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	Anthrax Information
		Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by spores of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis.
		The mortality rates from anthrax vary, depending on exposure, and are approximately 20% for cutaneous anthrax without antibiotics and 25 - 75% for gastrointestinal anthrax; inhalation anthrax has a fatality rate that is 80% or higher.
		The vaccine derives from the cell-free culture filtrate of this strain and, in its final formulation, is adsorbed onto an aluminum salt.
	www.fda.gov /cber/vaccine/anthrax.htm (774 words)

	Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States
		On anthrax and athracaemia in wool sorters, heifers, and sheep.
		Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey.
		Pathology of experimental respiratory anthrax in Macaca mulatta.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4915a1.htm (7748 words)

	Disease Listing, Anthrax, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
		Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals.
		Anthrax vaccines intended for animals should not be used in humans.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/anthrax_g.htm (1021 words)

	Anthrax Vaccine \| Vaccine Education Center - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		The anthrax vaccine is recommended for military personnel likely to be exposed to anthrax spores during a bioterrorist attack.
		Anthrax bacteria have been manufactured as an agent of biological warfare and members of the military would be at greatest risk during a bioterrorist attack.
		Therefore, the anthrax vaccine appears to be effective in preventing "inhalational" anthrax (the type of anthrax expected in a bioterrorist attack).
	www.chop.edu /consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=75736 (1299 words)

	Anthrax Fact Sheet : New York City AWARE : NYC DOHMH
		Cutaneous anthrax is a treatable skin infection that occurs when anthrax spores enter an open cut, sore, or abrasion in the skin.
		The intestinal form of anthrax may follow the consumption of undercooked, contaminated meat and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract.
		Anthrax is not spread from person to person by casual contact, sharing office space, or by coughing or sneezing.
	www.nyc.gov /html/doh/html/cd/cdant.shtml (878 words)

	Anthrax Vaccine
		Prior to vaccination, the yearly average number of human anthrax infection was 1.2 cases per 100 employees in these mills.
		Previously, data had been provided to FDA indicating that anthrax vaccine protects non-human primates against a high challenge dose of inhalation anthrax with the Ames Strain (which is non-homologous, or dissimilar, to the vaccine strain).
		FDA continues to view the anthrax vaccine as safe and effective for individuals at high risk of exposure to anthrax, when used in accordance with the approved labeling.
	www.hhs.gov /asl/testify/t000712d.html (4108 words)

	U.S. Navy - Anthrax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The purpose of vaccination is to not only protect the individual servicemembers, but to ensure they can support their shipmates by being able to perform their function during combat operation during any enemy's anthrax attack.
		Anthrax is a disease normally associated with plant-eating animals (sheep, goats, cattle, and, to a lesser degree, swine).
		The anthrax vaccine should be administered only to healthy men and women from 18 to 65 years of age because investigations to date have been conducted exclusively in that population.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/anthrax/anthrax.html (1055 words)

	Anthrax vaccine program becomes mandatory for some (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In order to be subject to the mandatory anthrax vaccination you must remain in (these areas) for 15 or more consecutive days, the colonel said.
		The anthrax vaccine was first licensed in the United States in 1970.
		In December 2005, anthrax vaccine was found to be safe and effective against all forms of anthrax, including inhalation anthrax.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?id=123042509 (645 words)

	DefendAmerica News - Anthrax Vaccine Protects Service Members
		Terrorists are not afraid to use it in that way, as evidenced by the anthrax cases that arose after the Sept. 11, 2001.
		While the inhalation form of anthrax is the most potent threat to service members serving in Afghanistan, there are other forms that are more prevalent.
		Both of these forms can be easily protected against with the anthrax vaccine, along with the inhalation form, which can be used in a biological attack.
	www.defendamerica.mil /articles/oct2004/a100704h.html (613 words)

	Safety of anthrax vaccine debated
		Lawmakers have increasingly echoed their questions, asking if the risk of the vaccine may be greater than the risk of being exposed to anthrax.
		"Because the anthrax vaccine is being studied as a potential causative or contributing factor in Gulf War veterans' illnesses, any expanded use of the same vaccine by DOD should be undertaken only with the greatest care," noted the report.
		There is nothing "experimental" or "investigational" about the anthrax vaccine, it states, adding that total force protection is necessary to ensure the success of missions.
	home.att.net /~vetcenter/safety.htm (1171 words)

	Possible Anthrax Vaccine Dangers Information! Page 1
		Anthrax Vaccine Home Page - Meryl Nass, M.D. This website is designed as a source of accurate information on the human anthrax vaccine, MDPH-PA or AVA, which is currently being given to 2.5 million servicemembers and some civilian government employees in the US.
		Anthrax vaccine was given to approximately 150,000 military personnel in the Persian Gulf.
		Anthrax vaccine is considered effective for protecting against anthrax exposure of the skin; however it is unclear whether it provides protection against inhaling aerosolized anthrax.
	www.nccn.net /~wwithin/anthrax.htm (3652 words)

	ScienceDaily: Study Models Impact Of Anthrax Vaccine
		To increase the prevention rate to 90 percent, their study found that at least 63 percent of the population would need to be immunized with vaccine before an anthrax attack, which might not be practical.
		However, the study found that anthrax vaccination given even after an attack could be beneficial in reducing the length of time antibiotic treatment would be needed.
		When vaccine was distributed along with antibiotics after an attack, the researchers calculated that vaccine prevented few additional cases from occurring when compared to just rapid use of antibiotics.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/12/041219192120.htm (705 words)

	More than 1,200 who had anthrax vaccine now sick
		More than 1,200 military personnel who received the anthrax vaccine before going to Iraq have developed serious illnesses, according to an Army report released last month, though local military officials contend the shots still are safe and necessary.
		Roughly 30 percent of men, and 60 percent of women, who receive the anthrax vaccine have some sort of minor reaction, such as swelling or a small lump at the injection spot, Blalock said.
		Though military budget concerns may force the closure of the Vaccine Healthcare Centers which oversees assessment and treatment of anthrax-based problems, Congress and the Food and Drug Administration have approved an emergency use authorization to fund more of the anthrax vaccine.
	www.infowars.com /articles/science/vaccines_anthrax_vaccine_makes_1200_sick.htm (659 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Anthrax vaccine for troops
		The anthrax bacterium is one of the most infectious agents known to man. It invades the lungs and poisons the blood.
		The anthrax vaccine will be made available under a voluntary scheme to troops by the Ministry of Defence.
		They fear facilities designed to mass produce vaccines could also be used to develop bioweapons as more countries develop their own defences against biological warfare.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/1441902.stm (540 words)

	Anthrax Vaccine
		As the Pentagon expands its anthrax vaccination program this week, Army officials are saying they have the right to forcibly restrain and vaccinate soldiers who refuse the shots.
		A growing resistance to the Pentagon's mandatory anthrax vaccinations is shoving Air Mobility Command into the national spotlight, as one of its pilots is choosing to face a court martial rather than take the shots.
		Orders to take the military's controversial anthrax shots are illegal because the vaccine is not licensed for use against aerosol anthrax used as a biological weapon, two senior Air Force officers argued in a legal brief.
	www.militaryreporter.org /anthrax.html (898 words)

	Homeland Security Policy Institute Group: Anthrax Vaccine
		Vaccine-A uncovers a story of betrayal—the betrayal of the men and women who serve in the armed forces, the betrayal of medical ethics, and the betrayal of the American people by military and civilian leaders sworn to defend and protect.
		The military's anthrax vaccination program was suspended in late October by a federal judge in response to a lawsuit filed by six anonymous plaintiffs.
		I didn't start to research the anthrax vaccine until last year, when we were told that we would be unable to conceive another child the "normal" way, due to his sperm motility and the deformed shaped of his sperm.
	www.hspig.org /MT/weblogs-hspig/archives/2004/11/anthrax_vaccine_1.html (18981 words)

	[No title]
		It appears that FDA ignored the anthrax part of the plant for many years, supposedly because their inspectors were not vaccinated and so could not enter the facility.
		It is possible also that when vaccine was sent back to the manufacturer at the time of expiration -- once it shipped from the manufacturer, it only had a one-year shelf life -- that it was remixed with newer vaccine.
		Her web site www.anthraxvaccine.org is the best resource in the world on the anthrax vaccine issue.
	www.mercola.com /2001/mar/17/anthrax_vaccine.htm (1326 words)

	What's the Real Story on Anthrax?
		Anthrax is a disease of sheep, cattle, horses, goats, and swine caused by Bacillus Anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming aerobic rod.
		Anthrax is usually a rare occupational disease of farmers, veterinarians, and tannery and wool workers.
		Pulmonary anthrax is characterized by fever, malaise, headache, shortness of breath, cough, congestion of the nose, throat and larynx, and evidence of pneumonia.
	www.goodnewsaboutgod.com /studies/anthrax.htm (3754 words)

	Online NewsHour: Anthrax Vaccine -- October 21, 1999
		She says she got sick after taking four anthrax shots, and the military says it can't rule the vaccine out as the cause of her ailments.
		So vaccine opponents have tried to spread their beliefs about the dangers of the vaccine in a vast Internet campaign.
		BETTY ANN BOWSER: But the vaccine's opponents have a hard time believing the Pentagon, saying the U.S. Military has a history of being careless with its soldiers -- whether it was during nuclear tests at the dawn of the atomic age or the spraying of Agent Orange in Vietnam.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/health/july-dec99/anthrax_10-21.html (1859 words)

	Why Anthrax Vaccine Is Scarce
		Anthrax is a disease caused by spore-forming bacteria.
		The vaccine against anthrax is in the hands of a single company that is running out of money, hasn't gained FDA approval for the vaccine or its manufacturing facilities and hasn't produced a single dose of the vaccine since it took over production in 1998.
		The entire United States is relying on BioPort, of Lansing, Michigan, to produce the anthrax vaccine, for which demand has spiked since Sept. 11.
	www.wired.com /news/conflict/0,2100,47410,00.html (786 words)

	Next Generation Anthrax Vaccine Development - rPA102 Anthrax biodefense by VaxGen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Vaccine purchased for the Strategic National Stockpile prior to FDA approval could be used in an emergency if authorized by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
		Above the base amount of $877.5 million, the contract also includes task orders, valued at up to $69 million, which can be awarded at the government's discretion, to test the vaccine in children and the elderly, to maintain manufacturing operations for the vaccine, and to conduct post-marketing studies.
		Anthrax Vaccine Award Rescheduled to Nov. 5; VaxGen Believes It Is the Only Firm Negotiating for Award; Company Provides Update on Financial Statements
	www.vaxgen.com /anthrax.html (419 words)

	Anthrax Vaccine is it Safe and Effective
		The Military and Biodefense Vaccine Project is sponsored by the National Vaccine Information Center and is dedicated to increasing awareness about the benefits and risks of military and biodefense vaccines, as well as federal and state legislation which authorize mandatory use of experimental bioterrorism vaccines in military and civilian settings without voluntary, informed consent.
		U.S. government officials asked a federal appeals court last month to reinstate mandatory anthrax inoculations for military personnel, while a lawyer for soldiers who refused the vaccinations argued that the vaccine was not intended for the broad use of it for military personnel that the Department of Defense (DoD) is advocating.
		Troops vaccinated after the court order shut down the program are to receive a letter of apology from military officials saying, “You recently may have received an anthrax vaccination by mistake.” March 22, 2005 article.
	www.gulfwarvets.com /anthrax.htm (1727 words)

	cbs5.com - VaxGen Contract To Produce Anthrax Vaccine Yanked
		A new, improved anthrax vaccine is the centerpiece of Project Bioshield, the government's $5.6 billion initiative to stockpile drugs in the event of a bioterrorist attack.
		Future plans for the vaccine program will be announced next year, but the government has continued to fund Avecia Biotechnology as an alternate developer of a vaccine, said agency spokesman Marc Wolfson.
		In September, Avecia reported promising results from initial clinical trials of its vaccine, which was well tolerated in patients and appeared to stimulate immunity to anthrax.
	cbs5.com /business/local_story_355000310.html (652 words)

	The Anthrax Vaccine
		The vaccine is a cell-free filtrate, which means it uses dead bacteria as opposed to live bacteria.
		The vaccine was developed in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s for humans and was approved by the FDA in 1970
		If a vaccine is inadvertently given to a pregnant woman, no adverse pregnancy outcome or fetal harm is expected because of the vaccine's inactive state.
	millennium.fortunecity.com /redwood/352/usmc5.htm (496 words)

	Gulfwar Illness - Anthrax Vaccine Facts
		These inoculations often included experimental vaccines, such as those for anthrax and botulinum, that were not approved for use by the FDA and have since proven to cause potentially dangerous side effects.
		The Anthrax vaccinations were given over in the Gulf, in the theater of operations, and you were forced to submit to it.
		I'm extremely concerned that anthrax vaccine is untrustworthy and that military personnel, when they sign up, turn their lives over to untrustworthy people.
	www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com /gulfwar.htm (11580 words)

	CNN.com - FDA: Anthrax vaccine 'safe and effective' - Dec. 30, 2003
		The Food and Drug Administration Tuesday declared the anthrax vaccine "safe and effective" in response to a federal judge's injunction against mandatory vaccinations of what he said was an experimental drug.
		The anthrax vaccine is routinely administered to U.S. military personnel.
		The FDA also cited an independent review of the vaccine by the Institute of Medicine, which concluded that it was safe.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/12/30/fda.anthrax/index.html (486 words)

	The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work?
		The vaccine used to protect humans against the anthrax disease, called Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), was licensed in 1970.
		When the U. military began to administer the vaccine, then extended a plan for the mandatory vaccination of all U. service members, some raised concerns about the safety and efficacy of AVA and the manufacture of the vaccine.
		The book also includes a description of advances needed in main areas: improving the way the vaccine is now used, expanding surveillance efforts to detect side effects from its use, and developing a better vaccine.
	www.nap.edu /catalog/10310.html (413 words)

	New Anthrax Vaccine Protects on Two Fronts: Scientific American
		Julia Y. Wang and her colleagues at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital used Bacillus licheniformis, a harmless bacterium that has a similar shielding capsule as anthrax, to purify PGA for use in the novel vaccine.
		In addition, the vaccine contained so-called protective antigen (PA), one of anthrax's three toxins that is the basis of the existing vaccine.
		The authors suggest that the dual vaccine allows a more effective disease response by synergistically enhancing the immune system's reaction to two separate parts of anthrax's attack.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=00033D53-8597-1F4F-8D6E80A84189EEDF (537 words)

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