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Topic: Anthocyanin

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Anthocyanin pigments seem to help many pollinators to locate flowers that contain them, and in fruits, the colorful skins may be recognized by animals which will eat the fruits and disperse the seeds.
		While this is indeed the case for the carotenoids and xanthophylls (orange and yellow pigments), anthocyanins are not present until the leaf begins breaking down the chlorophyll, during which time the plant begins to synthesize the anthocyanin, presumably for photoprotection during nitrogen translocation.
		Anthocyanins are considered secondary metabolites and allowed as a food additive with E number 163.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=anthocyanin (1796 words)

	Redox relationships in the development of anthocyanin
		The higher iodine absorption of anthocyanin bearing tissue may be seen to be localized in free plasmal lipids, in lipid material localized in "mitochondrial" or lipoclastic bodies in the cell, and in lipids impregnating cellulose walls.
		In vitro preparations of anthocyanin extracts and unsaturated fat emulsions reveal that anthocyanin is a hydrogen acceptor and acts to dehydrogenate and oxidize the fat, and the anthocyanin becomes partially reduced and in some cases irreversibly reduced.
		It is generally true that anthocyanin bearing cells are epidermal, hypodermal or bundle sheath cells which have an excess of lipid material, and it is a general rule that cells low in lipids are lacking in anthocyanin.
	www.agron.missouri.edu /mnl/19/26VanFleet.htm (949 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Light-induced morphological alteration in anthocyanin-accumulating vacuoles of maize cells
		Less is known regarding the mechanisms by which the water-soluble anthocyanins are transported from their site of synthesis, the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum [5,6], to the vacuole, where they are usually sequestered [7].
		Several plant species store anthocyanins within vacuolar inclusions that have been loosely termed anthocyanoplasts which have been observed to start as vesicles in the cytoplasm and appear to be membrane bound [9,10].
		For the generation of the anthocyanidins from the corresponding anthocyanins, methanol extracts were hydrolyzed by the addition of an equal volume of 2 M HCL (37% v/v) and heated in a boiling water bath for 20 minutes.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2229/5/7 (6691 words)

	Anthocyanins : by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Anthocyanin research
		Anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins are a large water-soluble pigment group found in a large number of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
		When the CZE mobilities of the fifteen anthocyanins assigned here were plotted against their molecular weight/numbers of free phenolic group, it was found that separation of anthocyanins by CZE is primarily determined by the type of conjugated sugar present, and secondly by the aglycon structure.
		Anthocyanins, present in various fruits and vegetables as natural colorant, have been well characterized to be involved in various bioactive properties and are wildly used for their antioxidant properties.
	www.raysahelian.com /anthocyanins.html (3443 words)

	CPN Samples
		Environmental factors affecting anthocyanin production include light (intensity and wavelength, with blue and UV being most effective), temperature, water and carbohydrate levels, and the concentrations of the elements nitrogen, phosphorous and boron in the growth medium.
		Anthocyanin pigments are assembled from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: both starting from the C2 unit acetate (or acetic acid) derived from photosynthesis, one stream involves the shikimic acid pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine (Figure 1).
		Anthocyanin production was used as a visual marker in early studies of chemotaxonomy, which studies the relationships of organisms based on their biochemical constituents.
	www.carnivorousplants.org /cpn/samples/Science273anthocyanin.htm (916 words)

	CiteULike: cDNA cloning, gene expression and subcellular localization of anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase from ...
		Acylation of anthocyanins with hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives is one of the most important and less under-stood modification reactions during anthocyanin biosynthesis.
		Anthocyanin aromatic acyltransferase catalyses the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acid moieties from their CoA esters to the glycosyl groups of anthocyanins.
		A full-length cDNA encoding the anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase (5AT) (EC 2.3.1.153) that acylates the glucose bound at the 5-position of anthocyanidin 3,5-diglucoside was isolated from petals of Gentiana triflora on the basis of the amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jess_m/article/773678 (622 words)

	Research adds health benefit to tomatoes
		Myers and his OSU graduate students crossed a domestic tomato plant with a genetic stock of tomato that included a gene incorporated from a wild relative with anthocyanin-containing fruit and the Aft gene.
		The OSU researchers grew the seeds of their new cross of anthocyanin tomato fruit in the OSU research greenhouse for two generations, backcrossing them with the original parent types.
		Anthocyanins are the source of the blue, purple and red in berries, grapes and some other fruits and vegetables.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/osu-rah021904.php (610 words)

	Anthocyanin Antioxidants — Just The Faqs -- iSnare.com Articles
		Anthocyanins are formed from chemical raw materials in the plant, using the amino acid phenylalanine, or another chemical called malonyl coenzyme A. These two substrates join to form the base material for anthocyanins called “chalcones” that lead to the production of anthocyanins after a series of enzyme steps.
		In flowers, the colorful anthocyanins of petals attract pollinators whereas in fruits, like brightly colored berries, they reside in the skin to attract animals that eat the fruit and later disperse the seeds in their droppings.
		In berry research particularly, anthocyanins have been shown to possess strong antioxidant qualities that guard cells of the fruit pulp and seeds from reactive oxygen species (“free radicals”) formed during normal plant metabolism and exposure to ultraviolet light.
	www.isnare.com /?aid=105166&ca=Wellness%2C+Fitness+and+Diet (1469 words)

	Red leaf chemical: Anthocyanin - UBC Botanical Garden Forums
		Both Professors were looking not only at the activity of these anthocyanins but their building blocks and their related compounds and their relationships to the plant as a species.
		it is unlikely the anthocyanins alone are responsible for the suppression of the seelings.
		Anthocyanin (red, blue, purple, magenta) is, pretty much, always present in leaves throughout their life span, so to the carotene (yellow, orange, red), xanthophyll (yellow) etc...
	www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org /forums/showthread.php?t=10265 (1475 words)

	CiteULike: Anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora. Purification, characterization and its role ...
		Neither anthocyanidin 3-monoglucoside nor anthocyanins aromatically acylated at the 3-glucosyl moiety could be acylated by this enzyme.
		Other anthocyanins from the petals of G. triflora were isolated and their structures were determined by fast-atom-bombardment MS and NMR.
		The biosynthetic pathway of gentiodelphin, a diacylated anthocyanin accumulating in G. triflora petals, is proposed on the basis of these results.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jess_m/article/773675 (462 words)

	Re: What is the specific function of anthocyanin and xanthophyll in plants?
		A major function of anthocyanins is to provide color to most flowers and fruits.
		Anthocyanins are also thought help protect leaves from ultraviolet radiation but some botanists think that may not be true for all plant species.
		Anthocyanins are also thought to deter herbivores in some species.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov2001/1006647185.Bt.r.html (265 words)

	Ultraviolet-B-Responsive Anthocyanin Production in a Rice Cultivar Is Associated with a Specific Phase of Phenylalanine ...
		anthocyanin formation during a subsequent dark period with a peak at 24 h.
		Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa)
		Reduction of Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Inoculated Sorghum Mesocotyls.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/105/4/1059 (376 words)

	Anthocyanin- and Lycopene-Rich Purple Tomatoes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jones discovered that the purple tomato, unlike its red cousins, contained high levels of anthocyanins, a chemical found in dark fruit pigments such as blueberries and grapes that can act as an antioxidant.
		Ronald E. Wrolstad, from the Oregon State University, the anthocyanin pigments of Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) have long been used for improving visual acuity and treating circulatory disorders.
		Like anthocyanin, lycopene is a carotenoid that also act as an antioxidant.
	www.eatingfabulous.com /antocyanin-and-lycopene-rich-purple-tomatoes (457 words)

	Anthocyanin properties
		The reactivity of anthocyanins towards OH° was comparable to that of (+)-catechin used as reference substance, and was neither significantly affected by the aglycon structure nor by the conjugated sugar type.
		In addition the anthocyanin extract is reported to inhibit the K+ loss induced by free radicals in human erythrocytes as well as the cellular reactions induced by the oxidative compounds daunomycin and paraquat.
		Anthocyanins may facilitate the regeneration both of the cellular component of the vessel wall and of the perivascular tissues, due to their stimulating effect on mucopolysaccharides.
	www.mirtoselect.com /public/anthocyanins_properties.asp (1317 words)

	Anthocyanin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The anthocyanins themselves are subdivided into the sugar-free anthocyanidine aglycons and the anthocyanin glycosides.
		Anthocyanins are less abundant in banana, asparagus, pea, fennel, pear and potato.
		Anthocyanin pigments are assembled from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: both starting from the C2 unit acetate (or acetic acid) derived from photosynthesis, one stream involves the shikimic acid pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthocyanin (1137 words)

	Anthocyanin Summary
		Anthocyanins are a class of molecules pervasive in plants that are responsible for the showy bright purple, red, and blue colors of flowers and variegated leaves.
		In photosynthetic tissues (such as leaves), anthocyanins have been shown to act as a "sunscreen", protecting cells from photo-damage by absorbing UV and blue-green light during periods of high light stress (as occurs when plants are exposed to high light in combination with drought or cold temperatures).
		Anthocyanin pigments are assembled from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: both starting from the C2 unit acetate (or acetic acid) derived from photosynthesis, one stream involves the shikimic acid pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine.
	www.bookrags.com /Anthocyanin (1272 words)

	Anthocyanin Molecule -- Color Pigment
		Anthocyanins are plant pigments that reflects the red to blue range of the visible spectrum.
		Anthocyanins are the pigments that make blueberries blue, raspberries red, and are thought to play a major role in the high antioxidant activity levels observed in red and blue fruits and vegetables.
		Anthocyanins are also largely responsible for the red coloring of buds and young shoots and the purple and purple-red colors of autumn leaves.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /colors/anthocyanins.htm (209 words)

	Anthocyanin Molecule
		Anthocyanins are pigmented molecules that only occur in the cytoplasm of land plants but not in animals, microorganisms or waterplants.
		Plants with anthocyanin absorb stongly in the UV to attract insects for the purpose of pollination, or for carnivorous plants, to attract insects to their doom.
		The build-up of anthocyanin in plants is specific to the plant type, since it depends on the soil conditions, light, warmth and plant type and/or sort.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /antioxidants/anthocyanin.htm (698 words)

	Anthocyanins,Anthocyanin Pigments,Anthocyanin Color
		The word "anthocyanin" is derived from two Greek words, anthos (flower) and kyanos (blue) there are six types of anthocyanins all exhibiting different stability profile based on their structure, supporting compounds, process and chemicals used for extraction and food processing.
		Anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of many fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and flowers.
		Anthocyanins being natural colorant appear in the exempt from certification in the FDA list but permits restricted use.
	www.foodadditivesworld.com /anthocyanins.html (181 words)

	Pu
		Heat treatment favored degradation of anthocyanins, but a clear protective effect by milk constituents was evident comparing changes in pigment content and profiles in milk to in buffer solution.
		Monomeric anthocyanin degradation followed zero-order kinetics in skim milk and whole fat milk, and second-order kinetic in pH 6.8 buffer (control), with half-lives of 173, 223 and 44 min at 70°C. Anthocyanins were more resistant to heat in the presence of fat and protein, suggesting that complexation of anthocyanins and macromolecules protected pigments degradation.
		A protective effect of matrix constituents on the stability of anthocyanins at pH close to neutral was evident.
	class.fst.ohio-state.edu /fst85001/SQ2005/index_files/Page1299.htm (350 words)

	Expression of anthocyanin pigmentation in wheat tissues transformed with anthocyanin regulatory genes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anthocyanin pigmented cells were visible for up to a week, with maximum intensity on the 2nd and 3rd day post-bombardment.
		But, anthocyanin pigmented cells could not be tracked after 16 days of growth, as the growth of these foci was overwhelmed by the growth of non-pigmented cells, suggesting a strong growth disadvantage for pigmented cells.
		Regenerated anthocyanin pigmented shoots could not be maintained without the cross-feeding support of numerous green shoots, some of which contained the anthocyanin transgenes but in which pigmentation might have been suppressed.
	www.iisc.ernet.in /~currsci/may25/articles27.htm (2972 words)

	Expression of anthocyanin pigmentation in wheat tissues transformed with anthocyanin regulatory genes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Anthocyanin pigmented cells were visible for up to a week, with maximum intensity on the 2nd and 3rd day post-bombardment.
		But, anthocyanin pigmented cells could not be tracked after 16 days of growth, as the growth of these foci was overwhelmed by the growth of non-pigmented cells, suggesting a strong growth disadvantage for pigmented cells.
		Regenerated anthocyanin pigmented shoots could not be maintained without the cross-feeding support of numerous green shoots, some of which contained the anthocyanin transgenes but in which pigmentation might have been suppressed.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/may25/articles27.htm (2972 words)

	[No title]
		Anthocyanins are members of a class of nearly universal, water-soluble, terrestrial plant pigments that can be classified chemically as both flavonoid and phenolic.
		Anthocyanins apparently play a major role in two very different plant processes: for one, attracting insects for the purpose of pollination.
		Anthocyanins are not a biochemical dead end but rather a dynamic signalling device that can be switched on when needed by the plant to assist in pollination.
	www.charlies-web.com /specialtopics/anthocyanin.html (1017 words)

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