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Topic: Anthony Hewish

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	How were pulsars discovered?
		Anthony Hewish was working on a method for identifying quasars through a discovery in the mid 1960s that quasars scintillate (fluctuate in detected intensity of their radio emissions) more than less compact radio sources.
		Hewish believed them to be man-made, as with a gap of just 3 seconds the pulses seemed too close to be natural.
		Anthony Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for the discovery of pulsars, along with Martin Ryle (also of Cambridge) for his work with radiotelescopes and particularly aperture synthesis.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae500.cfm (587 words)

	Antony Hewish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hewish made both practical and theoretical advances in the observation and exploitation of the apparent scintillations of radio sources due to their radiation impinging upon plasma.
		The Nobel award to Ryle and Hewish without the inclusion of Bell as a co-recipient was controversial, and was roundly condemned by Hewish's fellow astronomer Fred Hoyle.
		Hewish was professor of radio astronomy at the Cavendish Laboratory from 1971 to 1989, and head of the MRAO from 1982 to 1988.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthony_Hewish (401 words)

	Antony Hewish Summary
		Antony Hewish (born Fowey, Cornwall, May 11, 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in the discovery of pulsars.
		Hewish made both practical and theoretical advances in the observation and exploitation of the apparent scintillations of radio sources due to their radiation impinging upon plasma.
		Hewish was professor of radio astronomy at the Cavendish Laboratory from 1971 to 1989, and head of the MRAO from 1982 to 1988.
	www.bookrags.com /Antony_Hewish (973 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		Anthony Hewish was born on May 11, 1924, in Fowey, Cornwall.
		In particular, Hewish examined the fluctuation in such sources of the intensity of the radiation (the scintillation) resulting from disturbances in ionized gas in the Earth's atmosphere, within the solar system, and in interstellar space.
		In 1947 Hewish and Martin Ryle were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research into the radio scintillation that resulted in the discovery of pulsars.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/hewish.htm (597 words)

	Cats in Space: Notable Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hewish and his research assistants built an enormous radio telescope to study quasars.
		She and Hewish ruled out orbiting satellites, French television signals, radar, finally even "little green men." Looking back at some papers in theoretical physics, they determined that these signal must come from rapidly spinning, super-dense, collapsed stars.
		She did not share the Nobel Prize awarded to Hewish for the discovery of pulsars, but received many other medals and awards from American and British scientific bodies.
	catsinspace.com /notable/note19.shtml (312 words)

	ScienceWeek
		ON PULSARS Priority for the discovery of pulsars went to Anthony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell, Cambridge radio astronomers, whose discovery of "pulsars" constituted one of the most remarkable pieces of serendipity in modern science.
		Hewish built a special instrument with an important special feature: it was sensitive enough to record rapid changes in the intensity of the radiation from distant sources.
		The Bell discovery was made while Bell, Hewish, and Ryle were at Cambridge University (UK), and the astronomer Martin Rees, who was of the faculty at Cambridge at that time, writes of Jocelyn Bell as follows: "Jocelyn Bell received less than her fair share of credit for the discovery of pulsars.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030530.htm (11623 words)

	Antony Hewish - TheBestLinks.com - Anthony Hewish, Cornwall, Fred Hoyle, May 11, ...
		Antony Hewish - TheBestLinks.com - Anthony Hewish, Cornwall, Fred Hoyle, May 11,...
		Anthony Hewish, Antony Hewish, Cornwall, Fred Hoyle, May 11, Plasma, Pulsar...
		Antony Hewish (born Fowey, Cornwall, May 11, 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for his role in the discovery of pulsars.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Anthony_Hewish.html (254 words)

	Bell Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn (1943-)
		A British observational astronomer known for her discovery of pulsars, for which her graduate advisor, Anthony Hewish, won the 1974 Nobel Prize (with Martin Ryle).
		Born in Belfast (her father was architect of the Armagh Observatory) and educated at York, Glasgow, and Cambridge, Bell (later Burnell) used a radio telescope at Cambridge that she helped build to detect a rapid set of pulses occurring at regular intervals.
		Although Burnell shared the prestigious Michelson Award with Hewish in 1973, the Nobel Committee did not acknowledge her role in the discovery of pulsars when it awarded Ryle and Hewish the 1974 Nobel prize in physics “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/Bell_Burnell.html (298 words)

	[No title]
		She remembered seeing the same signal earlier and, by measuring the period of its recurrence, determined that it had to be coming from an extraterrestrial source.
		After discarding the idea that the signals were coming fr om an extraterrestrial intelligence, Hewish, Bell, and three other people involved in the project published a paper announcing the discovery, which was given the name "pulsar" by a British science reporter.
		Many argued that Bell should have shared the Nobel Prize awarded to Hewish for the discovery, saying that her recognition of the signal was the crucial act of discovery.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/obas/contents/authorship.html (993 words)

	Cornell News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The lecture by Hewish, professor emeritus of radio astronomy at the University of Cambridge, England, begins the symposium.
		Hewish, a Fellow of the Royal Society, is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
		In 1968, Hewish identified pulsars and Gold, a Cornell astronomer, suggested that they were rotating neutron stars that emit brief, sharp pulses of radio waves.
	www.news.cornell.edu /general/PRESS92/PR09219201.html (259 words)

	[No title]
		The first pulsar was discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell, Anthony Hewish and collaborators at Cambridge University.
		Bell's group was in the process of observing quasars, or distant, extremely bright galaxies whose source of energy to this day remains a bit of a mystery.
		Its regularity lead Bell and Hewish to first conjecture that the source was artificial, but after a careful search, they ruled out such a possiblity and concluded that the pulses were astronomical in origin.
	keck.ucsf.edu /~surya/pulsar.txt (894 words)

	Supernovae Remnants and Gamma Ray Bursts
		Pulsars were an experimental discovery made in 1968 by Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish.
		This and additional discoveries convinced Bell and Hewish that the signals were not from distant life sources but emission from the neutron stars.
		Hewish and Bell published their results in Nature, which created immense interest.
	www.faculty.iu-bremen.de /course/fall02/GeneralGeoAstro1/students/Supernovae/aryani/pulsar.html (638 words)

	Neutron Stars and Pulsars - Astrophysics - Emc2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Radio astronomy also played a key role in the discovery of a new type of object, the pulsars, which were found by Anthony Hewish (b.
		The first one discovered had a period of 1.33 seconds; soon afterwards, the Crab pulsar was found with a period of only 0.033 seconds.
		Hewish received the 1974 Nobel Prize in physics for this work.
	www.eequalsmcsquared.auckland.ac.nz /sites/index.cfm?D00FA9D3-B349-7A40-5A75-5A70C4C5B8F5 (344 words)

	Who Discovered Pulsars? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		33 years ago, in 1967, while studying stars at the Cambridge Observatory with a radio telescope, Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish stumbled upon something in space emitting quick pulses of radio waves.
		Later, she married and became a professor of physics at the Open University.
		Anthony Hewish, born in Cornwall, England, was the youngest of 3 boys.
	members.shaw.ca /pulsars/who.htm (260 words)

	Cambridge Physics - Discovery of Pulsars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Antony Hewish at the Cavendish Laboratory hoped that interstellar scintillation could be used to find quasars.
		By looking for the twinkling radio sources, Hewish hoped to pick out lots of quasars.
		Hewish designed a large radio telescope to detect the interplanetary scintillation.
	www.phy.cam.ac.uk /camphy/pulsars/pulsars2_1.htm (164 words)

	Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Bell, Susan Jocelyn [name following her marriage Burnell, or ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		She studied at Glasgow and Cambridge, where in 1967 she was a research student working with ANTHONY HEWISH on a radioastronomy project on interplanetary scintillation.
		She noticed an unusually regular signal, shown to be bursts of radio energy at a constant interval of just over a second—the first pulsar.
		Hewish was awarded the Nobel prize for this discove...
	eaa.iop.org /index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/5387@eaa-xml (102 words)

	Astronomer Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars, not aliens
		Burnell was working with advisor Anthony Hewish at the time of the discovery.
		She and other graduate students were responsible for constructing a large radio telescope to detect exotic radio signal sources called quasars.
		In 1968, Hewish, Burnell and others published a paper suggesting these signals came from rapidly spinning objects left over from the massive explosion of stars.
	www.post-gazette.com /magazine/20000328kids9.asp (242 words)

	Jocelyn Bell Burnell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		She began her road to discovery while attending Cambridge University, England working on her Ph.D. As a research student under the supervision of her staff advisor Anthony Hewish, Jocelyn began work on a radio astronomy project designed to study the interplanetary scintillation (twinkling) of compact radio waves.
		The impact of the discovery on the astronomical community at the time was enormous and within a few weeks other similar projects were engaged and eventually other discoveries of pulsars were made.
		In 1974 Jocelyn’s advisor at Cambridge, Anthony Hewish, and Sir Martin Ryle also from Cambridge were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with Hewish honored for the discovery of pulsars.
	www.ceemast.csupomona.edu /nova/burn.html (1525 words)

	Radio History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The horn shape was used because the field of view remains unobstructed allowing for a precise measurement of the effective collecting area of the antenna.
		Bell-Burnell and Hewish were working at what is now called the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Observatory at Cambridge, England.
		Anthony Hewish and Martin Ryle won the Nobel prize for this discovery in 1974.
	web.haystack.mit.edu /education/radiohist.html (772 words)

	Assignment 3: Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A much-discussed example of the difficulties associated with allocating credit between junior and senior researchers was the 1967 discovery by Jocelyn Bell, then a 24-year-old graduate student, of pulsars.
		Over the previous two years, Bell and several other students, under the supervision of Bell's thesis advisor, Anthony Hewish, had built a 4.5-acre radiotelescope to investigate scintillating radio sources in the sky.
		After discarding the idea that the signals were coming from an extraterrestrial intelligence, Hewish, Bell, and three other people involved in the project published a paper announcing the discovery, which was given the name "pulsar" by a British science reporter.
	www.cse.ucsc.edu /classes/cmp200/Fall01/hw3.html (595 words)

	Pulsars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Instead, Bell and Hewish found something new and different; they had dicovered pulsars.
		A pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star which is formed when a supergiant star (at least 6 to 10 times the size of our sun) collapses, susally in a supernova.
		Although they both shared many different awards, such as the Michelson Award, only Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975.
	www.sjmv.org /Campus/Class/scinventors/pulsars/Pulsars.html (427 words)

	l7S2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Some scientists boldly predicted the existence of neutron stars and said where to look; others considered the idea simply too wild to take seriously; some overlooked clues that were right under their noses.
		Neutron stars were finally discovered -- as radio pulsars -- but Anthony Hewish, who received the Nobel Prize for their discovery, was not looking for them and he had a hard time believing that the signals were real.
		Thirty years later, astronomers observed the X-ray image of the Crab Nebula and found that it had the same shape as the radio image, proving that the pulsar and the nebula radiated X-rays as well as radio emission (see the Multiwavelength Crab Nebula).
	learn.tsinghua.edu.cn /homepage/2003990059/text/c17_blackhole/l7S2.htm (1400 words)

	Who discovered the first pulsar?
		At the time, she was a graduate student at Cambridge University.
		Anthony Hewish, to make radio observations of the Universe.
		Bell and Hewish had no idea what the signals were that they detected, so they were dubbed little green men (LGM) as a reference to extraterrestrial life.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/questions/question45.html (158 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Noone discussed the research being done to locate the spot in the universe where the Grand Gallery is pointed.
		"In the late 1960's Dr. Anthony Hewish, 1974 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics, was working at England's Mulard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
		Hewish began to track a mysterious rhythmic series of pulses, clearly from a point in the earth's southern sky."
	www.cyberspaceorbit.com /starbookn.html (483 words)

	Pulsars : National Maritime Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pulsars were discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish at the radio astronomy observatory (now the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Observatory) at Cambridge.
		Pulsar radio emission is very distinctive, a uniform series of pulses, spaced with great precision at periods of between a few milliseconds and several seconds.
		Typically a pulsar rotation rate slows down by one part in 10 million each year: the Crab Pulsar, which is the youngest and most energetic known, slows by one part in two thousand each year.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /server?show=conWebDoc.301&viewPage=2&outputFormat=print (333 words)

	Sea and Sky: Pulsars
		In 1967, at the Cambridge Observatory, Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish were studying the stars when they stumbled on something quite extraordinary.
		It was a star-like object that seemed to be emitting quick pulses of radio waves.
		Some recently discovered pulsars, such as PSR 1257+12, are believed to have planets orbiting them.
	www.seasky.org /cosmic/sky7a08.html (927 words)

	Big Bertha Thing White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, And Black Holes
		Bell's academic advisor, Anthony Hewish, wrote a careful analysis of pulsars.
		Hewish later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
		Once astronomers knew what to look for, they studied the Crab Nebula again and found a pulsar at its center, emitting bursts of radio energy at a rate of about 30 times per second.
	www.geocities.com /tonylance/dwarf.html (6457 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Since volume depends on the cube of the diameter and density on volume, this means the ball of matter is some 10e5 times as dense as the Sun.
		This theoretical prediction was confirmed by Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish when they discovered pulsars in 1967.
		They were observing sources of highly regular radio pulses, with periods of 220 msec to about a second.
	www.toadstool.demon.co.uk /space/heaven.htm (436 words)

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