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Topic: Antiaircraft warfare

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	Anti-aircraft warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging military aircraft in combat from the ground.
		Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats.
		Some modern submarines are equipped with surface-to-air missile systems, since helicopters and anti-submarine warfare aircraft are significant threats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare (3720 words)

	Skylighters, The Web Site of the 225th AAA Searchlight Battalion: Other AAA Units in the ETO
		The War Department had assigned the new antiaircraft mission to the coast artillery rather than the field artillery largely because the coast artillerymen had training in firing on moving objects.
		These antiaircraft weapons ranged from the.50-caliber machine gun and 37mm and 40mm guns for protection against low-flying, strafing-type planes, to 120mm guns for the defense of large areas against bombers.
		Antiaircraft artillerymen in WW II certainly did not get the glory that the armor and the infantry did, but their courage and pivotal role in the victory was just as important.
	www.skylighters.org /otheraaa (957 words)

	Strategic bombing (from air warfare) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Air warfare is almost entirely a creation of the 20th century, in which it has become a primary branch of military operations.
		Economic warfare also includes the use of economic means to compel an adversary to change its policies or behaviour or to undermine its ability to conduct normal relations with other countries.
		The style of warfare is not new, but the word “guerrilla” has been used to describe it only since the early 19th century, when the duke of Wellington used Portuguese irregulars, called guerrillos, to fight the French in Spain.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-53052 (899 words)

	Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Throughout the Cold War, due to the size and power of the Soviet Navy's submarine forces, the JMSDF was tasked primarily an anti-submarine role.
		It mainly used its large force of destroyers, frigates and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters for this.
		Because most of the MSDF's air arm is detailed to antisubmarine warfare, the ASDF has to be relied on to provide air cover, an objective that competes unsuccessfully with the ASDF's primary mission of air defense of the home islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force (1409 words)

	Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Ground Observer Corps, together with newly activated antiaircraft units, fighter squadrons and radar sites, comprised all the major components of the vast air defense network that would be developed in the years to come.
		Antiaircraft guns also had the additional capability of being used as field artillery to support the ground forces.
		Throughout the country, there were a total of 534 federally recognized antiaircraft units, or 66 percent of the 809 units in the entire troop base.
	airdefense.bliss.army.mil /vigilant/chanpter.htm (3280 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		The task force method of conducting naval warfare is a byproduct of what might be called the task-type organization of naval operating forces.
		Antiaircraft fire from United States ships early in the war was not effective, and enemy planes that were able to elude the United States fighter planes had good chances of making a successful attack.
		Insofar as future warfare was concerned, the most important naval developments of World War II may have occurred in the North Atlantic, where the struggle for survival of Great Britain was won before the United States offensive in the Pacific began.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_12.html (3913 words)

	HyperWar: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
		Antiaircraft observation units and barrage balloon units are known to exist, but details of their organization are not available.
		They appear to be in the nature of group or higher organization headquarters, controlling all antiaircraft defense in a selected area, and have under their command antiaircraft battalions or companies, machine cannon units, searchlight units, and possibly barrage balloon or antiaircraft observation units.
		Antiaircraft units, especially machine cannon companies, are designed to fulfill a dual-purpose role.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-3-2.html (2585 words)

	Korea 1950-1953 Significant Events: 1952 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Enemy antiaircraft fire downed an F-86 on a dive-bombing strike against the Kunu-ri marshaling yards, the first loss of a Sabre on a fighter-bomber sortie.
		To counter the buildup of radar-guided enemy antiaircraft guns, the 3d and 17th BWs relied on the tactical air direction post to direct daytime as well as nighttime and bad weather attacks.
		But, increased numbers of enemy radar directed antiaircraft guns cost FEAF Bomber Command one B-29 in November and led the command to compress bomber streams, reducing the time each B-29 was exposed to enemy air defenses, and to increase effectiveness of electronic countermeasures.
	www.au.af.mil /au/afhra/wwwroot/korean_war/korean_war_chronology/kwc_1952.html (8985 words)

	Chapter 7
		The general impression of this innovation was summed up by Brigadier General Charles Rosenthal, who felt that, given the lack of a reliable fuze, the variation in range and the slowness of the bomb relative to an aircraft, it was most unlikely that an enemy aircraft could ever be brought down by a Stokes Mortar.
		Both field and heavy artillery found the 6 gun battery unwieldy in open warfare conditions and batteries attached to divisions or designated as a mobile reserve reduced themselves to a four gun establishment by leaving a two gun section behind.
		Excluding the antiaircraft section and the administrative overhead, and assuming that everyone else but the Lewis gunners and their assistants was carrying rifles, the rifle strength of the 708 strong battalion was about 580.
	www.adfa.oz.au /~rmallett/Thesis/Chapter7.html (5904 words)

	Air War Vietnam: What the Soviets Learned (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These means brought the problem of correct timings and execution of the preplanned tactics to a degree of utmost importance, the success of the mission depending not only on correct use of EW systems but also on the timing of their use.
		Second, the role of aviation in limited warfare and its achievement of tactical superiority in the air depend in many ways on the effectiveness with which radio countermeasure resources are employed.
		On the basis of the experience of "radio electronic warfare’’ in Vietnam, urgent measures in the USA are being taken to increase the zone of operations of onboard systems of radar detection and warning of crews of the threat of destruction by gunfire or by fire from interceptors.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1983/Jan-Feb/bodansky.html (5164 words)

	Military Thought: Joint actions of fighter aviation and antiaircraft Missile forces in repelling air attacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Owing to the uneven growth in combat capabilities of FA and AMT changing their role and place in the system of defense the problem of joint actions remains as relevant as before.
		The fighter aviation was, as before, supposed to intercept and destroy the enemy at far approaches whereas the antiaircraft missile troops were supposed to build up efforts in their own zone and then, together with FA, perform the missions aimed at defeating the enemy in the zone of joint actions.
		This was largely in line with the expected character of actions by planes of the potential adversary based on major offensive operations and penetration of the air defense in one or several sectors.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_1_12/ai_102903194 (1326 words)

	ABSTRACT - MAGTF Air Defense And Maneuver Warfare
		Maneuver Warfare is an approach to war which holds that a smaller force can defeat a larger force by out-thinking the larger force.
		Mnneuver Warfare is characterized by bold, audacious actions, and by risk taking at low levels of command in order to exploit real situations (as opposed to methodical, cautious compliance to inflexible orders).
		The practice of Maneuver Warfare is not compatible with the mentality of vital areas or the predictability of the enemies' attack axis.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1989/TJ.htm (15618 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ANTIAIRCRAFT MACHINEGUNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Live fire tests with the antiaircraft machinegun, which had these improvements were done in summer of 1939, but then came Winter War and delayed starting of manufacturing.
		The Soviets tested several double-, triple- and quadruple-mounts for antiaircraft machineguns in year 1930 and from those tested Tokarev's design proved to be the best.
		Observer's version of Shkass (weighting about 10,5 kg) could be easily adapted as antiaircraft machinegun with improvised mount, so small number of them were issued to that use.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /AAMG.htm (4032 words)

	Military Thought: EW Operations - electronic warfare - Brief Article
		It was said to include missile strikes and the delivery of artillery fire, operation of assault forces, special-purpose reconnaissance parties and detachments with a mission to destroy (capture, disable) important enemy EW resources.
		The inclusion in EW of operations by missile and artillery units (armor and combined-arms large units) is against the rules of logic also because they cannot appear simultaneously in two roles: to be the main striking power in operation and be support elements.
		Furthermore, by that time the position of out antiaircraft forces changed dramatically when they adopted into service a whole range of highly effective antiaircraft missile systems (ranging from portable "Igla" and "Strela" to the powerful and mobile systems of the S-75, S-125, "Kub," "Osa," S-300V, and so on).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_4_10/ai_78839809 (628 words)

	Bulgaria Ground Forces - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		The attachment of several antiaircraft elements to the ground forces command indicated that the command operated its own air defense network to protect deployed ground units.
		The antiaircraft attachments included one air defense command post, one air defense brigade, several antiaircraft maintenance brigades, one radiotechnical or radar battalion, and one antiaircraft artillery test range.
		The centers were organized into reserve detachments for motorized rifle, tank, artillery, and antiaircraft troops, and specialist training groups for artillery-technical, antitank, reconnaissance, communications, combat engineering, maintenance, and rear support troops.
	www.photius.com /countries/bulgaria/national_security/bulgaria_national_security_ground_forces.html (911 words)

	The United States Needs to Exp1oit Its Air Power Advantage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These theorists based their predictions on the belief that air attacks against an enemy's population and industry would be sufficient to win wars, obviating the need to fight and defeat his army or navy.
		Indeed, many naval warfare experts were surprised by the fact that aircraft rather than battleships were the primary means we used for defeating Japan's navy.
		During training, when accuracy was not degraded by enemy fighters or antiaircraft fire, the average pilot of the Allies' best tank-killing aircraft--the Royal Air Force Typhoon--hit a tank-sized target with a salvo of eight rockets only 4 percent of the time; accuracy with bombs was even worse.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/bingham.html (4074 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Firing Leaflets and Electrons, U.S. Wages Information War - 24/2/03
		An adversary's antiaircraft radar site, for example, can be destroyed by a bomb or missile launched by a warplane; it can be captured or blown up by ground forces; or the enemy soldiers running the radar can be persuaded to shut down the system and just go home.
		Even so, the military's most ardent advocates of information warfare acknowledge that American pilots ordered into enemy airspace would rather be told that antiaircraft sites were struck first by ordnance, rather than by leaflets.
		At the front of the plane, which has a 32-member crew, electronic warfare specialists sit at a separate bank of computers, gathering up radar signals of all kinds, including Iraqi air defenses.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/articles/iraq/electronsandleaflets.htm (1695 words)

	Chapter One - Vigilant and Invincible
		The decade of the 1940s, from the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 to the Soviet Union's first atomic detonation in 1949, set the stage for the formation of ARADCOM.
		But they had gained in the ability to wage modern warfare through the acquisition and reproduction of modern weaponry like the Tu-4 "Bull" bomber, a copy of the U.S. the capture of German scientists, who would help them develop atomic weapons and missiles; and the conduct of scientific and industrial espionage.
		In 1948, the National Guard was called upon to furnish 123 antiaircraft battalions to be ready by 1952.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/airdef/chap1.html (3025 words)

	JSF And F-22 Refocused On Electronic Warfare
		The sophisticated sensors, unfilled spaces and radar-evading potential of the Pentagon’s two new stealth fighters are being reanalyzed with an eye to adding electronic warfare capabilities, thereby pushing their usefulness well beyond the primary air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.
		The Pentagon is also looking at a derivative of JSF for the electronic warfare, radar/communications-jamming mission currently conducted by the Navy and Marine Corps EA-6B squadrons.
		This ability will be limited in power-and-frequency range and will be primarily effective against radar of enemy aircraft and communications to and from these aircraft.
	users.frii.com /dawog/vaq132/s20000705ew_jsf_f22.htm (1425 words)

	Stickell
		His plane scored a direct hit on the target; but upon commencing the return flight, he was forced to relinquish the control of the plane to his copilot.
		During that deployment, she operated with the fast carriers off the southern and eastern coasts of Korea, participated in antisubmarine warfare exercises off Yokosuka, Japan, conducted shore bombardments of the Songjin-Wonsan area and patrolled the waters off Shingjin, Yong-do, and Chongjin for enemy small craft.
		Stickell surrendered her antiaircraft warfare electronics equipment in return for the latest in ASW gear, including ASROC missiles and DASH helicopters.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/s18/stickell.htm (2294 words)

	Chinese Defence Today - Anti-Aircraft Weapon
		Sometimes small calibre AAA guns and antiaircraft machine gun (AAMG) are used against ground and water surface targets.
		Historically, the PLA relied heavily on the mass number of WWII-style manually-operated, towed antiaircraft artillery (AAA) and antiaircraft machine gun (AAMG) of various calibre to provide air defence protection for its troops and other potential targets in the field.
		Older generation optical or single sensor package are replaced by newer systems consisting of multiple sensors including radar, direct view optics, and electro-optics systems such as TV cameras, night vision sights, and laser rangefinders.
	www.sinodefence.com /army/antiaircraft (495 words)

	Psycho
		In the Korean conflict, U.S. psychological warfare was a military affair, and no definitive assessment of its effect on soldiers and civilians in North Korea can be made.
		Psychological warfare was credited with a “nudging” effect on one’s willingness to surrender, though insufficient alone to cause surrender.
		Brigadier General Robert McClure, chief of the psychological warfare division of the Army, operated out of Washington after his office was created in late 1950 after the war began.
	korea50.army.mil /history/factsheets/psychowar.shtml (2362 words)

	Firing Leaflets and Electrons, U
		antiaircraft missile operators that their bunkers will be destroyed if they
		An adversary's antiaircraft radar site, for example, can be destroyed by a
		told that antiaircraft sites were struck first by ordnance, rather than by
	business.baylor.edu /Richard_Easley/Articles/usarmypsyops.htm (1413 words)

	Japan - The Maritime Self-Defense Force
		The Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) had an authorized strength in 1992 of 46,000 and maintained some 44,400 personnel and operated 155 major combatants, including thirteen submarines, sixty-four destroyers and frigates, forty-three mine warfare ships and boats, eleven patrol craft, and six amphibious ships.
		The MSDF is commanded by the chief of the maritime staff and includes the maritime staff office, the self-defense fleet, five regional district commands, the air-training squadron, and various support units, such as hospitals and schools.
		These weaknesses seriously compromise the ability of the MSDF to fulfill its mission and to operate independently of the United States Air Force and the United States Seventh Fleet.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-7323.html (591 words)

	Cyber-warfare in Iraq already has broken out (Follow up post "must read")
		Military planners at the United States Central Command expect to rely on many kinds of information warfare — including electronic attacks on power grids, communications systems and computer networks, as well as deception and psychological operations — to break the Iraqi military's will to fight and sway Iraqi public opinion.
		What we're seeing now is the weaving of electronic warfare, psyops and other information warfare through every facet of the plan from our peacetime preparations through execution," said Maj. Gen.
		Now this is the kind of electronic warfare carried by Uncle Sam that you don't hear about in the news.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/850310/posts (2507 words)

	A Tin Can Sailors Destroyer History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During antisubmarine warfare exercises in 1966, the destroyer took part in the first operational employment of PADLOC, which demonstrated the system’s great potential.
		In March 1968 she deployed with the WILLIAM R. RUSH (DD-714) and GAINARD (DD-706) for a destroyer school cruise to the Caribbean, and in June she began a seven-month deployment with a two-hundred-ship NATO Force whose exercises were under close observation by Soviet ships and aircraft.
		Overhaul and antisubmarine warfare, gunfire support, antiaircraft warfare, and other exercises in the Caribbean with the McCLOY (DE-1038), CHARLES S. (DD-871), and LOWRY (DD-770) preceded her move to Charleston, South Carolina in 1969.
	www.destroyers.org /nl-histories/dd840-nl.htm (780 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: ...
		The surface warfare combatant will be a rugged, survivable, highly automated, low-signature platform with an efficient hull form and electric drive.
		Some surface ships will have guns and missiles for naval surface fire support, as well as antiaircraft warfare, antisubmarine warfare, and theater missile defense mission capabilities.
		It is envisioned that two classes will dominate: (1) a large ship similar to today's aircapable ships carrying advanced amphibious assault vehicles, landing craft air cushioned, rotary wing aircraft, and VLS for protection, strike, and remote launch; and (2) a smaller, dedicated platform to support Marine Corps concepts such as Sea Dragon.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309058902/html/14.html (588 words)

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