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Topic: Anti aircraft artillery

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	Air Artillery
		The rapid growth in the role of aircraft in the war forced all the main countries involved to improve anti-aircraft weapons.
		The effect of gunfire against German aircraft has been to force him to climb: it also worries him and distracts his attention from his objective and forces him to drop his bombs from so great a height that he will probably miss his target by a large margin.
		Artillery co-operation had never been so great in volume, nor so effective.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWairartillery.htm (780 words)

	Fallschirmjäger in World War II
		During the assault in the west in 1940, a small contingent of glider borne airborne engineers would land and capture the Belgian fort of Eben Emael.
		A large fort containing over 1200 solders, complete with heavy weapons, artillery and anti aircraft artillery would be nullified by a mere 68 men.
		The Allied nations, slowly gearing up for war, were preoccupied with studying this new concept of war, the use of the aircraft and the tank to produce a shock effect upon the enemy.
	www.greendevils.com /greendevils/fjwwii.htm (454 words)

	Anti-aircraft artillery
		With World War II being the largest air war in history, it is not surprising that it also saw the greatest deployment of anti-aircraft artillery.
		The total includes manually-loaded cannons, automatic cannons and heavy machine guns, but excludes rifle-caliber machine guns which, while of limited practical value against aircraft, were nevertheless held by many army units for anti-aircraft purposes.
		The 300,000 weapons can be divided into classes based on their caliber as shown in figure 2, while figure 3 shows the characteristics of each class.
	www.tsj.net /avstats/aaa.html (190 words)

	OTHER FIREPOWER
		Air observation of artillery fire was practised in the summer of 1913, many lessons were learned and in early 1915 a heavy battery commander directed his guns from an aircraft.
		White and coloured smoke fired by artillery could be used to mark a line beyond which aircraft could attack targets and coloured flares were used at night to guide heavy bombers, although there still had to be a safety distance of many thousand yards between their target and forward troops.
		Artillery could improve and maintain the accuracy of its fire as its attack continued, for aircraft every attack by every individual aircraft required the crew to acquire the target and aim directly at it.
	members.tripod.com /~nigelef/otherfp.htm (5142 words)

	Wikinfo \| Anti-aircraft artillery
		Anti-aircraft artillery is artillery which is designed to shoot down aircraft.
		Other names are triple-A (from the initials AAA), air defence artillery, and flak (from German Flak, short for Fliegerabwehrkanone, meaning anti-aircraft gun).
		There are two main forms of anti-aircraft artillery: single-shot weapons and autocannon.
	www.internet-encyclopedia.org /wiki.php?title=Anti-aircraft_artillery (175 words)

	Chinese Defence Today :: Type 95 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery
		The PLA is also equipped with the towed Type 87 twin-25mm AAA, which has a similar cannon barrel design to the Type 95.
		This is claimed to have an effective altitude from 10 to 3,500m and slant ranges of 500 to 6,000m.
		In a typical target engagement the SAM would be used to engage targets at longer ranges, the 25mm cannon being used to engage aircraft and helicopters at ranges of up to 2,500m and an altitude of 2,000m.
	www.sinodefence.com /army/antiaircraft/type95.asp (1291 words)

	119th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Gun Battalion (Mobile)
		This is all the information I can find on the 119th AAA Bn.
		Ray was a WWII veteran who served in the Army from Nov. 1941 to Oct. 1945.
		His rank was Sgt. in the 119th Anti-aircraft Artillery Gun Battalion in the European Theater.
	home.comcast.net /~hlparmy/119th (1279 words)

	QF 3.7-in heavy anti-aircraft gun
		The writer obtained the breech mechanism and part of the barrel of one for use as an aid in teaching basic principles of gun construction at the School of Artillery in 1953, but following a change of staff the aid was scrapped in 1958.
		Bearing in mind the maximum ceiling of the 3-inch 20 cwt was 23,500 feet (7010 m) under ideal conditions, obviously a heavier gun was needed.
		The 3.7s were issued to Coast Artillery Cadres in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin to form mobile examination batteries.
	riv.co.nz /rnza/hist/local/qf37aa.htm (965 words)

	Technology during the Cold War - My Homepage
		The evolution of anti-aircraft artillery had not kept up with the increase in speed and maneuverability of airplanes, and thus the US sought to improve this aspect of national defense.
		The problem during World War II was that it was difficult to calculate the trajectory of most aircraft weaponry because one had to account for every combination of gun, shell, and fuse (Edwards, 49.) Stemming from this problem was the necessary development of computing systems, and subsequently the creation of the first digital computers.
		The basis of SAGE was a set of 23 centers, constructed throughout the US with one in Canada, all connected by a system of computers for the purpose of command and control.
	www.piedmontcommunities.us /servlet/go_ProcServ/dbpage=page&gid=01304001151018410132003284 (1868 words)

	Amazon.com: Anti-Aircraft Artillery: Books: Ian V Hogg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Anti-Aircraft Artillery tells of the development and operational use of this weapon from its inception as an anti-balloon defence at the end of the nineteenth century to the present.
		AAA today can have no use by british army and almost nothing by USA's army.At the same time, the cheap but reliable AAA can have no glamour, but in many wars this kind of weapon had many results than an air force, with far less price in money, lives and time.
		In a short war between USA and Lybia, in 1986, the sole aircraft losted by USA was knocked down by a cheap and reliable ZSU 23/4 an AAA built by Soviet Union.The hundreds of SAM and Lybian air force did nothing, against USA in that short war.
	www.amazon.com /Anti-Aircraft-Artillery-Ian-V-Hogg/dp/1861265026 (973 words)

	Anti-aircraft Artillery (AAA) Federation
		In the third step, the AAA Federation was developed from the SAM Federation by implementing the AAA FOM, the AAA Model federate was developed from the SAM Model federate by implementing the AAA Model federate SOM, and the AAA Model legacy code was substituted for the SAM Model legacy code.
		The AAA Model is composed of firing doctrine, a fire control director, a gun servo, and the projectile simulation.
		The AAA Model Federate was certified HLA Compliant by DMSO on 02 December 1998.
	www.sisostds.org /webletter/siso/iss_19/art_124.htm (877 words)

	Mt Pleasant Heavy Anti-aircraft Artillery Battery: Mahaanui historic sites
		The structures are much as they were when they were decommissioned by the army after the war.
		The role of HAA was to combat high flying enemy aircraft.
		The guns used on Mt Pleasant were 3.7 inch calibre and could punch a shell to 10,000 feet (3000 m) in 14 seconds.
	www.doc.govt.nz /templates/page.aspx?id=34198 (668 words)

	The ZU-23 (2A13) Twin Anti-Aircraft Artillery Gun
		The ZU-23 Anti-Aircraft Artillery Gun was developed referring to the 1954 year Soviet Union requirements.
		However there are widely used and improvised mobile anti-aircraft guns placed opened inside an ordinary truck cargo compartment.
		During the last decade the ZU-23 anti-aircraft artillery gun was improved by Precocious Machine building Design Bureau.
	www.enemyforces.com /artillery/zu23.htm (882 words)

	Panzermuseum.com - Artillery, Assault Guns, and Anti-Tank Weapons
		The Hummel was introduced in 1943 to provide heavy self-propelled artillery for the Panzer divisions.
		In 1936 the German Army submitted a requirement for an armored vehicle to be used in support of the infantry.
		The 20mm Flak 38 anti-aircraft gun was designed to destroy low-flying aircraft and lightly armored ground targ...
	www.panzermuseum.com /home/edition/artillery-assault-guns-and-anti-tank-weapons.html (375 words)

	ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY AAA
		The introduction of aircraft to warfare in the early 20th Century required a defense, initially machine guns.
		As aircraft gained in range, power, and maneuverability defensive anti-aircraft artillery was developed that could shoot a powerful shell fast enough and high enough to intercept and down the target planes.
		Modern anti-aircraft missiles were introduced to counter tactical aircraft and strategic bombers while the goal of anti-missile defense has been pursued to counter strategic missile threats.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_mvg_vehicle_id_artillery_aaa.php (308 words)

	489th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion
		A.A. This is all the information I have on the 489th AAA Bn.
		Of a total of 53 planes in the area, the white 489th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, attached to the 4th Armored Division, destroyed 12, and the 452d, supporting corps artillery farther to the rear, engaged the remainder as they strafed artillery positions.
		Of the aircraft attacking the area, 36 were definitely destroyed by antiaircraft fire and 14 were probably destroyed.
	home.comcast.net /~hlparmy/489th (389 words)

	History of European Command Military Operations
		Coalition aircraft continued to enforce the northern no-fly zone and responded in self-defense to the Iraqi attacks by dropping munitions on Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery approximately 10 miles east of Mosul.
		Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) from sites north of Mosul while ONW aircraft conducted routine enforcement of the Northern No-Fly Zone. Coalition aircraft responded in self-defense to the Iraqi attacks by dropping precision ordnance on elements of the Iraqi integrated air defense system.
		The attacks occurred while ONW aircraft were conducting routine enforcement of the Northern No-Fly Zone. Coalition aircraft responded to the Iraqi attacks by dropping ordnance on elements of the Iraqi integrated air defense system.
	www.eucom.mil /english/Operations/ONW_Chronology.asp (12028 words)

	CNN.com - Coalition planes fired upon in Iraqi no-fly zone - Nov. 17, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery Sunday at coalition aircraft operating in the northern no-fly zone, an act the White House and Pentagon have said is a violation of the latest U.N. Security Council resolution on Iraq.
		According to the command's statement, coalition aircraft responded to the fire by dropping precision-guided munitions on elements of the Iraqi integrated air defense system.
		U.S. and British aircraft have enforced no-fly zones in northern and southern Iraq since the end of the Persian Gulf War in 1991 to protect Kurds in the north and Shiite Muslims in the south from possible attacks by the Iraqi government.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/meast/11/17/iraq.no.fly/index.html (554 words)

	THE 72ND ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY REGIMENT TWINS WITH FOUR MUNICIPALITIES IN ZARAGOZA WHOSE PATRON SAINT IS SAINT ...
		Yesterday on Base “Agustina de Aragón”, headquarters of the 72nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment (Zaragoza), a twinning ceremony was held between this Army unit and four municipalities in Zaragoza which share, with the Artillery arm, Saint Barabara as their patron saint.
		The celebration, which consisted of a tribute to the artillerymen and women who gave their lives for Spain, was presided over by the commander of the 72nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, Colonel De Pablo, who was accompanied in the presidential grandstand by the most senior mayor of the four attending, Mr.
		In addition to the four municipalities that were represented at the ceremony yesterday, there are others that also celebrate the festivity of Saint Barbara and that, not being able to send a representation to the ceremony, expressed their regret, which was transmitted to the Regiment commander.
	www.ejercito.mde.es /ingles/decet/noticias/090.htm (287 words)

	Canons anti-aériens/Anti-Aircraft Guns
		Afin de contrer la gigantesque croissance de l'aviation, chaque belligérant développa considérablement son artillerie anti-aérienne.
		Four big categories of ground anti-aircraft weapons were used by the body of the countries at war and of crourse the Russia.
		The big defects of the anti-aircraft artillery was its consumption in munitions (astronomical), the high fire rate that wore quickly the barrels of the guns and speed and the operational ceiling continually growing of fighters and bombers.
	ww2armor.jexiste.fr /Takhn/Files/5-Infos/4-Artillery/AA-Guns/AA-Guns.htm (550 words)

	Iraq’s air defense will be first hit - The Experts - MSNBC.com
		Anti-aircraft artillery, also known as “flak,” was the leading cause of damage: Iraqi gunners were real “trigger pullers,” sending up barrages of fire against approaching aircraft.
		Eventually, U.S. air commanders moved aircraft to higher altitudes to avoid most of the SAM and AAA fire, another counter-measure that proved effective, even if in many cases it significantly degraded bombing accuracy.
		This generally allows the aircraft to operate at higher altitudes, as optimum delivery can often be achieved from about 15,000 feet.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/3070293 (1218 words)

	Austro-Hungarian Army - Projected Qualification Badge for Anti-Aircraft-Artillery
		The continuously increasing number, the armaments and the range of aircraft during the war, made it necessary to create a unit specialized in the defence against aircraft of all types - the Luftfahrerabwehrartillerie, in short called the LFA-Artillery.
		The officers and soldiers of the LFA troops considered themselves, probably correctly, as an elite within the fortress artillery and so their wish for an individual badge was absolutely understandable.
		The wonderful successes of the Lfa artillery in the battles on the SW front induced the above department, as representative of the officer-corps of this newest weapon, to ask our supreme war commander for his graceful acceptance of an enclosed enlarged cap badge.
	www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk /badges/projectlfa.htm (789 words)

	THE 72ND ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY REGIMENT TESTS THE NEW “AHEAD” AMMUNICITON WHICH WILL INCREASE ANTI-MISSILE ...
		Participating in the exercise have been the two 35/90 cannon Batteries from the 72nd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, which have fired various shots with the 35/90 millimetre cannon, the only artillery piece prepared to fire this type of ammunition.
		The commander of the anti-aircraft Artillery Command, General De la Corte, who was present at the exercise undertaken yesterday, assured that this new ammunition increases the anti-missile capability of Army Anti-aircraft Artillery, and consequently, that of national air defence.
		On his behalf, the commander of the 72nd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, Colonel De Pablo, insists that the acquisition of this new ammunition “is within the framework of the modernisation concept of all Anti-aircraft Artillery, as it prepares it to face new threats, principally anti-missile threats”.
	www.ejercito.mde.es /ingles/decet/noticias/016.htm (567 words)

	898th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (Automatic Weapons) Combat History
		The 898th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (Automatic Weapons) was formed from the 2d Battalion of the 209th Coast Artillery Regiment (Anti-Aircraft) on 18 March 1944.
		Finally, the sheer quantity of aircraft involved in some of the attacks on the 100th’s sector practically preclude the possiblity that these were German-flown aircraft.
		A large formation—huge, at this stage of the war—of 14 Bf-109s was engaged near Horrenberg on 2 April, and a single Junkers JU-88 made an appearance on the 7th to round out Luftwaffe’s air activity in the 100th’s zone as the Division charged across the Rhine and into Swabia to the southeast.
	www.100thww2.org /support/898/898combat.html (2067 words)

	Chinese Defence Today :: Type 88 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery
		Following the unsuccessful Type 63 twin-37mm and Type 80 twin-57mm manually operated self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery (SPAAA) systems, the PLA began to develop a new automatic SPAAA system in the early 1980s to provide the urgently needed field air defence for its armoured troops.
		The Type 88 is generally similar to the Type 74 AAA in the cannon’s performance, firing shells at a rate of 400 rounds per minute to a range of 9.4km.
		The 37mm AAA gun was derived from the Type 74 twin-37mm AAA, with a cyclic rate of fire of 360~380 rounds/min.
	www.sinodefence.com /army/antiaircraft/type88.asp (653 words)

	NDM Article - Simulator Helps Aircraft Recognize Missile Threats
		The threat of anti-aircraft missiles in Iraq and Afghanistan has not only spurred development of cargo aircraft countermeasures, but also has prompted the deployment of a simulator that is winning the praise of aircrews who have trained on the system.
		The Air Force Special Operations Command’s aircraft scanners have the primary duty to identify anti-aircraft threats, direct pilots and crews in the performance of evasive maneuvers.
		VTRAT takes the visual representation from all threats that pilots may encounter, ranging from anti-aircraft artillery to various types of missiles, and validates their look and sound, said Williams.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2005/feb/SimulatorHelps.htm (877 words)

	Eye on Iraq - Military Action in Iraq: 1990-2003
		Coalition aircraft used precision-guided weapons to target a mobile radar system located south of Al Amarah after Iraq moved the mobile radar south of the 33rd parallel in violation of the established southern no-fly zone.
		Coalition aircraft used precision-guided weapons to target two SAM sites near Tallil that were relocated into the southern no-fly zone by Iraq in violation of UN resolutions the sites were perceived as a threat for aircraft monitoring the southern no-fly zone.
		Coalition aircraft used precision-guided weapons to target an air defense communications facility near Al Jarrah, about 90 miles southeast of Baghdad, and an air defense operations center near Tallil, about 160 miles southeast of Baghdad, in response to Iraqi antiaircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile fire against coalition aircraft monitoring the southern no-fly zone.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/iraqaction-pr.cfm (10361 words)

	ONW Leaflets dropped over Iraq
		Coalition aircraft have been enforcing the northern no-fly zone for approximately 12 years.
		This is the third time leaflets have been dropped by the coalition during their 12-year history of enforcing the northern no-fly zone and monitoring the Iraqis for compliance with U.N. Security Council resolutions.
		Coalition aircraft are fired upon by Saddam Hussein's forces nearly every time they patrol the no-fly zone in northern Iraq.
	www.iwar.org.uk /psyops/resources/iraq/eucom-leaflets.htm (698 words)

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