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	Anthrax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic ruminants, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high density of anthrax spores.
		Anthrax infection is rare in humans though occasionally occurs in ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and antelopes.
		The virulence of a strain of anthrax is dependent on multiple factors, primarily the poly-D-glutamic acid capsule that protects the bacterium from phagocytocis by host neutrophils and its toxins, edema toxin and lethal toxin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthrax_disease (2128 words)

	ANTHRAX HOAXES - WHITE POWDER BLACK HEART
		Although the media have begun to focus on the anthrax hoax phenomenon in light of the fall 2001 anthrax letter attacks, the hundreds of anthrax hoaxes that occurred in the United States in 1998-2001 received very little attention.
		Reports of anthrax hoaxes were averaging more than one a day, and had disrupted the lives of more than 10,000 presumed victims.
		Anthrax was mentioned as a possible Iraqi weapon during the Gulf War in 1991.
	members.tripod.com /anthrax_hoaxes/id4.html (10019 words)

	CHP -- ANTHRAX: What You Should Know
		Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium.
		Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals.
		Anthrax is most common in agricultural regions where it occurs in animals as well as in dirt.
	www.chp.ca.gov /html/anthrax.html (896 words)

	Boston.com / Latest News / Washington
		Anthrax becomes a weapon when bacteria (shown in top photo as small squiggles) are cultured into spores (larger clumps) and mailed.
		The hoaxes have become a serious headache for law enforcement officials who are overwhelmed by calls from worried Americans about possible anthrax contamination.
		He later admitted that the colleagues were not involved, and admitted he had known almost from the beginning of the scare that it was a hoax.
	www.boston.com /news/daily/16/anthrax_hoaxes.htm (339 words)

	Anthrax Hoaxes Infect Schools
		Anthrax is a disease that occurs most often in warm-blooded animals, such as goats, sheep, pigs and cattle, but it also occur in humans.
		Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, and subsequent cases of anthrax exposure and poisoning, many parents are concerned about their children's safety.
		Anthrax is usually susceptible to the antibiotics penicillin, doxycycline and fluoroquinolones.
	www.connectwithkids.com /tipsheet/2001/46_nov14/ant.html (765 words)

	Anthrax: essential data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anthrax is an acute (rapidly developing) infection of the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
		Over 200 anthrax hoaxes were perpetrated in the U.S. in the late 1990's when they took the place of the parcel and letterbomb hoax as a way of disrupting an organization.
		After the Gulf war, the Iraqis were noticeably evasive about their weaponization of anthrax, among other things claiming in 1995 in a "full and final accounting" to have filled 10 Scud missile warheads with weaponized anthrax and later, in 1997, in another "full and final accounting" to have filled only 5 missile warheads with anthrax.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/BA.html (4184 words)

	Anthrax hoaxes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The following hoaxes have been perpetrated using anthrax as an implied threat.
		March 13, 2002: The FBI announces that 10 fake anthrax letters were mailed to various Hispanic organizations in the past two days.
		April 26, 2005: A newspaper in Midland, Michigan was closed and quarantined briefly after a suspicious letter with white powder and the word "ANTHRAX" written on it arrived in the mailbox.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthrax_hoaxes (424 words)

	Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: Anthrax hoaxes are becoming the bomb scares of the '90s 01/02/99
		The call turned out to be a hoax, one of more than a dozen empty threats made by telephone or mail and aimed at schools, courthouses, even a nightclub in Southern California this holiday season by pranksters claiming to have released the deadly bacteria.
		Anthrax threats are fast becoming the 1990s equivalent of bomb scares, and they are forcing disaster response experts to re-evaluate how to react to a biological threat.
		As a result, the hoaxes are racking up millions of dollars in expenses and causing officials to worry that more pressing needs are being pushed aside.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/010299/tec_anthrax.shtml (594 words)

	Terror Anthrax Linked to Type Made by U.S.
		Terror Anthrax Linked to Type Made by U.S. By WILLIAM J. The dry powder used in the anthrax attacks is virtually indistinguishable in critical technical respects from that produced by the United States military before it shut down its biowarfare program, according to federal scientists and a report prepared for a military contractor.
		A yardstick for measuring the quality of anthrax emerged almost three years ago when William C. Patrick III, a longtime federal consultant and one of the nation's top experts on biological weapons, wrote a report assessing the possible risks if terrorists were to send anthrax through the mail.
		Based on the difficulty of developing advanced anthrax, he predicted that the terrorist germs would be one-twentieth as concentrated as what the government developed and what has recently turned letters into munitions.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/terroranthraxlinkedus.html (1194 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Envelopes Full of Legal Controversy
		But they contend the suspects are being made scapegoats by a government that is frustrated by its inability to solve the real anthrax attacks, and that the federal law that authorities are citing may not apply to hoaxes in which no threat was made.
		Hilburn, 48, was charged with using a hoax weapon of mass destruction, a state offense that carries a possible 15-year prison sentence.
		Lindsey denied any involvement in the hoax and said the government should prosecute "real criminals." James Graham, Lindsey's attorney, said he believes the government is acting appropriatelyin going after people who intend to cause harm, but said Lindsey's case does not warrant felony charges.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A22415-2001Dec24?language=printer (1751 words)

	CNS - Will We Be Ready?
		While if s true that anyone who inhales anthrax spores and becomes infected will almost certainly die if left untreated, the disease is not contagious and there's no risk of spreading it from one person to another.
		Anthrax hoaxes in the U.S. seem to come in waves where several consecutive threats are made against similar targets.
		Peterson was inspired by previous media coverage of anthrax hoaxes and launched his own -- in the hope of being able to leave work early.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/other/canada.htm (1064 words)

	Cases of US anthrax infection rocket - 17 October 2001 - New Scientist
		The vast majority have been hoaxes and US attorney general John Ashcroft has warned that the penalties for anyone found responsible for fake threats will be severe.
		A man charged with a hoax that caused the evacuation of a state building in Connecticut is facing the prospect of five years in jail, Ashcroft pointed out.
		The second new occurrence is a "cutaneous" anthrax infection in a seven-month old baby who had visited the newsroom of ABC television in New York.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1436 (546 words)

	Anniversary of Stevens' death marks year since anthrax attacks
		Anthrax hoaxes were daily occurrences, from Camp Blanding to South Miami, with emergency crews in moon suits expending valuable resources pursuing fake threats.
		As a result of the hoaxes, the state passed a law that anyone convicted of delivering a hoax anthrax threat could get 15 years in prison.
		Post offices became relay points of anthrax spores, and the U.S. House, Senate, Supreme Court and the White House were inspected for evidence of the disease.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /EPI/bioter/annstevensdeathanthrax.html (987 words)

	Series of EmergencyNet News Reports Concerning Both Real and Hoax Chemical/Biological Incidents in the Wake of the 11 ...
		Anthrax was found in several spots in the Hart Senate office building, where a letter containing anthrax was opened on 15 October in the office of Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle.
		Anthrax spores were found Monday in the Capitol Police office of the Ford House building, which was already closed because of positive tests in its mailroom, and in a downtown U.S. Agriculture Department office mailroom.
		Anthrax was found at the U.S. State Department and a government office building that houses the Voice of America and Food and Drug Administration as the bio-terror scare in the nation's capital continued to spread.
	www.emergency.com /2001/bio-scare2001.htm (10983 words)

	Radio Address by the President to the Nation
		Anthrax apparently can be transferred from one letter to another, or from a letter to mail sorting equipment.
		But anthrax is not contagious, so it does not spread from human to human, the way a cold or a flu can.
		Anthrax can be killed by sterilization, and the Postal Service is purchasing sterilizing equipment to be installed across the country.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2001/11/20011103.html (659 words)

	58 Charged in Anthrax Hoaxes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lindsey is one of 58 people around the country arrested and charged in connection with anthrax hoaxes or threats since the anthrax scare began after Sept.
		Those arrested for anthrax hoaxes have been charged with obstructing the mail, threatening to use weapons of mass destruction and using the mail to send threatening communications.
		Investigating anthrax hoaxes has been a major headache for law enforcement and health officials, who must treat every incident as the real thing even those most turn out to be false alarms.
	www.totalobscurity.com /mind/news/2001/anthrax-hoaxers.htm (581 words)

	Federal Bureau of Investigation - Press Release
		In recent months, approximately 40 individuals have been charged with anthrax hoaxes and threats with penalties ranging from a maximum of 5 years imprisonment and up to $250,000 fine.
		Since September 11th, the FBI and other federal agencies have investigated and charged individuals throughout the nation on several anthrax hoax and threat violations including but not limited to using the mail to send threatening communications, obstructing the mail, and making a threat to use a weapon of mass destruction.
		U.S. v.s Jeremy Theus - Theus was charged with allegedly perpetrating an anthrax hoax by opening a neighbor's mail before it had been received and putting in a harmless white powder.
	www.fbi.gov /pressrel/pressrel01/anthraxhoax122001.htm (597 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anthrax hoaxsters can learn a hard lesson from the story of a Texas man serving 21 months in a federal penitentiary for perpetrating an anthrax hoax through the mail in 1998.
		Coggins said Cutler's was the first mailed anthrax hoax prosecuted in federal court.
		Doguim said because of the fear, costs and diverted resources caused by these hoaxes, he also expects punishments to be severe.
	www.legalpr.com /cogginsanthraxchron102301.html (540 words)

	Anthrax Attacks 9-11 Review
		Russell Welch was exposed to weaponized anthrax over a decade ago when he opened a letter, and his life was saved only after prompt diagnosis by his doctor.
		Anthrax attacks and microbiologist deaths by Paul Thompson.
		The anthrax page alone tells me that 911Review.Com is either incompetent or deliberately ersatz, at least on this score, and may well be a disinformational site.
	www.911review.org /Wiki/AnthraxAttacks.shtml (1382 words)

	AV Press: Feds: Anthrax hoaxes no joke
		Lindsey is one of 58 people around the country arrested and charged in connection with anthrax hoaxes or threats since the anthrax scare began after Sept. 11, the postal service says.
		On Friday, the FBI released the names of 14 people charged in what the bureau considered "notable" anthrax hoax cases, and added a warning: "We will not tolerate these serious violations of federal law," said FBI Director Robert Mueller.
		Investigating anthrax hoaxes has been a major headache for law enforcement and health officials, who must treat every incident as the real thing even though most turn out to be false alarms.
	www.avpress.com /n/sp/attack/sty464.hts (622 words)

	National Politics & Policy \| FBI Names Escaped Convict Clayton Waagner as Primary Suspect in Anthrax Hoaxes Sent to ...
		Ashcroft said that the Department of Justice "considers Waagner's threats and all anthrax hoaxes to be serious violations of federal law," adding, "Perpetrators of anthrax hoaxes and those who threaten abortion providers will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law" (Seper,
		The Feminist Majority Foundation, the National Abortion Federation and the Planned Parenthood Federation of America were "heartened" by Ashcroft's condemnation of those responsible for the anthrax threats, according to an FMF release spekaing on behalf of the other two groups (FMF release, 11/29).
		"Anthrax threats and other types of violence against reproductive health clinics are domestic terrorism and should be treated as such, so it's good to hear them taking it seriously.
	www.kaisernetwork.org /Daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=8297 (552 words)

	Anthrax impact: little harm, but a lot of fear \| csmonitor.com
		Discoveries of additional cases - including a letter containing anthrax sent to Senate majority leader Tom Daschle's office, and the 7-month-old son of an ABC News producer testing positive for exposure - have undoubtedly added a new level of gravity to the situation, which the government now officially refers to as terrorism.
		Yet, with these new cases have also come literally hundreds of hoaxes and false alarms, demonstrating that terrorism doesn't have to involve widespread loss of life to be effective.
		Anthrax hoaxes are nothing new, experts point out.
	www.csmonitor.com /2001/1017/p1s2-ussc.html (1168 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Hilden: Punishing Anthrax Hoaxers
		To begin, the new hoax law may prompt us to rethink, to some extent, what has been a fundamental criminal law principle: that incomplete and inchoate crimes (with the exception, sometimes, of conspiracies) are generally punished less severely than completed ones.
		And hoaxes generally are not punished anywhere near as severely as the actual acts they mimic — both due to prosecutorial discretion, and due to more lenient penalties.
		Alternatively, evidentiary restrictions at the sentencing stage, limiting the relevant evidence to that directly pertinent to the crime would, accomplish the same purpose — the purpose of not imposing a sentence on a person based, in part, on his or her prior political activity and exercise of free speech rights.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /hilden/20011113.html (1773 words)

	PM - Miami Anthrax hoaxes
		MARK COLVIN: In Miami, Florida, there's been a massive demand for the antibiotic used to treat Anthrax after a spate of hoaxes and confirmation that a third person was exposed to the potentially deadly bacteria.
		They've been rushing out to buy Sipro, the antibiotic to treat Anthrax, and fire rescue services are frequently responding to reports of suspicious parcels and other threats which end up being hoaxes.
		There was a note that said, 'You have been exposed to Anthrax - die, die, die' and those people were taken to the hospital before the FBI could take the powder to the lab and ruled that it wasn't anything harmful.
	www.abc.net.au /pm/stories/s388646.htm (617 words)

	"FUMBLING BUREAU OF INCOMPETENTS," ANTHRAX HOAXES
		News media widely reported that Larry Wayne Harris was arrested in 1998, as one of 112 "anthrax scares." He is alleged to be a white supremacist and a supporter of the Aryan Nation (but as I recall his affiliation was Christian Identity).
		The high-quality anthrax spores which have been used to kill people have, thus far, borne the hallmarks of being made by sophisticated laboratories in either Russia, the United States, or Iraq.
		Now with a few grams of a highly milled anthrax powder, the Bad Guys are going to ruin the delivery of mail and wipe out what is left of the civil and human rights of the people of this country: nice work if you can get it.
	www.rumormillnews.com /cgi-bin/archive.cgi?read=13842 (588 words)

	Online NewsHour Update: CBS Reports Anthrax Infection
		The CBS employee is being treated with antibiotics for the skin form of anthrax, the same type that has been found at two other major news networks in the past week.
		The strain of anthrax found in those locations occurs naturally and is found domestically in animals such as cows and deer, said officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
		The anthrax found in a letter addressed to Sen. Tom Daschle (D-S.D.) seems to have been professionally made, meaning it was manipulated to keep the particle size small enough to be easily dispersed and inhaled, said a federal terrorism expert.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/updates/october01/anthrax_cbs_10-18.html (583 words)

	CNN.com - 'This is just nuts': False alarms anger lawmen - October 17, 2001
		In Rhode Island, the FBI arrested a man who admitted he sent an anthrax letter to a friend as "a joke." Agents were not amused.
		On Tuesday, two Connecticut men were charged with committing anthrax hoaxes in separate cases.
		Several law enforcement officials, who asked not to be identified, expressed dismay, frustration and disappointment over the thousands of false alarms and unnecessary calls that have kept hundreds of emergency response teams occupied around the clock.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/HEALTH/conditions/10/17/anthrax.hoaxes (555 words)

	EMS News @ Firehouse.com - 10/16/01 - False Anthrax Reports Anger Officials
		Assailing similar anthrax hoaxes as ``no joking matter,'' Attorney General John Ashcroft said Tuesday that those who perpetrate terrorist scares will be aggressively prosecuted.
		False threats of anthrax attacks are ``grotesque transgressions of the public trust'' and tax the resources of an already-overburdened law enforcement system, Ashcroft said.
		Faryniarz told the FBI he knew the incident was a hoax even before agents arrived because another individual had claimed responsibility.
	www.firehouse.com /ems/news/01/10/17_APanthrax.html (845 words)

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