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Topic: Anthracosauria

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	Eryops
		The labyrinthodonts are divided into the Temnospondyli and the Anthracosauria, the main difference between the two groups being their respective vertebral structures.
		The Anthracosauria had small pleurocentra which grew and fused, becoming the true centrum in vertebrates higher than themselves.
		It was the sister group Anthracosauria which gave rise to the reptiles.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/e/er/eryops.html (3349 words)

	Tetrapod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The labyrinthodonts are divided into the Temnospondyli and the Anthracosauria, the main difference between the two groups being their respective vertebral structures.
		The Anthracosauria had small pleurocentra, which grew and fused, becoming the true centrum in later vertebrates.
		It was the sister group Anthracosauria that gave rise to the reptiles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetrapod (4730 words)

	Anthracosauria - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Anthracosauria refers to a group of extinct reptile-like, amphibian-like tetrapods that flourished during the Carboniferous and early Permian periods, although precisely which species are included depends on one's definition of the taxon.
		As originally defined by Säve-Söderbergh in 1934, the anthracosaurs, are a group of usually large aquatic Amphibia from the Carboniferous and lower Permian.
		The name "Anthracosauria" is Greek ('coal lizards'), because many of its fossils were found in the Coal Measures.
	www.palaeos.org /Anthracosauria (338 words)

	Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie – Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 5A: Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria)
		The anthracosaurs, using the term in its original sense, are a group of usually large aquatic Amphibia from the Carboniferous and lower Permian.
		Nevertheless the Anthracosauria and Seymouriamorpha are normally grouped together as a major taxon, distinct from all other labyrinthodonts, termed by ROMER (1947, 1966) the Anthrocosauria (s.l.).
		Some of the features shared by the anthracosaurs and the seymouriamorphs are also characteristic of early reptiles and for this reason the anthracosaurs have long attracted attention as potential reptile ancestors, while the known seymouriamorphs have been regarded as relict intermediate forms.
	www.pfeil-verlag.de /07pala/eh5ad.html (511 words)

	Reptiles General (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The first true land tetrapods, very probably stemming from a group of amphibious Labyrinthodontia (Anthracosauria), appeared on earth more than 300 million years ago, in the early Upper Carboniferous period, and originated a new class of vertebrates, the reptiles.
		Thanks to the amniotic egg, pulmonary respiration, and strengthening of the skeleton and integument, representatives of the ancestral stock of reptiles broke free, in large measure, from the liquid element and quite soon conquered almost all the avaliable habitats to be found on dry land.
		From these primitive reptiles, still closely related to the Anthracosauria, two major branches stemmed during the Early Carboniferous : The Anapsida (reptiles with closed skulls) including the stem reptiles of the order Cotylosauria, and the Synapsida (reptiles with a single temporal opening in the skull), which were the progenitors of the mammals.
	www.d64.org /Emerson/simmonstech/maciekp/reptiles_general.htm (1371 words)

	Advanced Clades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One subset of Tetrapoda is Anthracosauria, pentadactyl post-aquatic 'terrestrial' tetrapods.
		One subset of Anthracosauria is Amniota, dry-skinned digited tetrapods which developed in amniotic fluid, and which have keratinized digits, (claws, fingernails, hooves).
		Anthracosauria included some still very amphibian-like things as well as cotylosaurs, or "stem reptiles", which were the earliest amniotes known.
	home.comcast.net /~aronra/Clades2.html (6097 words)

	Amazon.com: Anthracosauria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		embolomere Pholiderpeton scutigerum Huxley (Amphibia: Anthracosauria) and otic evolution in early...
		They are the Anthracosauria and the Seymouriamorpha; and the...
		amphibians of the group of Anthracosauria from the Lower Carboniferous.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Anthracosauria&tag=tabularasa0f&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (989 words)

	symposiumParis
		I propose to define Anthracosauria Säve-Söderbergh 1934 (converted clade name) as the largest clade that includes Anthracosaurus russelli but neither Homo sapiens nor Ascaphus truei.
		Thus defined, the contents of Anthracosauria can expand to include seymouriamorphs if they form a clade with embolomeres that excludes lissamphibians and amniotes.
		Anthracosauria: Clade (Anthracosaurus russelli not Homo sapiens and Ascaphus truei)
	www.biol.ucl.ac.be /socbota/symposiumparis.htm (2477 words)

	BZN 58(4) General Articles & Nomenclatural Notes
		According to PhyloCode Article 11.8, when a clade name is a converted name derived from the stem of a genus name, the definition of the clade name must use the type species of the genus name as an internal specifier.
		The name `Anthracosauria' is derived from the stem of the genus name Anthracosaurus; therefore, if `Anthracosauria' is to be converted under the PhyloCode by defining it phylogenetically, Article 11.8 requires that Anthracosaurus russelli (the type species of Anthracosaurus) be used as an internal specifier.
		Consequently, the clade Anthracosauria would have to include Anthracosaurus regardless of the hypothesized phylogeny, since internal specifiers are, by definition, members of the clades whose names they are used to define.
	www.iczn.org /BZNDec2001general_articles.htm (9346 words)

	New tetrapod trackway! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Stride length and pace angulation can not be determined accurately from the preserved block.
		The trackmaker was approximately 0.6 m long and is of unknown tetrapod affinity, but preliminary candidates include Anthracosauria, as well as early anapsid and diapsid reptiles.
		Renewed efforts, now underway, to locate in situ specimens may aid in identification of the tracks and their origin.
	www.uky.edu /OtherOrgs/KPS/pages/tetrapod.html (311 words)

	Two hundred eighty million years ago marked the beginning of the...
		The labyrinthodonts are divided into the Temnospondyli Temnospondyli and the Anthracosauria Anthracosauria, the main difference between the two groups being their respective vertebral structures.
		The Anthracosauria had small pleurocentra pleurocentra which grew and fused, becoming the true centrum centrum in vertebrates higher than themselves.
		Although the temnospondyls flourished in many forms in the Late Palaeozoic Palaeozoic and Triassic Triassic, they were an entirely self-contained group and did not give rise to any later tetrapod groups.
	www.biodatabase.de /Eryops (3652 words)

	The Evolution of Long Bone Microstructure and Lifestyle in Lissamphibians - Science - RedOrbit
		Another factor contributing to our difficulty in inferring stegocephalian lifestyles is that the closest extant taxa of many early stegocephalians are very large clades that include fully aquatic to fully terrestrial taxa.
		For instance, depending on which phylogeny is used, the extant clade most closely related to Embolomeri (or Anthracosauria) is either Tetrapoda (Laurin 1998) or Amniota (Ruta et al.
		The parsimony criterion cannot be used to infer the lifestyle of such taxa because the ancestral lifestyle of Tetrapoda is uncertain.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=101557 (9232 words)

	Anthracosaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These large eel-like predators flourished during the lower Carboniferous to the Permian, but never survived the Permian mass extinctions.
		The Anthracosauria are believed to be the ancestors of reptiles, but at this point an absolute "missing link" has yet to be found.
		The families Seymouriamorpha and Gephryostegida are considered to be very close, just a step or two down the evolutionary ladder from this hypothetical ancestor.
	www.keltationsart.com /Anthracosaur.htm (236 words)

	PhyloCode Discussion - Message 2000-10-0001: Benton's paper
		The casea of Mammalia and Anthracosauria both show this.
		It was even amusing to see how some authors had used two or three different concepts of the name Mammalia.
		The case of Anthracosauria is less well known, but I have discussed it recently (Laurin, 1998).
	phylocode.miketaylor.org.uk /archive/messages/2000-10-0001.html (869 words)

	Amphibians
		Their skulls had many bones, as did those of their presumed crossopterygian ancestor.
		The Anthracosauria are thought to be the ancestors of reptiles and hence of modern birds and mammals.
		The Temnospondyli are thought by some scientists to be the ancestors of the modern frogs.
	www.webspawner.com /users/petcentralamphibians (2008 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The name Stegocephali formerly included all the earliest limbed vertebrates, but was paraphyletic before it was given a phylogenetic definition in the late 1990s.
		I propose to define Anthracosauria Sve-Sderbergh 1934 (converted clade name) as the largest clade that includes Anthracosaurus russelli but neither Homo sapiens nor Ascaphus truei.
		Thus defined, the contents of Anthracosauria can expand to include seymouriamorphs if they form a clade with embolomeres that excludes lissamphibians and amniotes.
	www.ohiou.edu /phylocode/PN_meeting_Second_circular.doc (2628 words)

	NHBS - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 5B: Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida - Chronlosuchida - ...
		NHBS - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 5B: Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida - Chronlosuchida - Carroll, Kuhn and Tatarinov
		Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 5B: Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida - Chronlosuchida
		If you are involved in a scientific, conservation or environmental organisation and would like to be listed, please see our NHBS-Xchange information page.
	www.nhbs.com /title.php?tefno=97324 (70 words)

	Herpetology: Phylogeny and Tetrapods
		In the following phylogenetic arrangement, the tree can be recovered directly from this indented list.
		Tetrapoda (Osteolepida) Amphibia (Temnospondyli) Gymnophiona (Apoda) Batrachia (Paratoidea) Caudata (Urodela) Anura (Salientia) Amniota (Anthracosauria) Mammalia (Synapsida) Reptilia (Sauropsida) Chelonia (Anapsida) Sauria (Diapsida) Lepidosauria (Lepidosauromorpha) Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia) Squamata (Lacertilia) [including lizards] Ophidia (Serpentes) incertae sedis Amphisbaenia (Unnamed) incertae sedis Archosauria (Archosauromorpha) Crocodylia (Pseudosuchia) Aves (Ornithosuchia)
		Download this figure as an Adobe Acrobat file (.pdf).
	www.zo.utexas.edu /courses/herpetology/tetrapods/tetrapods.html (1612 words)

	Bibliography
		BOYD, M. Catalogue of the Carboniferous amphibians in the Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne.
		Pholiderpeton scutigerum Huxley, an amphibian from the Yorkshire Coal Measures.
		Two new specimens of Anthracosaurus (Amphibia: Anthracosauria) from the Northumberland Coal Measures.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /hancock/publications/vertebrate/biblio.htm (1205 words)

	Herpetology: amniotes, turtles, crocs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Anthracosauria is the stem-taxon coordinate to the Temnospondyli; thus living reptiles (including birds) and mammals are anthracosaurs.
		These early anthracosaurs are known from the mid-Mississippian to the end of the Permian.
		Last updated 10 Feb 1997 by David Cannatella
	cluster3.biosci.utexas.edu /courses/herpetology/turtlecroc/turtlecroc.html (572 words)

	Herpetology: Phylogeny and Tetrapods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the following phylogenetic arrangement, the tree can be recovered directly from this indented list.
		Tetrapoda (Osteolepida) Amphibia (Temnospondyli) Gymnophiona (Apoda) Batrachia (Paratoidea) Caudata (Urodela) Anura (Salientia) Amniota (Anthracosauria) Mammalia (Synapsida) Reptilia (Sauropsida) Chelonia (Anapsida) Sauria (Diapsida) Lepidosauria (Lepidosauromorpha) Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia) Squamata (Lacertilia) [including lizards] Ophidia (Serpentes) incertae sedis Amphisbaenia (Unnamed) incertae sedis Archosauria (Archosauromorpha) Crocodylia (Pseudosuchia) Aves (Ornithosuchia)
		Download this figure as an Adobe Acrobat file (.pdf).
	cluster3.biosci.utexas.edu /courses/herpetology/tetrapods/tetrapods.html (1612 words)

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