet "delphinidin" from the Delphinium.
		It is these anthocyanidin pigments that biotechnologists are studying to change flower colors.
		Combine the anthocyanidin compounds with sugar in plants to produce the more common "anthocyanin" pigments responsible for our fall leaf colors, among other colors.
	pss.uvm.edu /ppp/articles/colors01.htm (553 words)

	UN-L Bioc321: Lab 11
		The 'in' ending of the work anthocyanin suggests that the molecule must have a sugar moiety usually attached by a glycoside linkage at one of three positions (3, 5, or 7).
		Removal of these sugar moieties from the molecule produces the aglycone core or an anthocyanidin molecule pictured in Figure 1.
		From your data, roughtly predict the time required to convert half of the anthocyanin to anthocyanidin.
	www-class.unl.edu /biochem/labs/student/exp11.htm (1546 words)

	Eye Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The standardized grade of bilberry (std to 25% anthocyanidin content) concentrates as part of the visual purple of the retina, helping to reduce free radical damage.
		Bilberry flavonoids (anthocyanidins) also reduce capillary fragility by improving collagen integrity and reduced capillary permeability.
		This is most important in cases where diabetic retinopathy is present and in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy, as indicated by its use in certain parts of Europe.
	www.nutra-education.com /html/eye_diseases.html (2698 words)

	EC 2.4.1.233 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In conjunction with EC 1.14.11.19, leucocyanidin oxygenase, it is involved in the conversion of leucoanthocyanidin into anthocyanidin 3-glucoside.
		It may act on the pseudobase precursor of the anthocyanidin rather than the anthocyanidin itself [3].
		Nakajima, J., Tanaka, Y., Yamazaki, M. and Saito, K. Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iubmb/enzyme/EC2/4/1/233.html (156 words)

	Does A2 encode a dioxygenase? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The resulting triol might be an unstable intermediate, which is spontaneously dehydrated, probably because the activation energy for the elimination of water is reduced by the generation of the aromatic system.
		Another possibility is that in addition to the A2 enzyme, a dehydratase is involved in the synthesis of anthocyanidin.
		Experiments are now on the way to unravel this last unknown step in anthocyanidin biosynthesis.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/65/81menssen.html (447 words)

	Molecular mechanism of anthocyanidin's on cell transformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To investigate the mechanism of anthocyanidins as an anti-cancer food source, six kinds of anthocyanidins representing the aglycons of most anthocyanins, were used to examine their effects on tumor promotion in mouse JB6 cells, a validated model for screening cancer chemopreventive agents and elucidating the molecular mechanisms.
		Of the six anthocyanins tested, only those with an ortho-dihydroxyphenyl structure on the B-ring suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell transformation and AP-1 transactivation, suggesting that the ortho-dihydroxyphenyl may contribute to the inhibitory action.
		Those results demonstrate that anthocyanidins contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis by blocking activation of the MAPK pathway.
	www.forum-one.org /new-2216707-4342.html (272 words)

	Colladeen Anthocyanidin Complex 60 Tablets A powerful antioxidant extract of grape seed and bilberry
		Colladeen Anthocyanidin Complex 60 Tablets A powerful antioxidant extract of grape seed and bilberry
		have used anthocyanidins (plant flavonoids) for centuries due to their
		is a rich source of anthocyanidins from extracts of grape seed and bilberry berries.
	www.goodhealthnaturally.com /products.cfm?PID=26 (186 words)

	Colour and stability of pure anthocyanins in aqueous solutions at high pH values (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		-values obtained at different pH values, the six common anthocyanidin 3-glucosides were divided into two groups based on their curve shapes.
		Thus, the substituent pattern of the anthocyanidin B-rings seems to have profound influence on the type of anthocyanidin equilibrium forms occurring in the alkaline region.
		A comparison between the colour intensity and stability of petanin and the anthocyanidin 3-monoglucosides revealed rather extensive differences.
	ecsoc2.hcc.ru /posters/DP_TOP3/dp126/dp126.htm (501 words)

	List of All Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It takes 100 pounds of bilberries to yield one pound of this superior extract.
		Bilberry Extract is standardized to contain 25% anthocyanidin flavonoids, its key compounds.
		This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
	supplements-fast.com /en-us/p_684.html (182 words)

	Curriculum Vitae: Deyu Xie
		De-Yu Xie 2003 BANYULS gene encodes an anthocyanidin reductase, a key enzyme for condensed tannin biosynthesis in plants.
		2003 BANYULS gene encodes an anthocyanidin reductase, a key enzyme for condensed tannin biosynthesis in plants.
		2003 Anthocyanidin reductase, a new enzyme encoded by the BANYULS gene associated with condensed tannin biosynthesis in plants.
	www.noble.org /PlantBio/Dixon/Personnel/Deyu_Xie.html (1022 words)

	Antocyaner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Almost 600 different anthocyanins have so far been identified.
		They all have a basic unit, the anthocyanidin, with one or more attached sugar units.
		The hydroxyls of the sugar unit(s) can be further substituted with aliphatic and/or aromatic acids.
	alfred.uib.no /people/nkjkt/Antocyan.htm (59 words)

	Is a Blue Daylily in Your Future?
		This time when you squeeze the expired flower, the liquid is intensely colored.
		The Anthocyanidin pigments include: pelargonidin (orange), cyanidin (Red), delphinidin (purple, blue), peonidin (red), and malvidin (purple, blue).
		They are not highly colored, but posess the characteristics that result in white, ivory and cream, and pale yellow.They influence the results of coloration which is produced by the anthocyanidins present.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/383/24989 (510 words)

	Re:Anthocyanidins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		> > - - Ivo Busko > Baltimore, MD > I actually didn't do all that well in organic chemistry so I hope the experts will jump on any mistakes I make here ;) Yes there are such things as anthocyanidins.
		An OH group is removed from the anthocyanidin to make the anthocyanin.
		This is also another reason I doubt they will be useful in an aquarium (unless of course you want to lower free radicals in your tank).
	fins.actwin.com /aquatic-plants/month.200004/msg00419.html (120 words)

	Kyanthanol 60 cap - CARDIO RESEARCH/ECOLOGICAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The anthocyanidins (Greek-anthos flower and Kyanos-blue) are the largest water-soluble group of natural pigments that form the deep red and blue colors of fruits, berries, and flowers.
		(High standard extract derived from Blueberry, Bilberry, Cherry, Cranberry, Elderberry,Grape, Raspberry and Strawberry-standardized at 12% anthocyanidins).
		Suggested Use: Take 1 or 2 capsules daily, or as directed by a health care professional.
	www.bayho.com /html/prods/846078.html (79 words)

	Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Plants: PURIFICATION OF LEGUME LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE AND MOLECULAR CLONING OF ...
		-hydroxylase, DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; LDOX, leucocyanidin dioxygenase (anthocyanidin synthase); BAN, BANYULS or anthocyanidin reductase; and LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase.
		with the LAR reaction, the anthocyanidin reductase activity
		conversion of anthocyanidin to epicatechin (4) and the TDS4
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/34/31647 (5731 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When researching PCO's, one will find a variety of names used to describe these bioflavonoids.
		Some of these names include proanthocyanidin, procyanidin, leucoanthocyanin, anthocyanidin, Oligomeric Procyanidolic Complexes (OPC), Procyanidolic Oligomers (PCO), Grape seed extract, and Pycnogenol.
		Other bioflavonoids, constituents which are active polyphenols, are also prevalent in our "full spectrum" extract which, when combined with proanthocyanidins, create a natural plant component that strengthens and protects living tissue.
	www.vitamin-planet.com /nutrition/grape_seed_extract.htm (442 words)

	Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Two cDNA Clones Encoding Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase from Medicago truncatula -- ...
		Biosynthetic relationship of DFR to anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins, catechins, and condensed tannins (CTs).
		A to C on the naringenin structure indicate the standard nomenclature assigned to the three flavonoid rings.
		After 3-O-glucosylation of anthocyanidins to form anthocyanins by GT, anthocyanins may be further modified, undergoing additional glycosylation, methylation, and acylation.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/3/979 (8413 words)

	The banylus gene encodes anthocyanidin reductase, a key enzyme for metabolic engineering of condensed tannins in ...
		The banylus gene encodes anthocyanidin reductase, a key enzyme for metabolic engineering of condensed tannins in plants.
		MtBAN and AtBAN were shown to encode a novel NADPH/ NADH-dependent anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) converting anthocyanidin into (-)-flavan-3-ol (Xie, D-Y et al.
		This observation explains the biosynthetic origin of (-)-epicatechin, and suggests a new approach for the engineering of CTs for reduction of pasture bloat and value added food enhancement.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2003/public/P36/0932.html (306 words)

	Holistic Nutrition for the Whole You (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Clinical studies in humans have demonstrated that all three are also capable of halting the progressive vision loss of a dry ARMD and possibly even improving visual function.
		Of the three extracts, bilberry extracts standardized to contain 25 percent anthocyanidins appear to be the most useful.
		Bilberry extract 25 percent anthocyanidin content): 40 o 80 m
	www.yourwholenutrition.com /readon.asp?id=213 (1784 words)

	Natural Elixir. Herb encyclopedia
		Bilberry has also proved efficacious for varicose veins.
		Dosage: Take 3 times a day either 20-40 milligrams anthocyanosides or 80-160 milligrams bilberry extract (25% anthocyanidin content).
		Usage: Goldenrod is beneficial in irrigation therapy for inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract (a condition called urinary calculus) and kidney stones.
	www.naturalelixir.com /herbs.html (1260 words)

	BLASTX+BEAUTY Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		(AB023787) anthocyanidin synthase [Ipomoea batatas] Length = 362 Frame 1 hits (HSPs): _____________________ __________________________________________________ Database sequence:
		(AB023786) anthocyanidin synthase [Ipomoea batatas] Length = 364 Frame 1 hits (HSPs): _____________________ __________________________________________________ Database sequence:
		>gi7433227pirT10722 anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.-) - clove pink (fragment) >gi1769592gbAAB39995.1
	psi081.ba.ars.usda.gov /microarray/Blast_deposit/B08G04.seq.blast2x_b.html (1380 words)

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