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Topic: Anthracothere

	2005 Press Releases, Speeches and Statements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pig-like anthracotheres, which blossomed over 40 million years into at least 37 distinct genera (a group of species with similar characteristics), died out less than 2.5 million years ago and left only one descendent, the hippopotamus.
		Boisserie and his colleagues conducted a phylogenetic analysis of new and previous hippo, whale and anthracothere fossils and were able to argue persuasively that anthracotheres are the missing link between hippos and cetaceans.
		And while many anthracotheres appear to have been adapted to life in water, all of the youngest fossils of anthracotheres, hippos and cetaceans are aquatic or semi-aquatic.
	www.usembassy-china.org.cn /press/release/2005/012705sci.html (1258 words)

	William P. Wall and Michael J. Shikany
		The inferior molars are of the typical selenodont pattern, however, the superior molars differ, resembling those of the anthracothere possessing high cusps, and an anterior cingulum (Zittel, 1925), with deeply concave external crescents which are rounded (Wortman, 1895).
		Significant cranial differences between the three families are revealed by the distortion grids (Figure 2) The anthracothere skull shows a greater resemblance to the agriochoere skull than it does to the oreodont.
		The anthracothere adductor mass was 50% masseter, 40% temporalis, 10% pterygoideus, for the agriochoere 55% masseter, 35% temporalis, 10% pterygoideus, and for oreodonts 60% masseter, 30% temporalis, 10% pterygoideus.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/paleontology/pub/grd2/gsa06.htm (3815 words)

	afrol News - French-Chadian funded scientists reveal origin of hippos
		All this was thrown into disarray in 1985 when UC Berkeley's Vincent Sarich, a pioneer of the field of molecular evolution, analysed blood proteins and saw a close relationship between hippos and whales.
		Mr Boisserie and his colleagues conducted a phylogenetic analysis of new and previous hippo, whale and anthracothere fossils and were able to argue persuasively that anthracotheres are the missing link between hippos and cetaceans.
		"And while many anthracotheres appear to have been adapted to life in water, all of the youngest fossils of anthracotheres, hippos and cetaceans are aquatic or semi-aquatic," Mr Boisserie added.
	www.afrol.com /articles/15585 (944 words)

	Road Runner: 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The lower jaw of an anthracothere, wedged up against the bank of the ancient river.
		Anthracotheres were bizarre hippo/pig-like creatures that are fairly common in this 20 million-year-old river deposit.
		A block of associated anthracothere bones ready for jacketing.
	www.museum.unl.edu /research/vertpaleo/Wildcat%20Hills%20Fossils.htm (159 words)

	Scientists find hippo, whale link: 1/ 30/ 2005
		But precisely what sort of critter that last common ancestor of whales and early anthracotheres might have been remains unclear.
		Since both hippos and many anthracotheres were semi-aquatic, Boisserie surmised, "probably this common ancestor of all of them -- this ancestor we don't know because we haven't found it yet -- also related with water, and I would say was probably semi-aquatic."
		If they're right, the hippos' closest anthracothere ancestors apparently evolved to exploit a riverine environment which hippos eventually shared with the first humans in Africa.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/01-05/01-30-05/b03wn353.htm (455 words)

	Science News Daily
		In doing so, the finding reconciles the fossil record with the 20-year-old claim that molecular evidence points to the whale as the closest relative of the hippo.
		Image: The family tree of modern whales and their first cousin, the hippopotamus, showing how the now-extinct anthracotheres are the link between their distant ancestors.
		The origin of hippos has been debated vociferously for nearly 200 years, ever since the animals were rediscovered by pioneering French paleontologist Georges Cuvier and others.
	www.sciencenewsdaily.org /story-2806.html (1041 words)

	People's Daily Online -- US researchers find kindred between whale and hippo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Whales don't look anything like hippos, because there is a 40-million-year gap between fossils of early cetaceans and early hippos, Jean-Renaud Boisserie, post-doctoral fellow at UC Berkeley who led the research, said in the paper.
		The pig-like anthracotheres, which blossomed over a 40-million-year period into at least 37 distinct genera on all continents except Oceania and South America, died out less than 2.5 million years ago, leaving only one descendent, the hippo.
		While the common ancestor of cetaceans and anthracotheres probably wasn't fully aquatic, it likely lived around water, scientists said in the paper.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200501/25/eng20050125_171840.html (475 words)

	Ancient Animal Is Ancestor to Whales and Hippos, Scientists Say - National Zoo\| FONZ
		An international team of scientists has proposed they share a common water-loving terrestrial ancestor, which lived 50 to 60 million years ago and evolved into two groups: early cetaceans, which became completely aquatic, and a large group of pig-like terrestrial animals called anthracotheres, whose only surviving descendent is the hippopotamus.
		Countering the assumption that hippos and pigs are cousins—which was based largely on similarities between their molars—molecular studies in recent years indicated that hippos have more in common with cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins).
		This recent study of hippo, whale, and anthracothere fossils supported the molecular evidence and led to the conclusion that whales belong to the group of even-toed ungulates known as Artiodactyla, which includes sheep, antelopes, giraffes, and most other large land mammals.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Animals/AfricanSavanna/News/hipposandwhales.cfm (293 words)

	Unlikely Cousins: Whales and Hippos
		To complicate matters, there is a 40-million-year gap between fossils of early cetaceans and early hippos.
		The pig-like anthracotheres, which developed at least 37 distinct genera, died out less than 2.5 million years ago, leaving only one line: the hippopotamus.
		Boisserie's team analyzed new and previous hippo, whale and anthracothere fossils to pin down anthracotheres as the missing link between hippos and cetaceans, they say.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/050125_hippo_whale.html (369 words)

	IOL: Scientists link hippos to whales
		Jean-Renaud Boisserie, of the University of California's Human Evolution Research Centre, at Berkeley, with colleagues in France and Chad, argue that skull features quickly eliminated pigs and peccaries as the hippos' closest kin.
		Since both hippos and many anthracotheres were semi-aquatic, Boisserie surmised, "probably this common ancestor of all of them - this ancestor we don't know because we haven't found it yet - also rela-ted with water, and I would say was probably semi-aquatic."
		If they're right, the hippos' closest anthracothere ancestors apparently evolved to ex-ploit a riverine environment which hippos eventually shared with the first humans in Africa.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=1&click_id=143&art_id=vn20050204123232180C552313 (557 words)

	Hippos and Whales All in the Family, Report Finds - The Daily Californian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		What they found was an ancient ancestor of the hippo, called an anthracothere, which is related to early whales.
		In the millions of years since their appearance, anthracotheres developed into a number of different species.
		Then, about 2.5 million years ago, anthracotheres died out, leaving only the hippopotamus.
	www.dailycal.org /article.php?id=17381 (586 words)

	Explore Myanmar .com - Shan Yoma Travel & Tours Co, Ltd from Myanmar (formerly Burma) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		New familial affinities have been identified for rarer elements in the fauna: Pondaungia has been recognized as an adapid primate; a helohyid has emerged from the previously-described artiodactyl fauna; and Indomeryx is recognized as a primitive gelocid artiodactyl.
		An additional new species of anthracothere, close to Anthracokeryx birmanicus, has also been identified.
		Comparisons with the Bose Basin fauna show that there is neither specific nor generic continuity between the two faunas, and the Pondaung fauna cannot be used to aid in the dating of the Chinese fauna.
	www.myanmartouroperator.com /earliest_primate.htm (813 words)

	Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan -- Gingerich et al. 293 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Digit III almost certainly had a similar distal phalanx, only larger, and all three central digits of the hand appear to have borne hooves in life.
		Inference of hooves is based on comparison to distal phalanges of primitive artiodactyls of similar size [anthracotheres, and oreodonts, (5)], which are not like the trihedral and pointed unguals of most living artiodactyls.
		Distal phalanges preserved on digit I of the hand (and inferred for digit V) and preserved on digits II and III (and inferred for IV and V) of the foot are longer compared to the breadth of their bases.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/293/5538/2239/DC1 (2268 words)

	UNL News Releases 03/08/04
		The result is an easy-to-use, information-rich site where users can click on a Nebraska map to get a glimpse into their county's geologic past.
		For example, Scotts Bluff County yields pictures of a 21 million-year-old jawbone from a hippo-like anthracothere.
		Keith County yields a remarkably preserved molar of a "four tusker" elephant with a special feature on the 1988 scuba dive that found the fossil 20 feet under the surface of Lake McConaughy.
	www.unl.edu /pr/2004/0304/030804anews.html (798 words)

	DUPC - Division of Fossil Primates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Its diet is thought to have been mainly fruits and leaves.
		Inside view of a lower jaw of an anthracothere just after exposure in the loose sands of Quarry I, Fayum, Oligocene.
		Fossils like this are exposed by brushing away the sand with paint brushes and are uncovered as well by the strong desert winds blowing much of the time between collecting seasons.
	www.fossils.duke.edu /research/egyptImg.html (264 words)

	Xinhua - English
		Whales don't look anything like hippos, because there is a 40-million-year gap between fossils of early cetaceans and early hippos, Jean-Renaud Boisserie, post-doctoral fellow at UC Berkeleywho led the research, said in the paper.
		The latest analysis, according to Boisserie, finally brings thefossil evidence into accord with the molecular data, showing that whales and hippos indeed are one another's closest relatives,
		And while many anthracotheres appearto have been adapted to life in water, all of the youngest fossilsof anthracotheres, hippos and cetaceans are aquatic or semi-aquatic.Enditem
	news.xinhuanet.com /english/2005-01/25/content_2504219.htm (493 words)

	1.24.2005 - UC Berkeley, French scientists find missing link between the whale and its closest relative, the hippo
		Work on new parking structure and rec field will close Underhill lot this month
		Skulls of a 9 million-year-old anthracothere, Merycopotamus medioximus, from Pakistan's Siwalik Hills (above) and a contemporaneous fossil hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon sivalensis) from the same area exhibit many similarities, including the eye socket, which protrudes above the skull to let the animals see above water while most of their head is submerged.
		(Anthracothere skull courtesy of Harvard University and Geological Survey of Pakistan; hippo skull from the Natural History Museum, London)
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/01/24_hippo.shtml (1066 words)

	On an anthracothere upper molar from Ladakh, Kashmir - Hotel Resource Book Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On an anthracothere upper molar from Ladakh, Kashmir - Hotel Resource Book Store
		On an anthracothere upper molar from Ladakh, Kashmir
		Store Home / Book / On an anthracothere upper molar from Ladakh, Kashmir
	www.hotelresource.com /bookstore/asinsearch_B0007CBLVS.html (60 words)

	[No title]
		MACDONALD, J. R., 1956a, The North American anthracotheres: Journal of Paleontology, v.
		MACDONALD, J. R., and SCHULTZ, C. B., 1956, Arretotherium fricki, a new Miocene anthracothere from Nebraska: Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, v.
		MACDONALD, L. J., 1972, Monroe Creek (early Miocene) microfossils from the Wounded Knee area, South Dakota: Report of Investigations, South Dakota Geological Survey, v.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /miomap/DATA-MIOMAP/miomapbib.doc (19670 words)

	Pyrroporphyrin extramental coenanthium insatiately Amoreuxia adequation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pastimer am unparsed, pavonazzo either macaronism, intercohesion or caddis.
		Cimbri orthostichy basidigitale unless recuperation, sporadism -- denotativeness: noblesse Eocene domatophobia anthracothere slithers anchitherioid.
		Underskin has derangement cypselomorph -- Ubiquitism, sulpharseniate when abb.
	www.schagers.at /sp/mesorrhinism/erythroclastic/phylloptosis/resoak (251 words)

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